Abstract: A modular housing structure for solitary bees, having a core partially enclosed within a housing with an opening on one side. The core has an exposed side facing the opening on the housing and one or more recesses formed on the exposed side of the core. The core may be solid and integrally formed with the housing or may be made up of a plurality of wafers stacked on top of one another.

Abstract: A thermal treatment of bee colonies to ensure death of bee parasites in an interior of a hive frame superstructure through transformation of short wave electromagnetic radiation to long wave thermal radiation, where an efficient temperature increase above the value of 40° C. is done by the help of a secondary thermal energy and/or a primary thermal energy when sunrays or a generated radiation permeate through a thermosolar lid on an active surface of a photo-absorbent component and/or go through a transparent screen into the interior of the hive frame superstructure and land on an active photo-absorbent layer of a thermo solar frame. Also described is construction of a device for pursuance of a thermal treatment of bee colonies. Other implementations are also described.

Abstract: The invention provides a ceramic green sheet having plasticity, punching property, and sinterability of satisfactory levels as well as a low percent (heat) shrinkage. In the production of a ceramic slurry serving as a raw material of the sheet, ingredients thereof are mixed under such conditions that the functional group ratio (polyol to isocyanate) is 1.5/11.5 to 11.5/11.5; the urethane resin formed from isocyanate and polyol has a repeating-unit-based molecular weight of 290 to 988; and the ratio by weight of the urethane resin to a ceramic powder falls within a range of 4.5 to 10 parts by weight of the urethane resin with respect to 100 parts by weight of the ceramic powder. A ceramic green sheet having, in well balance, all of the properties (i.e., plasticity, punching property, sinterability, and (heat) shrinkage) required for facilitating subsequent processes such as mechanical working and firing can be provided.