Abstract: A method of producing a coal mixture includes blending a plurality of coals, wherein formula (1) and formula (2) are satisfied: ? calc = ? i N ? ? i × x i ( 1 ) ?calc?1.2×10?10 (mol/g-coal)??(2) wherein ?calc is a hydrogen ion release capacity per unit mass (mol/g-coal) of the coal mixture, ?i is the hydrogen ion release capacity per unit mass (mol/g-coal) of a coal i, xi is a blending ratio of the coal i blended in the coal mixture, and N is a total number of brands of coal contained in the coal mixture.

Abstract: A vehicle roof stiffener includes at least one fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) portion and at least one metal or metal alloy portion. The FRP portion includes at least one transition structure including a metal or a metal alloy. At least some of the fibers of the FRP portion are embedded in the transition structure. The metal or metal alloy portion is secured to the transition structure of the FRP portion. In an example vehicle roof stiffener, the metal portion extends parallel to a longitudinal axis of a vehicle, and the FRP portion extends transverse to the longitudinal axis. The example vehicle roof stiffener may include a front FRP portion, a rear FRP portion, and two metal side portions. The metal side portions and the FRP portions may be joined by welding the transition structures to the metal portions.

Abstract: The invention relates to the field of operating, monitoring and controlling mills of the mining industry. It specifically relates to a system and a method for in-line determination of the characteristics of worn balls and pieces thereof, which have been ejected from a semi-autogenous mineral grinding (SAG) mill to the external classifiers.

Abstract: The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a hierarchical separating and grading method of coal gangue, and belongs to the technical field of coal gangue treatment and resource utilization. According to differences in the composition and properties of coal gangue, especially differences in Hardgrove grindability index (HGI), the present disclosure performs hierarchical crushing and screening to separate coal gangue into coal, sand, stone and soil. The coal can be used as a fuel for a coal gangue power plant or as an ordinary fuel. The sand and stone can be used to prepare manufactured sand and stone. The soil can replace loess for filling or preparing a building material. Obviously, by separating coal gangue into different components through hierarchical separating and grading, the present disclosure can achieve all-components utilization and effective reduction of the coal gangue.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a process for upgrading lignite comprising: prior to production pre-assess the calorific value of the coal, by selecting a relational expression between a calorific value of lignite and a degree of metamorphism, a moisture content and an ash content thereof based on a ratio of the ash content to the moisture content, pre-assess the calorific value of the coal; combining a relational expression between a production cost and the ash content and moisture content to make a cost budget; determining degrees of deashing and drying; selecting and implementing a lignite ash reduction pretreatment process; and implementing dry sorting first and then drying. The upgrading process has high sorting efficiency, high drying efficiency and low production cost, and meets the requirement for the surface moisture of the raw coal in the dry sorting operation.

Abstract: The present application is a generation device including a reaction section which generates a product gas and product water in which the product gas is dissolved through an exothermic reaction of gaseous reactants, a cooling tower which cools cooling water that removes heat generated by the exothermic reaction, a cooling water circulation system which circulates the cooling water between the reaction section and the cooling tower, and piping for mixing the product water generated in the reaction section into the cooling water circulation system.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: A composite article is comprised of coal dust, as defined herein, and a polymer derived ceramic material that is pyrolyzed in a substantially non-oxidizing atmosphere. For example, the composite article may be made of a mixture of the coal dust and polymer derived ceramic, from particles formed of a mixture of coal dust and polymer derived ceramic or from complex particle composites comprising a plurality of particles formed of a mixture of coal dust and polymer derived ceramic.

Abstract: The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a bioadditive for heavy oils that serves to reduce polluting emissions and bio-enhancer of the combustion performance for heavy oils, which comprises methyl esters of raps oil, also called raps biodiesel, in the range of up to 80% v/v, surfactants in the range of up to 80% v/v, diluents in the range of up to 20% v/v and metal oxides between 0.1-5 g/L.

Abstract: A method for producing an ashless coal which includes a slurry preparation step, an extraction step, a separation step, an ashless coal acquirement step, and a by-product acquirement step. The separation step is conducted under the state of being pressurized to a pressure equal to or higher than a vapor pressure of the solvent. In the by-product acquirement step, the solvent is evaporated and separated from the solid content-concentrated slurry by spraying the solid content-concentrated slurry into a flash tank in which a pressure is set to lower than a saturation pressure of the solid content-concentrated slurry from a spray nozzle while maintaining a pressure of the solid content-concentrated slurry in a nozzle orifice of the spray nozzle at a level equal to or higher than the vapor pressure of the solvent.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing iodine are added to coal to mitigate the release of mercury and/or other harmful elements into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: Method for industrial processing of charcoal ash (1) created in the power plants by separating a carbonaceous product from the mentioned charcoal ash to be reused and by gathering essentially carbon free, siliceous ash products gained during the processing.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: Present embodiments include systems for reducing moisture in a solid feed provided to a gasifier. For example, in an embodiment, a feedstock preparation system includes an aspirator having a first inlet for receiving a flow of steam, a second inlet for receiving a flow of a moist gaseous phase from a grinding mechanism configured to grind a solid fuel in the presence of a conveyance gas. The moist gaseous phase includes the conveyance gas and moisture removed from the ground solid fuel. The aspirator also includes an outlet configured to output a reduced pressure flow having the steam and the moist gaseous phase. The aspirator is configured to enhance moisture removal from the ground solid fuel to produce a dry feed of the ground solid fuel. The aspirator discharge is recycled within the process to heat the incoming dry conveyance gas and improve system efficiency.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to the application of additives to a feed material at a location remote from an industrial facility using the feed material.

Abstract: Measurements are taken of moisture, BTU/lb (British Thermal Units per pound), ash, forms of sulfur, volatile material, grindability, and absorption properties of any of a wide variety of mine-run solid fuels. Using that information, a dry electromagnetic process technology has been developed that can be controlled and monitored to selectively alter and enhance metallurgical solid fuel properties. Specific changes include altering the mechanical structure and chemical composition of solid fuels such as coal, coal coke or petroleum coke, increasing the BTU/lb to optimum levels, decreasing all forms of sulfur, and decreasing ash, while maintaining the BTU/lb of the fuels. A new family of solid fuel designer coals not found in nature can be produced via these methods and apparatus.

Abstract: There is provided a method for blending coals for coke production, in which the strength of coke produced from a coal blend serving as a raw material is estimated using a physical property that has not been taken into consideration in the past as an index, so that the method is capable of suppressing an increase in the raw material cost of the coal blend and increasing the strength of coal. Two or more coal brands are blended together to provide a coal blend for coke production. When the two or more coal brands are blended together, the coal brands and the blending ratio of the coal brands are determined using the surface tension of each of the coal brands subjected to heat treatment, the surface tension serving as a control index.

Abstract: Provided is a technique by which the compatibility between coals for cokemaking can be quantitatively determined to estimate the coke strength taking into account the compatibility and to select and blend coals based on the coke strength estimated taking into account the compatibility, thereby allowing the production of a coke with the desired strength. A method for blending coals for cokemaking includes predicting the strength of a coke to be produced from a blend of a plurality of coals based on a difference between the surface tensions of the plurality of coals after heat treatment and determining the types and proportions of the coals to be blended.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing a coal mixture used for the purpose of producing coke with desired strength by taking into account the compatibility between coals for cokemaking. In the case of preparing a coal mixture, used as at least one portion of a coal blend for cokemaking, containing two or more types of coals with different surface tensions, the blending ratio of each of the coals is adjusted using the surface tension of a semicoke mixture obtained from the coal mixture as an indicator.

Abstract: A method for treating coal to reduce spontaneous combustion by reducing an exothermic heat of adsorption after the coal has begun to dry and when the coal is subsequently exposed to a liquid water is described. A source of a fluid pressure of a diluted hydrocarbon mixture is provided. A hydrocarbon in the mixture is a hydrocarbon emulsion of mineral when the coal is subsequently exposed to a liquid water oil, fuel oil, asphalt, or coal tar emulsions. A volume of the diluted hydrocarbon mixture is applied to a stream of freshly-mined and undried coal to provide a water-proofing of the coal to prevent water uptake after exposure to precipitation or flooding during transport and storage of the coal. The treated coal is loaded into a bulk pile. A temperature change trend in the bulk pile is reversed wherein a temperature of the bulk pile trends towards an ambient temperature rather than trending to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature.

Abstract: The inventive technology includes methods and apparatus for the generation and application of segregated catalytic additives for the pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous fuel and/or feedstocks. The application of such segregated additives results in the reduction of environmentally harmful emissions during combustion as well as gasification processes. Specifically, pre-combustion treatment of carbonaceous materials with the inventive additives results in the reduction of NOx and/or mercury emissions by least 20% and 40% respectively.

Abstract: A method for producing individual compacts made of coke and suitable for coke oven chambers by dividing a coal cake in a non-mechanical manner, wherein the coal cake is produced by a compression method according to the prior art and the coal cake is divided by non-mechanical, energy-supplying media, and the non-mechanical media supplying shearing energy are, for example, a laser beam, a high-pressure water jet, an abrasive-solid jet, an ultrasonic beam, a compressed-air jet, or a gas jet. By using the method, coal compacts can be produced from coal cakes without forming dust, without wearing out cutting tools, and with high precision.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components: reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or CI in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: A method comprising applying a chemical change reagent to coal prior to combustion of the coal is provided. In some instances, the chemical change reagent can include an effective amount of a material to reduce NOx emissions, SOx emissions, or both from combustion of the coal.

Abstract: A process for reducing the carbon content of ash from a burner comprises heating a carbon-based fuel in the presence of a fuel improver in a burner. The fuel improver comprises at least one metal oxide selected from the group comprising: iron oxide, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum oxide. The average particle size of the fuel improver is reduced to give a particle size in the range 1 to 100 micron.

Abstract: This mixed coal fuel is obtained by mixing a low-grade coal and residual coal. The residual coal is obtained by separating, through evaporation, a solvent from concentrated solids left over when a solution portion, which contains soluble coal components in solvent, is separated from a slurry obtained by mixing and heating coal and a solvent. Furthermore, the ratio (base/acid) of basic components to acidic components contained in ash of the residual coal is lower than that of the low-grade coal.

Abstract: A method for deactivating coal, in which coal is deactivated with a treatment gas containing oxygen, wherein a deactivation step for deactivating the coal in a temperature range 45-70° C. is carried out.

Abstract: A method for compacting coal in a manner suitable for coke oven chambers is described. The coal is initially compressed by means of a suitable compressing device into one or more coal cakes, and the obtained coal cakes are divided into compacted products by a cutting device. The compacted products are stacked on top of the each other such that they can be loaded into a coke oven chamber for coking. The compacted products enable the coke oven chambers to be loaded in a precise and a coal loss-free manner. The coal compacted products are easy to store.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for coal liquefaction and obtaining a mesophase pitch. A method of obtaining a quinoline insoluble-free and ash-free mesophase pitch may include exposing a coal to a hydrogenated vegetable oil in the presence of a coal-derived solvent to form a slurry, elevating the temperature of the slurry to facilitate liquefying the coal and liberating a volatile matter, separating the insoluble components from the slurry to obtain a de-ashed coal extract that is quinoline insoluble-free, and distilling the coal extract under vacuum to obtain a mesophase pitch with a softening point in the range of 25 degrees Celsius to 160 degrees Celsius, wherein the mesophase pitch can be coked to obtain an anisotropic coke. A quinoline insoluble-free and ash-free pitch may be obtained by the method.

Abstract: A flue gas additive is provided that includes both a nitrogenous component to reduce gas phase nitrogen oxides and a halogen-containing component to oxidize gas phase elemental mercury.

Abstract: An iron salt of an organic acid, selected from formic acid, carboxylic acids having (3) or more carbon atoms and sulphonic acids, is used to reduce the carbon content of the fly ash, when coal is combusted.

Abstract: A coal reforming system includes a drying furnace for drying low-grade coal, a carbonizing furnace for carbonizing the dried low-grade coal, hot air generating furnaces for supplying hot air to the drying furnace or the carbonizing furnace, and a carbonizing gas circulation line for supplying a carbonizing gas, which is generated in the carbonizing furnace, as a fuel for the hot air generating furnaces while the temperature thereof is maintained.

Abstract: A solid fuel producing apparatus that even when supply of raw coal (RC) and mixed oil (MO) and supply of slurry to subsequent steps are stopped because of troubling at evaporation step or later, etc., would prevent cloggings of heat exchanger and raw coal supply means. The solid fuel producing apparatus includes a mixing tank (1) for mixing porous coal with a mixed oil having heavy oil and solvent oil contents to thereby obtain a raw slurry; an evaporator (2) for processing evaporation of water from the raw slurry by heating the same to thereby obtain a dewatered slurry; a solid-liquid separator (3) for separation of the mixed oil and upgraded porous coal from the dewatered slurry; and circulation means (4) for returning the mixed oil having been separated and recovered by the solid-liquid separator to the mixing tank. The solid fuel producing apparatus is characterized by having a mixed oil heating heat exchanger (5) for heating the mixed oil to be returned to the mixing tank by the circulation means.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of emission control equipment for boilers, heaters, kilns, or other flue gas-, or combustion gas-, generating devices (e.g., those located at power plants, processing plants, etc.) and, in particular to a new and useful method and apparatus for preventing the poisoning and/or contamination of an SCR catalyst. In another embodiment, the method and apparatus of the present invention is designed to protect an SCR catalyst, while simultaneously providing emission control.

Abstract: A process is disclosed process for converting a solid or highly viscous carbon-based energy carrier material to liquid and gaseous reaction products, said process comprising the steps of: a) contacting the carbon-based energy carrier material with a particulate catalyst material b) converting the carbon-based energy carrier material at a reaction temperature between 200° C. and 450° C., preferably between 250° C. and 350° C., thereby forming reaction products in the vapor phase. In a preferred embodiment the process comprises the additional step of: c) separating the vapor phase reaction products from the particulate catalyst material within 10 seconds after said reaction products are formed. In a further preferred embodiment step c) is followed by: d) quenching the reaction products to a temperature below 200° C.

Abstract: Sorbent compositions containing halogen and calcium are added to coal to mitigate the release of sulfur and/or other harmful elements, including mercury, into the environment during combustion of coal containing natural levels of mercury.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for recycling coal ash comprising an unburned coal ash recovery unit and a lightweight aggregate manufacturing unit and is provided in an existing thermoelectric power plant and in which coal ash generated in the thermoelectric power plant is completely recycled for specific purposes using the coal ash recycling apparatus. According to the invention, the surrounding environment can be prevented from being contaminated during the transportation of waste to a recycling factory and transportation expenses can be reduced. Moreover, coal ash is completely recycled for specific uses, such that unburned carbon contained in the coal ash can be used. Also, coal ash can be recycled even as concrete admixtures having strict standards. In addition, the present invention can prevent environmental contamination caused by the landfilling of waste and recycle waste, thereby reducing the loss of land and the waste of resources.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the field of emission control equipment for boilers, heaters, kilns, or other flue gas-, or combustion gas-, generating devices (e.g., those located at power plants, processing plants, etc.) and, in particular to a new and useful method and apparatus for reducing or preventing the poisoning and/or contamination of an SCR catalyst. In another embodiment, the method and apparatus of the present invention is designed to protect the SCR catalyst. In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for increasing the service life and/or catalytic activity of an SCR catalyst while simultaneously controlling various emissions.

Abstract: A method is provided for reducing noxious emissions from the combustion of coal or other solid fuels wherein a suspension and/or a dispersing agent is combined with a catalyst having a high surface area to mass ratio so as to optimize the reduction of emissions such as NOx. In addition, the agent and/or catalyst is applied on the surface of the fuel in an evenly distributed manner so as to maximize the contact between the agent and/or catalyst and combustion gases and further maximize reduction of emissions.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of transforming low rank coals into high quality metallurgical coke, and the coke products produced by such methods.

Abstract: A method of reducing sulfur emissions by applying remediation materials in a powder sorbent onto coal and combusting the coal with the materials applied. The powder sorbent contain sources of silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, and magnesium, and ash from combustion contains the captured sulfur.

Abstract: Sorbent components containing halogen, calcium, alumina, and silica are used in combination during coal combustion to produce environmental benefits. Sorbents such as calcium bromide are added to the coal ahead of combustion and other components are added into the flame or downstream of the flame, preferably at minimum temperatures to assure complete formation of the refractory structures that result in various advantages of the methods. When used together, the components reduce emissions of elemental and oxidized mercury; increase the level of Hg, As, Pb, and/or Cl in the coal ash; decrease the levels of leachable heavy metals (such as Hg) in the ash, preferably to levels below the detectable limits; and make a highly cementitious ash product.

Abstract: Particulate compositions are described comprising an intimate mixture of a biomass, such as switchgrass or hybrid poplar, a non-biomass carbonaceous material, such as petroleum coke or coal, and a gasification catalyst, where the gasification catalyst is loaded onto at least one of the biomass or non-biomass for gasification in the presence of steam to yield a plurality of gases including methane and at least one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other higher hydrocarbons are formed. Processes are also provided for the preparation of the particulate compositions and converting the particulate composition into a plurality of gaseous products.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an additive mixture and method for controlling nitrogen oxide(s) by adding the additive mixture to a feed material prior to combustion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of coal to form a paste that can be used as a fuel or incorporated with other fillers to form pellets or briquettes. The paste is formed from crushed or powdered coal mixed in a liquid fuel and may be used as is or may be mixed with a carrier fuel prior to combustion or it could be mixed with other biomass fillers to produce a solid fuel.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for coal liquefaction using a rubber material. A method of obtaining a de-ashed coal extract includes exposing a coal to a rubber material in the presence of a coal-derived solvent to form a slurry, elevating the temperature of the slurry to facilitate liquefying the coal and liberating a volatile matter, and separating the insoluble components from the slurry to obtain a de-ashed coal extract, wherein the coal extract is suitable for downstream processing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically sorting and blending coal and other fuel stocks through a computer-controlled process in order to achieve a specified blend of materials. By sorting fuel stocks with different characteristics into different stacking points, an operator can then automatically combine and uniformly blend these sorted fuel stocks to create a variety of blended materials with different properties tailored to the specific needs of the operator or end user. The computer-controlled nature of the process allows for precise blending in an automated and more efficient and reproducible fashion.

Abstract: In embodiments of the present invention, a method of heat treating a solid fuel briquette may include heating the solid fuel briquette using energy from at least one of a heat furnace or an electromagnetic energy system of a solid fuel treatment facility as the solid fuel briquette is moved through the treatment facility to a specified internal temperature, and sealing the heat-treated solid fuel briquette in a vessel for a duration of time.