Abstract: Measurements are taken of moisture, BTU/lb (British Thermal Units per pound), ash, forms of sulfur, volatile material, grindability, and absorption properties of any of a wide variety of mine-run solid fuels. Using that information, a dry electromagnetic process technology has been developed that can be controlled and monitored to selectively alter and enhance metallurgical solid fuel properties. Specific changes include altering the mechanical structure and chemical composition of solid fuels such as coal, coal coke or petroleum coke, increasing the BTU/lb to optimum levels, decreasing all forms of sulfur, and decreasing ash, while maintaining the BTU/lb of the fuels. A new family of solid fuel designer coals not found in nature can be produced via these methods and apparatus.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for determining the heating value of a fuel, the fuel comprising at least one hydrocarbon including a first hydrocarbon present in the highest molar concentration, the method comprising: measuring the stoichiometric oxidation molar flow ratio of the fuel; determining the ideal molar heating value (HVm,i) from the measured stoichiometric oxidation molar flow ratio; measuring the molar concentration of the first hydrocarbon; and determining the real molar heating value (HVm,r) from the ideal molar heating value (HVm,i) and the molar concentration of the first hydrocarbon. An apparatus is also disclosed.

Abstract: A first fuel and a second fuel are marked with a marker that can be detected quantitatively in a predetermined concentration range. The second fuel is marked with a binary marker. Decreased concentration of the quantitative marker, presence of a binary marker, or both may be indicative of a fuel that is altered (e.g., mixed, laundered, diluted, or adulterated). Testing a fuel includes testing the fuel for a presence of a first marker in the fuel in a predetermined concentration range, and testing the fuel for a presence of a second marker. The presence of the first marker in the predetermined concentration range and an absence of the second marker may be indicative that the fuel is unaltered. The presence of the first marker in the fuel in a concentration less than the predetermined concentration range or the presence of the second marker may be indicative that the fuel is altered.

Abstract: The invention provides novel methods for optimizing the design of a fatty acid alkyl ester-containing biofuel (e.g. a biodiesel, a biodiesel blend, or a jet biofuel) and for identifying a fatty acid alkyl ester-containing biofuel's feedstock.

Abstract: Measurements are taken of moisture, BTU/lb (British Thermal Units per pound), ash, forms of sulfur, volatile material, grindability, and absorption properties of any of a wide variety of mine-run solid fuels. Using that information, a dry electromagnetic process technology has been developed that can be controlled and monitored to selectively alter and enhance metallurgical solid fuel properties. Specific changes include altering the mechanical structure and chemical composition of solid fuels such as coal, coal coke or petroleum coke, increasing the BTU/lb to optimum levels, decreasing all forms of sulfur, and decreasing ash, while maintaining the BTU/lb of the fuels. A new family of solid fuel designer coals not found in nature can be produced via these methods and apparatus.

Abstract: Systems for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: Measurements are taken of moisture, BTU/lb (British Thermal Units per pound), ash, forms of sulfur, volatile material, grindability, and absorption properties of any of a wide variety of mine-run solid fuels. Using that information, a dry electromagnetic process technology has been developed that can be controlled and monitored to selectively alter and enhance solid fuel properties for the application in question. Specific changes include altering the mechanical structure and chemical composition of solid fuels such as coal, coal coke or petroleum coke, increasing the BTU/lb to optimum levels, decreasing all forms of sulfur, and decreasing ash, while maintaining the BTU/lb of the fuels. A new family of solid fuel designer coals not found in nature can be produced via these methods and apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: Methods and systems for producing fuel compositions with predetermined desirable properties are disclosed. Feedback control can be employed to meter precise amounts of fuel composition components while monitoring fuel composition properties to obtain fuel compositions having specifically defined properties.

Abstract: A method for increasing removal of drag reducer additive (DRA) from liquid hydrocarbon fuel. The method comprises producing contaminated liquid hydrocarbon fuel comprising a concentration of removable DRA comprising a quantity of one or more polar groups, and contacting the contaminated liquid hydrocarbon fuel with an amount of one or more removal agents under removal conditions effective to produce a reduced concentration of the removable DRA.

Abstract: The application relates to a method for selecting drag reducer additive (DRA) effectively removable by activated carbons and graphites to be used in fuel. The appliction also relates to effective activated carbons and graphites for removing DRA from fuel, and to a method of using effective activated carbons and graphites to remove DRA from fuel.

Abstract: A coal transformation system comprises an ecological coal production unit for transforming raw coal into ecological coal. The production unit has an exhaust for carrying in a storage unit combustible, gaseous, waste by-products generated during the transformation of raw coal. A control system is provided for allowing the combustible, gaseous, waste by-products to be withdrawn and subsequently used as an additional source of energy when the system energy demand reaches a predetermined value, thereby contributing to reduce the energy costs during peak power needs.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of estimating the outflow amount for each component of the effluent of a coal liquefying reactor consisting of vessel type reactors (16a, 16b, 16c) operated under a high temperature and a high pressure. The outflow amount for each component of the effluent is assumed, and the gas-liquid equilibrium composition of the mixture of the composition within the reaction vessel is calculated. Further, the volume flow rates of the gaseous phase and the liquid phase within the reaction vessel are calculated, and the residence time (&tgr;1G, &tgr;2G, &tgr;3G), (&tgr;1S, &tgr;2S, &tgr;3S) of each of the gaseous phase and the liquid phase is calculated on the basis of the gas hold-up within the reaction vessel calculated on the basis of the volume flow rate and the empirical formula. The outflow amount for each component of the effluent is calculated on the basis of the residence time (&tgr;1, &tgr;, . . .

Abstract: A method for selecting an effective removal agent and a method of removing drag reducer additive from liquid hydrocarbon fuels, preferably gasoline or jet fuel.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsified fuel evaporator system is provided in which a heavy oil emulsified fuel, after being preheated at a preheater, flows into an evaporator to be heated and then to a separator for separation of its water content. The water content, after being separated, is used as a preheating source medium for said preheater, wherein water content separation at a predetermined level is enabled irrespective of load change in a heavy oil fuel combustion equipment, and no light oil content is discharged together with the separated water content. Heavy oil emulsified fuel 11a is preheated at a preheater 13, is heated at an evaporator 14 and flows into a separator 15 to be separated of its water content. Water content, after being separated, is sent via a piping 15a to be used as the preheating source medium for the preheater 13.

Abstract: A C.F.R. engine (26) is alternately supplied with a fuel being manufactured (22), sampled from the discharge line of the mixer and, through a line (24), with a reference product (25) of which the cetane number is known, by two separate supply circuits (22, 24) each having a high pressure fuel pump (33, 34), the C.F.R. engine (26) operating at a constant compression ratio.

Abstract: A fuel dosing system to provide a controlled level of cereum additive from an additive tank either within or external to a diesel powered vehicle's fuel storage tank. The present invention maintains a concentration of cerium that is optimized to assure proper regeneration of a particulate trap used to control particulate emissions from the vehicle's exhaust. The present invention determines the additive dosage required by monitoring the fuel added to the tank during refueling of the vehicle and responds with a proper dose of an optimized amount of additive. The present invention is self contained and imposes a minimum encroachment on the vehicle fuel and electrical system and may also provide appropriate alarm signals to warn of additive depletion and other possible malfunctions.

Abstract: Leakage in a heat exchanger between two liquids which are in indirect heat exchange relationship is detected by marking one of the two liquids with a colorless chemical marker and detecting it in the second liquid by extraction and conversion to a colored material. The heat exchanger liquids are preferably organic liquids which are immiscible with water. The marker is detected in a heat exchanger liquid by extraction of the marker followed by chemical conversion of the marker to a colored material that can be detected visually. Aminoalkylnaphthalenes are suitable markers which can be extracted by an acidic aqueous solution and converted to a colored material by reaction with a diazotized aromatic amine. Phenylazoalkylphenol derivatives are also suitable markers which can be extracted and simultaneously converted to a colored material with a detection reagent which is comprised of water and a water-soluble amine.

Abstract: Reactions leading to insoluble sediments formation in distillate fuel are accelerated by forcing oxygen into solution in the fuel at pressures of between about 90 and 110 psig and then stressing the fuel under conditions of accelerated storage at temperatures of between about 40.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. The method then makes use of gravimetric determination of the total insolubles formed. The stability of the fuel over a period of time as well as its comparative stability to other fuels can then be predicted from the amount of insolubles formed. The method can be carried out by using a specialized pressure vessel.