Abstract: A biodiesel generation system incorporates acid esterification through a hydro-cavitation based nano reactor. A feed material is a mixture of approximately 30 percent Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) mixed with Para Toluene Sulfonic Acid (PTSA) as an acid catalyst and methanol as a reagent. The PFAD is approximately 90 percent Free Fatty Acid (FFA) resulting in the feed material being approximately 27 percent FFA. The acid catalyst in the feed material facilitates an esterification process to produce biodiesel. The feed material is pumped through the hydro-cavitation based nano reactor and forced through a nano orifice where, by a phenomenon of hydro cavitation, collapsing nano liquid molecules can generate instantaneous temperatures of 1000 degrees centigrade resulting in quick reaction taking place at the surface of collapsing nano molecules. Partially reacted feed material may be recycled through the nano reactor several times to complete the reaction.

Abstract: A combustion system, a combustion method and a fuel fluid, which can improve combustion efficiency of fuel while suppressing consumption of the fuel when the fuel is combusted, are provided as well as a method for producing the fuel fluid and an apparatus for producing the fuel fluid are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a passive dilution unit which has a throughflow channel for fuel, the throughflow channel having at least one window in which a membrane provided with a catalyst is fitted. By means of diffusive processes, for example atmospheric oxygen can penetrate through the membrane to the fuel flow and cause a reaction by means of oxidative processes imparted by the catalyst, in which reaction the fuel is oxidised into water. The thereby resulting water is retained directly in the fuel flow and thereby directly dilutes the fuel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system comprising a reciprocating water gas shift reactor; the water gas shift reactor being operative at speeds down to about 1 revolution per minute, while converting carbon monoxide (CO) and steam (H2O) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). Disclosed herein too is a system comprising a hydrogen engine, or fuel cell with electric motor, and a water gas shift reactor; the hydrogen engine, or fuel cell with electric motor being in operative to drive the water gas shift reactor at speeds down to about 1 revolution per minute; and operative to convert carbon monoxide (CO) and steam (H2O), into carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2).

Abstract: A method for treating waste cooking oil is disclosed, the method comprising subjecting the waste cooking oil to a first separation comprising a settling treatment at ambient temperatures to produce an oil fraction and a sludge fraction; and subjecting the oil fraction so recovered to a second separation comprising filtration. An apparatus for refining waste cooking oil comprises a settling system for separating the waste cooking oil into an oil fraction and a sludge fraction; a filtration system for filtering the oil fraction. The oil fraction recovered is particularly suitable for use as a fuel for an internal combustion engine and as a replacement for diesel in operating diesel engines.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reacting a natural oil with a short chain alcohol in the presence of alkaline catalyst, in which a mixture of natural oil, short chain alcohol and alkaline catalyst is fed in one direction along a pipe reactor under transitional or turbulent conditions, so that the reactants are mixed in a direction normal to the flow direction to a greater degree than in a direction parallel to the flow direction or so that the reactants are mixed in a direction normal to the flow direction, such that the time taken for 90% of the elements of fluid to pass through the reactor is within 20% of the mean residence time of reactant in the reactor. There is also provided a ship, comprising means for storing a raw material used in the synthesis of biodiesel, a plant for the synthesis of biodiesel and means for storing the biodiesel synthesised.

Abstract: Apparatus and a process are described for compressing superheated steam into porous coal chunks in a chamber, and, after a time interval, expanding this steam out of the chamber, and repeating this steam cycle of compression followed by expansion. Thusly heated by the steam, volatile matter separates from the solid coke portion of the coal and separate volatile matter and coke products can be produced from coal or biomass fuels. These volatile matter liquids and tars can be used as fuel components in slurry fuels, for internal combustion engines used in our surface transportation industries. These solid coke products can be used as boiler fuel in steam electric plants. In this way our large domestic reserves of coal can be used as a fuel source, not only for electric power generation, but also for our surface transportation needs.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing a synthetic fuel are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods and systems include the following: thermally reforming methane and carbon dioxide to generate a syngas including a first quantity of carbon monoxide and a first quantity of hydrogen; oxidizing the quantity of first carbon monoxide with a metal to produce metal oxide and carbon thereby separating oxygen from the carbon monoxide; gasifying the carbon using steam to produce a second quantity of carbon monoxide and a second quantity of hydrogen; reacting the metal oxide with methane to produce metal oxide, carbon dioxide, and a third quantity of hydrogen; and synthesizing the first quantity of carbon monoxide, the first quantity of hydrogen, the second quantity of hydrogen, and the third quantity of hydrogen to form the synthetic fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and a plant for biofuel production, such as with biogasoline and/or biodiesel. The process includes the step of depolymerizing lignocellulosic material to form pentose and a remainder. The process also includes the step of converting the pentose to a biofuel material and using the remainder for generation of power or further downstream conversion.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for a solar-driven chemical reactor are disclosed, including a solar thermal receiver aligned to absorb concentrated solar energy. Some embodiments include a solar driven chemical reactor that has multiple reactor tubes. Some embodiments include one of 1) one or more apertures open to an atmosphere of the Earth or 2) one or more windows, to pass the concentrated solar energy into the solar thermal receiver. This energy impinges on the multiple reactor tubes and cavity walls of the receiver and transfer energy by solar radiation absorption and heat radiation, convection, and conduction. In this way, the energy causes reacting particles to drive the endothermic chemical reaction flowing in the reactor tubes. The design of the multiple reactor tubes and solar thermal receiver can be adapted per a solar flux profile to take advantage of variations in the concentrations of solar flux in the profile.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for a solar-driven bio-refinery that may include a entrained-flow biomass feed system that is feedstock flexible via particle size control of the biomass. Some embodiments include a chemical reactor that receives concentrated solar thermal energy from an array of heliostats. The entrained-flow biomass feed system can use an entrainment carrier gas and supplies a variety of biomass sources fed as particles into the solar-driven chemical reactor. Biomass sources in a raw state or partially torrified state may be used, as long as parameters such as particle size of the biomass are controlled. Additionally, concentrated solar thermal energy can drive gasification of the particles. An on-site fuel synthesis reactor may receive the hydrogen and carbon monoxide products from the gasification reaction use the hydrogen and carbon monoxide products in a hydrocarbon fuel synthesis process to create a liquid hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for a solar-driven chemical plant that manages variations in solar energy are disclosed. Some embodiments include a solar thermal receiver to absorb concentrated solar energy, a solar driven chemical reactor contained within the solar thermal receiver, and an entrained gas biomass feed system that uses an entrainment carrier gas and supplies a variety of biomass sources fed as particles into the solar driven chemical reactor. Inner walls of the solar thermal receiver and the chemical reactor can be made from materials selected to transfer energy. Some embodiments include a control system that may be configured to balance the gasification reaction of biomass particles with the available concentrated solar energy and additional variable parameters including, but not limited to, a fixed range of particle sizes, temperature of the chemical reactor, and residence time of the particles in a reaction zone in the chemical reactor.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed that enable an automatic regulation of a vanadium inhibitor in a fuel of a gas turbine. In one embodiment, the method includes obtaining an indication as to whether an additional inhibitor is required in the fuel of the gas turbine based on an amount of vanadium and an inhibitor in the fuel of the gas turbine, in response to the indication that the additional inhibitor is required, having an inhibitor control system automatically instructing an injector to inject the additional inhibitor into the fuel of the gas turbine to inhibit the vanadium.

Abstract: A machine apparatus used for the creation of a combustionable liquid fuel material herein known as Type-A suitable for replacement of petroleum gasoline. Primary objective and conclusion is: 1) Production of Type-A; 2) the most cost-effective Type-A production apparatus possible. Graphite electrodes immersed underwater are electronically arched. Resulting after combustion carbon emissions ionize with mostly hydrogen and oxygen from the water at about 5000 degrees Celsius. Post-plasmatic discharge rises is captured, refrigerated and/or pressurized internally into Type-A. All apparatus power requirements are satisfied by Type-A internally with the exception of an initial bootstrap power-up cycle. An apparatus heat exchange run steam turbine provides a secondary energy provision. An internal logic flow processing system detects and prioritizes through the use of input ports availability of null-costing solar, wind and steam turbine production of electricity prior to using Type-A for apparatus power requirements.

Abstract: A method for using recycled lubricating oil as a fuel source includes receiving prepared recycled lubricating oil, filtering the recycled lubricating oil through a first filter. The recycled oil is pumped into the top of a first holding tank. The recycled oil is circulated from the bottom of the first holding tank through the first filter to the top of the first tank. The recycled oil is pumped from the bottom of the first holding tank through the first filter to the top of a second holding tank. The recycled oil may then be pumped or pulled through a second filter to a preheater to lower the viscosity of the recycled oil to a predetermined level. From the pre-heater the heated recycled oil may be fed to a burner for heat generation or may be fed back to a storage tank. The apparatus for using recycled lubricating oil as fuel includes a storage system having one or more holding tanks along with a filtration system having a first filter for initial contaminant removal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising: i) at least one compound of formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-19 hydrocarbyl or a group of formula (II): wherein Q is a bond or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group; wherein R3 is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted or substituted C1-18 hydrocarbyl; wherein the R1—C—R2 backbone is from 5 to 20 atoms in length; wherein each A and B is independently an unsubstituted or substituted unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl group; and wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; and ii) a diluent or carrier; wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) is present in an amount sufficient to provide, at ?30° C., at least 1 wt % of iron, based on the weight of the composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a regenerative energy system comprising a first energy producer and a second energy producer. The object of the invention is to improve the environmental compatibility of electrical island networks.

Abstract: A process for transitioning from gaseous fuel reformation to liquid fuel reformation has been invented. The process comprises a series of control steps wherein an autothermal reforming reactor's temperature can substantially be stable and satisfactory hydrogen concentration and selectivity can be achieved for producer gas during the transition process. The temperature is controlled by, for example, adjusting the air and water feed. Formulas and algorithms for writing control programs have also been developed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing fuel from biogenous raw materials, to an installation for carrying out said method, to catalyst compositions suitable for said method, and to the use of catalysts for producing fuel from biogenous raw materials.

Abstract: A rotary slurrifier of this invention comprises a pair of spinning discs, which throw a first fluid into a larger mass of second fluid in paired and flow connected impact cavities, within a counter-rotating cavity shell. The first fluid is to be largely insoluble in the second fluid. Impact of the first fluid with the larger mass of second fluid, in the impact cavities, causes atomization of the first fluid into a slurry of many small first fluid particles suspended in a continuous phase of second fluid. The final slurry flows out of the rotating cavity shell via a slowdown reaction turbine. High viscosity residual petroleum fuels and tars as first fluids can be thusly preatomized in a fuel in water slurry, and can then be cleanly and efficiently burned in small bore, high speed, diesel engines, which now require use of expensive low viscosity distillate fuels, which are in short supply.

Abstract: An apparatus for blending and storing petroleum based fuel and vegetable based fuel is provided. The apparatus includes a blended fuel storage tank; a petroleum fuel storage tank connectable to the blended fuel storage tank; a vegetable based fuel storage tank connectable to the blended fuel storage tank; and a ganged fuel controller adapted to synchronize fuel flow ratios from the petroleum fuel storage tank and the vegetable based fuel tank to the blended fuel storage tank. In an alternate embodiment the fuel may be delivered already mixed for storage and continued blending in a mixed fuel storage tank adapted to maintaining the blended fuel mixture.

Abstract: A system and process for improving the combustion of fuel oil in boilers employs: (1) dual homogenization of fuel oil and water; (2) recovery of heat from, and injection of, boiler waste water in the homogenization system; (3) mixing of urea and boiler waste water and injection into the boiler exhaust gases.

Abstract: A fuel additive composition comprising a sustained release component and an additive component, the additive component is effective to provide at least one benefit to a fuel when released into the fuel, the sustained release component is (1) a polymeric material, (2) substantially insoluble in the fuel, and (3) effective to reduce the rate of release of the additive component into the fuel relative to an identical composition without the sustained release component.

Abstract: A container for releasing a chemical additive into a fuel composition comprises a fuel-impermeable casing having a hollow interior and an additive composition comprising at least one fuel soluble additive. The additive is held within the container by at least one fuel-permeable element provided at or near an opening in the casing and is effective to provide for release of additive(s) into the fuel composition. Methods of releasing additives into fuel compositions are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel self-sustaining method for the clean production of a clean burning liquid fuel called MagneFuel, which method is based, first, in the production of a combustible gas via submerged electric arcs between carbon-base electrodes from crude oil, oil-base, or water-base liquid waste and then passing the combustible gas via a high pressure pipe into a tower for the catalytic liquefaction, whereby the sum of the heat output in the production of the combustible gas and that for its catalytic liquefaction is sufficient for the process to be self-sustaining, that is, capable to produce its own electricity. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of meaning of the claims.

Abstract: A dynamic, compact, lightweight fuel processor that is capable of converting carbonaceous fuels to hydrogen rich gases suitable for all types of fuel cells or chemical processing applications. The fuel processor and process are based on the autothermal hydrodesulfurizing reforming reaction, followed by clean up of byproduct sulfur-containing gases and carbon monoxide that poison the fuel cell electrocatalyst. The fuel processor uses proprietary catalysts and hardware designs that enable the conversion in an energy efficient manner while maintaining desirable performance characteristics such as rapid start-stop and fast response to load change capabilities.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for industrial-scale preparation of an emulsified fuel including a water phase in a continuous organic phase which contains less than 20% by volume of water, and at least one additive necessary for forming the emulsified fuel. The fuel is formed by mixing and homogenizing the organic phase and the additives, forming a volume V, inside an homogenization tank with internal circulation rate Qc, such that Qc/V≧100 h−1, circulating the homogenized fluid in a branch loop emerging from the tank at a rate Qcirc, and through at least one emulsifying system located on said loop, at a rate such that 0 h<V/Qcirc≦2 h, feeding the aqueous phase into the branch loop upstream of the emulsifying system, and maintaining the homogenization in the tank and the circulation of the liquid in the branch loop until the emulsion acquires a desired characteristic of storage stability.

Abstract: There is produced (at 2) air enriched in inert gas, from a source (9) of compressed air internal to the aircraft, and this enriched air is admitted (via 10) into the fuel tank (12). During the cruising phase of the aircraft, there is produced a first fraction of air having a first inert gas content, and this first fraction is admitted into the fuel tank (12) at a first flow rate. Moreover, during the descent phase, there is produced a second fraction of enriched air having a second inert gas content substantially less than the first content, and the second fraction is admitted to the reservoir (12) at a second flow rate substantially greater than the first flow rate.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a continuous process. Further, the continuous process employs at least two emulsification devices, in series, to produce an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel containing aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of less than 1.0 microns.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reclaiming waste oil for use as fuel for a diesel engine. A mixing tank is provided, along with a waste oil transfer pump for supplying waste oil to the mixing tank, a fuel proportioning pump for supplying a proportional amount of light fuel oil to the mixing tank, and a heating unit for heating the oil-fuel mixture. An additive proportioning pump may also be provided for supplying chemical fuel additives such as emulsifiers and combustion improvers to the mixing tank. A fuel delivery pump delivers the heated oil-fuel mixture from the mixing tank to a diesel engine for use as fuel. Pre-filters are provided to remove a large portion of the particulate material from the waste oil before it is delivered to the mixing tank, and final filters remove additional contaminants from the oil-fuel mixture before it reaches the engine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for conditioning fluid flowing through a conduit in which two coils (50,60) are coiled around the conduit at different locations and connected to a circuit (40) which generates square wave signals which are alternately fed to the two coils (50, 60). The frequency of the square wave is ramped repeatedly from 1.5 Khz to 60 Khz.

Abstract: A fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 10-80 %wt zinc and 1-5 %wt silver; b) 40 %wt antimony, 18 %wt tin, 40 %wt zinc and 2 %wt silver; c) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 20-80 %wt magnesium, 1-8 %wt cerium and 0.1-1.0 %wt palladium; d) 40 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 30 %wt magnesium, 4.8 %wt cerium and 0.

Abstract: A steam fuel slurrifier is described wherein a jet of liquid fuel is intersected by a jet of wet steam to atomize the liquid fuel into many small droplets, each coated with a film of liquid water. Water is then added to this mixture to create a slurry of liquid fuel droplets suspended in a continuous liquid water phase. By thusly preatomizing the liquid fuel, high viscosity and residual type fuels can be efficiently burned in medium and small bore diesel engines.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying a liquid hydrocarbon fuel consisting of 5% by weight or less of high molecular weight contaminants, in which the fuel is contacted with a hydrophobic non-porous or nano-filtration membrane and the purified product stream is recovered as the permeate.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus that separates fuel from other foreign constituents, such as water and organic and inorganic solids and then presents the purified fuel to a catalyst to enhance the fuels performance qualities. Although the present invention pertains to any fuel filter, water/fuel separator and filter less fuel purifier in combination with a catalyst, a preferred embodiment is described herein which uses no moving parts to purify the fuel and house the refining process elements. In the present invention a fuel and all its non fuel constituents enters a container through an input port at one end of a longitudinal chamber which is contained within an essentially closed volume. The chamber forces the fuel downward forcing heavier constituents to settle to the bottom of the container and lighter fuel to rise. On the path to the output of the container the fuel is made to contact a catalyst.

Abstract: A fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60% wt antimony, 10-30% wt tin, 10-80% wt zinc and 1-5% wt silver; b) 40% wt antimony, 18% wt tin, 40% wt zinc and 2% wt silver; c) 20-60% wt antimony, 10-30% wt tin, 20-80% wt magnesium, 1-8% wt cerium and 0.1-1.0% wt palladium; d) 40% wt antimony, 25 % wt tin, 30% wt magnesium, 4.8% wt cerium and 0.

Abstract: Apparatus for facilitating the mixing, absorption and/or retention of carbon dioxide ‘CO2’ in hydrocarbon fuel to economically produce a safety-enhanced and/or improved-combustion fuel. The apparatus includes at least one mixing receptacle having at least one coupling with a controllable inert gas supply; at least one coupling with a controllable hydrocarbon fuel supply; and at least one coupling with a CO2-enriched fuel fuel-line. The mixing receptacle(s) is configured to retain a volume of fuel and a volume of CO2 such that CO2-enriched fuel having a controllable gas-fuel ratio is the product of the mixing receptacle(s) and the gas of the ratio(s) exceeds 0.1 volume of CO2 per volume of fuel and is less than approximately 3 volumes per volume of fuel when conveyed from the receptacle(s). The apparatus controls the exposure of hydrocarbon fuel molecules to an optimal volume of CO2 within the receptacle(s).

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, comprising: (I) an aromatic Mannich compound derived from: (A) a hydroxy containing aromatic compound having the formula  wherein in Formula (A-1): Ar is an aromatic group; m is 1, 2 or 3; n is a number from 1 to about 4; with the proviso that the sum of m and n does not exceed the number of available positions on Ar that can be substituted; each R1 independently is a hydrocarbyl group of up to about 400 carbon atoms; and R2 is H, amino or carboxyl; (B) an aldehyde or ketone having the formula  or a precursor thereof; wherein in Formula (B-1): R1 and R2 independently are H or hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms; and R2 can also be a carbonyl-containing hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms; and (C) a mixture of water and an amine, said amine containing at least one primary or secondary amino group; and (II) alcohol.

Abstract: The catalyst of the invention includes Aluminium, Lead, Copper, Tin, Antimony, Zinc and Nickel located to be in contact with the fuel to be burned. Each of the elements is present in a preferred concentration range by weight which varies depending on the type of fuel. In a preferred embodiment, the Aluminium forms a container having an inlet and an outlet which defines a flow path through which the fuel flows. The other elements are located in the flow path such that all of the elements are in contact with the fuel as it flows through the container.

Abstract: Disclosed is an economical process for treating a large amount of plastics waste in which thermoplastics, crosslinked plastics, thermosetting plastics or a mixture thereof can be continuously and rapidly degraded and converted into oil without sorting various types of plastics waste. According to this process, powdered plastics obtained by grinding thermoplastics, crosslinked plastics, thermosetting plastics or a mixture thereof is mixed with water to form a slurry, and a dispersing agent such as a water-absorbing resin, a water-soluble polymer or a surface-active agent is added thereto. The resulting mixed slurry is fed to a tubular continuous reactor where the powdered plastics is degraded under reaction conditions causing the water to be in or near its supercritical region. Finally, oil is recovered from the reaction product.

Abstract: A fuel dosing system to provide a controlled level of cereum additive from an additive tank either within or external to a diesel powered vehicle's fuel storage tank. The present invention maintains a concentration of cerium that is optimized to assure proper regeneration of a particulate trap used to control particulate emissions from the vehicle's exhaust. The present invention determines the additive dosage required by monitoring the fuel added to the tank during refueling of the vehicle and responds with a proper dose of an optimized amount of additive. The present invention is self contained and imposes a minimum encroachment on the vehicle fuel and electrical system and may also provide appropriate alarm signals to warn of additive depletion and other possible malfunctions.

Abstract: A system for producing a water-in-oil emulsion fuel oil of improved combustion efficiency. The production system includes an additive solution tank for producing an emulsifying additive solution by mixing NAOH and CaCl.sub.2 and water and storing the additive solution therein, a water tank for producing mixed water by mixing the emulsifying additive solution from the additive solution tank with water in a weight ratio greater than 1:100, a mixing tank for mixing heavy oil and the mixed water from the water tank having the water and emulsifying additive solution so that the water substantially uniformly distributed and suspended in the dispersion medium of the heavy oil to produce the water-in-oil oil emulsion fuel, and a storage tank for storing the water-in-oil emulsion fuel therein to provides the emulsion fuel to a burning facility.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a fuel treating device having a small pressure loss and a high contacting efficiency between fuel and fuel treating material. To attain said object, fuel treating material(s) 16, 26, 36 is(are) movably arranged in a fuel treating container 12, 22, 32 and said fuel treating material(s) 16, 26, 36 is(are) moved by flow pressure of the fuel to improve the contacting efficiency between said fuel treating material(s) 16, 26, 36 and the fuel and treat fuel by contacting with said fuel treating materials 16, 26, 36.

Abstract: The efficiency of fuel combustion is improved by adding to the fuel an additive that includes tin, antimony, lead and mercury. The additive may include by weight 60-80% tin, 15-30% antimony, 2-7% lead and 3-12% mercury.

Abstract: A device as described for direct addition of additive solids to liquid fuels, which solids are soluble in the fuel. For adding solids to fuel directly in the line leading to the combustion chamber or engine, the device includes a hollow body at least partially filled with the solid, whose lengthwise axis is at an angle .alpha. of 130.degree. to 170.degree. to the inflowing fuel and whose lower end, irrigated by inflowing fuel, has at least one opening through which the fuel can enter and leave the hollow body.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for converting petroleum related hazardous waste material utilizes a modified tanker truck and a filter consisting of hydrophobic material and activated carbon to separate the water content of the waste while capturing the solids contend yielding a high BTU-content fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for direct addition of solid ferrocene to fuels. The liquid addition or fortification of fuels with ferrocene is known. The new apparatus and the new method enable an addition of solid ferrocene to fuels. The apparatus according to the present invention comprises a grinder being connected to a fuel conduit or a fuel tank, said grinder being filled with solid ferrocene. The apparatus further comprises a step motor being coupled to the grinder and includes a control means for said step motor. With respect to the method of the present invention it is proposed to measure the amount of fuel flowing through a fuel conduit, to determine the required amount of ferrocene therefrom and to add the so determined amount of ferrocene to the amount of fuel by actuating the grinder at the corresponding number of revolutions.

Abstract: A burner comprises a plurality of nozzles used to introduce a reactive mixture of hydrocarbon fuel and an oxidizing gas into a reaction chamber where synthesis gas is produced. A pyrometer connected to the nozzles senses the temperature of the reaction chamber.

Abstract: A reaction chamber (E) comprises a calender reactor (5) comprising a device (4) for introducing a feedstock; a device (6) for carrying off the treated feedstock; at least two elementary reaction cells (52), not contiguous to one another, each one consisting of an individual feedstock distributor, an individual collector of the treated feedstock, and a catalytic bed, the cells being separated from one another by a channel (51); at least one device (V) for circulating a heat-carrying fluid in each channel (51); at least n partitions (S) for separating the flow of the heat-carrying fluid, n being an integer greater than or equal to 1; and at least n+1 means (T) for heating the heat-carrying fluid. The chamber can be used for performing the catalytic reforming of naphtha under low pressure.