Abstract: An apparatus and method of removing scale from the surfaces of processed sheet metal employs high pressure jets of water directed from nozzles positioned in close proximity to the sheet metal surfaces.

Abstract: Methods for electrochemically polishing copper films on semiconductor substrates use an alkaline solution with a pH in the range of about 8.0 to 10.5. A constant current density of from 5 to 100 amperes per square foot is applied to an electrochemical cell formed by an electrode, the alkaline solution and the copper film. Copper is removed at a rate of from 500 to 10,000 angstroms per minute. The end point for the electro-polishing is detected by a sudden change in applied voltage. The alkaline polishing solution may also contain copper ions so that when the current direction is reversed, copper is deposited onto the copper film. Furthermore, this copper deposition will occur selectively on the exposed copper surface but not on the exposed barrier layer surface. Hence, the method can compensate for dishing and erosion by re-depositing copper in regions after too much copper was removed from those regions.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) and method for conveying abrasive web (16), such as photographic media, has a pair of closely spaced rollers (12, 14) through which the abrasive web (16) is conveyed while in contact with a coated media bearing surface (80, 90). The media bearing surface (80, 90) comprising a composite coating or a thin inorganic coating.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) and method for conveying abrasive web (16), such as photographic media, has a pair of closely spaced rollers (12, 14) through which the abrasive web (16) is conveyed while in contact with a coated media bearing surface (80, 90). The media bearing surface (80, 90) comprising a composite coating or a thin inorganic coating.

Abstract: A multi-directional abrading machine for surface conditioning in the flat for elongated components, in particular, bumpers for motor vehicles. The machine comprises a frame including an upper portion and a lower portion. The upper and lower portions are adjustable with respect to each other. The machine includes both rotating abrading drums and rotating abrading discs. The machine preferably includes a pair of top abrading drums as well as one bottom abrading drum. The two top abrading drums are provided at the infeed side of the machine while the one bottom abrading drum is provided at the outfeed side of the machine. A coolant spray is strategically directed to the abrading drums. Between the pair of top abrading drums and the bottom abrading drum are mounted two abrading discs.

Abstract: A photo filmstrip (14) of a regular length (L) is produced from photo film web (45) having a predetermined width (W). The photo filmstrip and the photo film web have a back surface, an emulsion surface, a pair of lateral edge faces (45a), and four corner edges (45b, 45c) defined between the back surface, the emulsion surface, and the lateral edge faces. At least one of the lateral edge faces and at least one of the corner edges of the photo film web are abraded while the photo film web is conveyed. Photo film dust, created in the abrasion is eliminated from the photo film web. Perforations (34) are formed in the photo film web. The photo film web is cut by the regular length into the photo filmstrip, which is wound into a cassette shell.

Abstract: A buffing apparatus which can buff a thin plate work without causing buckling. The buffing apparatus comprises a plurality of buffing rolls removably secured in a predetermined spaced relationship from each other to a shaft which is driven to rotate, a backup roll disposed in parallel to the buffing rolls and extending over the overall length of all of the buffing rolls, and a holding roll disposed at least between each adjacent ones of the buffing rolls. The holding roll is positioned such that the axis thereof is positioned on a straight line interconnecting the center of transverse section of one of the buffing rolls and the center of a transverse section of the backup roll and an outer periphery thereof substantially contacts with a contacting plane of the buffing rolls.