Abstract: A communication device includes a main circuit board, a cable, and an active antenna device. The cable is configured to deliver both a DC (Direct Current) control signal and an RF (Radio Frequency) signal. The active antenna device includes a comparator, a transmission path, a reception path, and an antenna element. The comparator recovers the DC control signal. The antenna element selects the transmission path or the reception path according to the recovered DC control signal, so as to transmit or receive the RF signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically generating/changing Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) access information are provided. The apparatus includes an access information management database for storing pre-registered WLAN access information of a plurality of WLAN Access Points (APs). The apparatus also includes an access information collector for collecting information for WLAN APs being accessible at a current position of the apparatus, and an access information analyzer for analyzing the collected information, and creating a list of the accessible WLAN APs. The apparatus further includes a comparator for comparing the list with the WLAN access information to determine if the WLAN APs match. The apparatus additionally includes an access information automatic changer for automatically changing current WLAN access information according to matched APs.

Abstract: An electronic device includes at least one processing circuit connected through at least one terminal at a first reference voltage. At least one radio frequency communication circuit is connected at least to receive the reference voltage. At least one first pad is intended to be taken to a second reference voltage of at least one electronic circuit external to the device. At least one first resistive impedance is coupled between the terminal and the first pad.

Abstract: A method includes estimating a temperature change to an integrated circuit, which is associated with a pending transmission from the integrated circuit. The method includes, based on the estimated temperature change, regulating at least one parameter that is associated with the pending transmission to maintain a temperature of the integrated circuit below a temperature threshold.

Abstract: A method and system for adaptive operation of a power amplifier of an RFID reader device enables more efficient power management of the reader device. The method includes transmitting an RF interrogation signal from an antenna of the RFID reader device (step 505). A reflected signal is then received as a partial reflection of the interrogation signal (step 510). A return loss value is then estimated by comparing at least one parameter of the interrogation signal and at least one parameter of the reflected signal (step 515). Finally, an operating point of the power amplifier is adjusted in response to the return loss value (step 520).

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes two wireless communication units, each switching one of a VHF band and a UHF band to another to conduct wireless communication; a determination unit which determines whether or not it is necessary to change a frequency band when one of the wireless communication units uses the VHF band to conduct the wireless communication, and further determines whether or not there is a wireless communication device that becomes unable to conduct wireless communication due to using the UHF band when the change is necessary; and a communication control unit which performs control to switch the band to the UHF band when it is determined that there is no wireless communication device which becomes unable to conduct wireless communication, and to leave the band as the VHF band when it is determined that there is a wireless communication device which becomes unable to conduct wireless communication.

Abstract: A signal sending method and apparatus are provided, and relate to the field of communications, so as to prevent a user equipment (UE) from sending a signal at maximum transmit power adjusted through automatic gain control (AGC) after a power amplifier (PA) is started. The method includes: setting, by a UE, transmit power of the UE after an uplink PA of the UE is turned off, where the transmit power of the UE is less than maximum output power of the uplink PA; when the PA is started, sending a signal at the transmit power of the UE. The embodiments of the present invention are used to send a signal.

Abstract: Concepts and technologies are described herein for the classification of indoor and outdoor telecommunications events that occur within mobile telecommunications networks. According to one aspect disclosed herein, a method for classifying telecommunications events can include receiving a data set that includes geo-location data and radio signal measurement data for a plurality of telecommunications events that have occurred within a mobile telecommunications network. The method can also include providing the data set as input to a classification model. The method can also include classifying the data set into an indoor results subset and an outdoor results subset using the classification model. The indoor results subset can include a first telecommunications event that is determined by the classification model to have occurred in an indoor location. The outdoor results subset can include a second telecommunications event that is determined by the classification model to have occurred in an outdoor location.

Abstract: A plurality of signal transmissions, transmitted using a plurality of transmit powers, are received at a receiver over a communication channel. Each transmit power shares a common transmit power term unknown to the receiver and a signal-specific power offset known to the receiver. The received power is measured at the receiver. A corresponding known power offset is subtracted from the measured received signal power, resulting in a corresponding estimate of the common unknown power term. This results in a plurality of estimates of the common transmit power term. A refined common transmit power term is estimated from the plurality of estimates of the common transmit power term. A plurality of refined measured received signal powers are estimated by adding the plurality of signal-specific power offsets to the refined common power term. Based on the refined common transmit power term, a functionality of the wireless communication system is adapted.

Abstract: An in-vehicle communication apparatus includes an antenna module, and a wireless communication device physically separated from the antenna module and connected to the antenna module through a coaxial cable. The antenna module includes an antenna, and a transmission amplifier of the antenna.

Abstract: An NFC-enabled device including tag emulation circuitry and reader emulation circuitry operates so as to provide a signal strength meter function. The signal strength meter function, in tag emulation mode, measures and reports on how well the tag is coupled to a third party reader field. In reader emulation mode, the signal strength meter function measures and reports how well the reader of the NFC-enabled device couples to a tag that is being read. One exemplary method includes detecting an NFC reader field, operating reader receiver circuitry at the NFC-enabled device so as to at least determine the strength of a signal received from the reader field, generating information representative of the determined strength of the signal received from the reader field at a first time, and performing one or more predetermined actions based at least in part on the one or more signals representative of the determined strength.

Abstract: A first estimator determines a coarse estimate of a time of arrival of at least one subcarrier of an OFDM-like multitone signals by adjusting the coarse estimate of the time of arrival in accordance with a code (first) correlation function. A second estimator determines a precise estimate of the time of arrival of at least one subcarrier of the OFDM-like multitone signals by adjusting the precise time of arrival to align the slope of the subcarrier phases of the OFDM-like multitone signals in accordance with a phase (second) correlation function and consistent with the coarse estimate of the time of arrival associated with the code correlation function. A data processor estimates the location of the receiver or estimated range based on the precise estimate.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure present methods and apparatus for selecting a power saving mode for a mobile station (MS) in a wireless network. The power saving mode may be selected based on the traffic that is observed at the MS in a predefined duration. Once low overall data traffic is observed, the device may enter a first low power state. If data traffic of a particular type (e.g., not for management or maintenance purposes) is not observed for a predetermined duration, the device may enter a second low power state (deeper than the first low power state).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a power adjustment method and device. The method includes determining an increment of a signal-to-interference ratio target value of a serving cell of a UE according to a difference between pilot signal power of a macro base station and pilot signal power of a micro base station. The serving cell of the UE is at least one of a macro cell in which the macro base station is located and a micro cell in which the micro base station is located. The method also includes, after increasing the signal-to-interference ratio target value by the increment, sending an increased signal-to-interference ratio target value to a base station in the serving cell of the UE.

Abstract: An electrical device includes a host charger power management integrated circuit wired to a battery, a wired power input comprising a first VOUT and GND pair of power connectors wired to a first pair of charging inputs of the host charger power management integrated circuit, a wireless power port for conductively connecting with a retrofittable wireless power receiver, said wireless power port comprising a second VOUT and GND pair of power connectors wired to a second pair of charging inputs of the host charger power management integrated circuit; and a power DISABLE connector for communicating a DISABLE signal to disable charging.

Abstract: A wireless power receiver, configured to receive power from a wireless power outlet and to communicate with a host for providing electrical power thereto, is provided comprising a secondary inductive coil configured to receive power from a primary coil of the wireless power outlet, and a host control interface configured to facilitate communication between the wireless power receiver and the host. The host control interface comprises contacts, one or more information-carrying contacts configured to conduct at least one of a clock and a data signal between the wireless power receiver and the host, supply input and power supply ground contacts configured to cooperate to provide current between the wireless power receiver and the host, an interrupt-signal contact configured to carry an INTERRUPT signal from the wireless power receiver and the host, and an enable-signal contact configured to carry an ENABLE signal from the host to the wireless power receiver.

Abstract: A square detection circuit square-detects a portion of a high frequency transmission signal that is extracted by a directional coupler, of a high frequency transmission signal amplified by a power amplifier. A first adjustment circuit extracts a DC component from a detection output of the square detection circuit, and adjusts respective amplitudes of baseband I and Q signals generated by an I/Q signal generation circuit, in response to the extracted DC component. A second adjustment circuit extracts an AC component from the detection output of the square detection circuit, and adjusts the respective amplitudes and phases, and the respective DC offsets of the baseband I and Q signals generated by the I/Q signal generation circuit, in response to the extracted AC component.

Abstract: A reference signal is transmitted on multiple non-contiguous clusters of resources. A user equipment (UE) may be scheduled for data transmission on the multiple non-contiguous clusters, and each cluster may cover a set of contiguous subcarriers. The UE may generate the reference signal based on at least one reference signal (RS) sequence using code division multiplexing (CDM) or frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In a design, the UE generates the reference signal with CDM based on a single RS sequence having a length matching the total length of the multiple non-contiguous clusters. In another design, the UE generates the reference signal with CDM based on one RS sequence for each cluster. In yet another design, the UE generates the reference signal with FDM and transmits the reference signal on a subset of all subcarriers for the multiple non-contiguous clusters.

Abstract: Detection of network transactions or keepalives for maintaining long lived connections are disclosed. A keepalive detector can detect keepalive traffic based on keepalive parameters determined from an analysis of socket level network communication log data that record data transfer events including data sent from mobile applications or clients on a mobile device and data received by the mobile applications or clients on the mobile device, timing characteristics, protocol types, etc. Various statistical analyses can be performed on the network communication data to detect keepalives, taking into account variability in intervals of the data transfer events and sizes of data sent and received on each event. The keepalive detector can also detect keepalives from stream data on a mobile device by analyzing socket level communication messages including timing characteristics and amount of data transferred to detect keepalives and report keepalives using a data structure.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for measuring an integrated circuit age. A first clock generator is provided for generating a first clock signal and a second clock generator is provided for generating a second clock signal. Further, a phase detector in communication with the first clock generator and the second clock generator is provided for receiving the first clock signal from the first clock generator and the second clock signal from the second clock generator, and outputting a phase difference signal that is capable of being used as a measure of an integrated circuit age. Still yet, a circuit in communication with the phase detector and the first clock generator is provided for receiving the first clock signal from the first clock generator and the phase difference signal from the phase detector and for synchronizing the phase difference signal from the phase detector with the first clock signal from the first clock generator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cognitive SIMO network access method based on cooperative relay, wherein a cognitive base station collects channel responses in a network and judges whether the cognitive users can cooperate with a primary user to achieve the target transmission rate required by the primary user or not, if so, a cognitive SIMO network is accessible to a frequency band licensed to the primary user; otherwise, the cognitive SIMO network is non-accessible. The access method can enable a plurality of the cognitive users and the primary user to simultaneously use the same licensed spectrum in the same geographical position, on the premise of ensuring the target transmission rate of the primary user, and further improve the utilization efficiency of the spectrum as far as possible.

Abstract: Adaptive multi-pathway wireless charging is described. In one aspect, embodiments enable one or more wireless charging pathways to be established concurrently in a wireless charging environment. The wireless charging pathways use same or different frequencies, powers, wireless power transfer (WPT) standards, and WPT configurations. Embodiments for adaptively configuring wireless charging based on detected events or changes in WPT characteristics are also provided.

Abstract: A method includes receiving in a receiver transmissions from a serving cell that serves the receiver and from one or more neighbor cells. The transmissions are received via multiple receive antennas to produce multiple respective output signals. The multiple output signals are weighed with respective weights, and the weighted output signals are combined to produce a combined output signal. The weights are selected so as to form a composite antenna pattern having a first antenna gain in one or more first directions that point toward the neighbor cells, and a second antenna gain, lower than the first antenna gain, in a second direction that points toward the serving cell. Characteristics of the one or more neighbor cells are measured by processing the combined output signal in which the transmissions received from the serving cell are attenuated.

Abstract: A high order modulation method, a demapping method, and a corresponding device are provided. With the high order modulation method, important bits is distinguished, and the important bits are divided into important bits for distinguishing large regions and important bits for distinguishing small regions according to the difficulty of judgment areas. Therefore, the judgment accuracy rate of a demodulator is further improved.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for power control in mobile communication devices are provided. In one aspect, a method for accurately controlling an adjustable power level of a data signal in a transmit chain of a transmitter is provided. The method includes adjusting a controllable gain level of a digital-to-analog converter based on a desired peak-to-average ratio of a transmit signal envelope, adjusting a digitally controlled discrete gain-step amplifier, the amount of gain per step based on an initial estimate of the transmitter gain and a target power, applying a factor to a gain adjuster responsive to the gain step change in the transmit chain, and repeating the adjusting and applying steps until a feedback signal level exceeds a reference signal level.

Abstract: A transmitter is provided that comprises an oscillator, a power amplifier, and a heating element. The power amplifier generates a high power signal according to the low power signal. The transmitter may be operated such that a heat production rate of the group consisting of the power amplifier and the heating element is substantially constant. The heating element may be a dummy power amplifier. A method of operating a transmitter is also disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for efficient external control of the transmit power of a remote fixed gain antenna unit in RF communications. Apparatus embodiments include a separate feeding unit coupled to a remote fixed gain antenna unit through a single coaxial line. The feeding unit is operative to provide transmit control signals to the remote antenna unit based on power feedback created in the remote antenna unit and sent to the feeding unit over the single coaxial line. Feedback and transmit/receive control inputs are transmitted through the single coax line together with RF signals. The coax line may be long. The apparatus and methods may be used in a vehicular environment.

Abstract: Techniques for dynamic power control of a radio of a utility data collection device (e.g., utility meter configured for wireless communications) are described that utilize a detection scheme applied to a Front End Module (FEM) in the utility data collection device. A utility data collection device measures a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) presented to the FEM during transmission. The result of this measurement allows the utility data collection device to dynamically control the input power to a FEM transmit portion. Utilizing these techniques, the utility data collection device can adjust to environmental changes and conditions experienced in the field.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit with a peak-to-average ratio detector is described. Detection of the peak-to-average ratio value can be used to tune one or more parameters that affect linearity of one or more amplifiers in the amplifier circuit to improve amplifier performance.

Abstract: A wireless device is described. The wireless device includes a high precision power/peak detector. The wireless device also includes a reference signal source. The high precision power/peak detector and the reference signal source are on an integrated circuit. The reference signal source provides a precision reference signal used to calibrate the high precision power/peak detector.

Abstract: A system and method for generating weight values based on maximum data rate for weighting elements included within signal weighting and combining arrangements used in various multi-antenna transmitter and receiver structures is disclosed herein. Weighting values for a given signal combining arrangement are set so as to maximize an output data rate of the applicable multi-antenna system in the presence of adaptive bit loading of the subcarriers of a transmitted signal. The disclosed techniques may be employed to maximize a data rate of a multi-antenna communication system by using adaptive bit loading and RF and baseband weighting schemes. In this case a search is conducted over various combinations of RF and baseband weights in order to find the weight combination which, when adaptive bit loading is also employed, maximizes the data rate.

Abstract: A phase angle detector with a PLL, a power converter, and a method for reducing offsets in an input signal, in which an adaptive offset processor selectively removes a DC offset component from the input signal to generate a modified signal including a fundamental frequency component and higher order harmonics of the input signal with the DC offset component removed, and the PLL provides a phase angle signal at least partially according to the modified signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system and method for selectively enabling or disabling rings or other alerts associated with a mobile communication device. A mobile communication device in accordance with embodiments of the present invention includes one or more programmable profiles that establish the behavior of the mobile communication device for a number of different proximity levels between the user and the device. Accordingly, by applying a determined proximity level and an applicable programmable profile, an alert type maybe selected.

Abstract: A method for determining a channel variation metric by an electronic device is described. The method includes receiving a first packet. The method also includes receiving a second packet. The method further includes determining a channel variation metric that approximates a mean square error value based on a first channel estimate corresponding to a first packet and a second channel estimate corresponding to a second packet. The method additionally includes performing an operation based on the channel variation metric.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for antenna parameter notification is provided. At a device comprising: at least one processor, an antenna, a proximity sensor and a speaker, a parameter associated with performance of the antenna is determined by the processor. When the parameter meets a given criteria, and when the proximity sensor detects proximity, then the processor changes audio of sound played at the speaker.

Abstract: A signal delay estimator includes an adjustable delay element for delaying a first signal to obtain a delayed first signal, a delay amount estimator for estimating a delay amount between the delayed first signal and a second signal that is similar and delayed relative to the first signal, and a leading signal determiner for determining whether the delayed first signal leads the second signal or vice versa, and for generating a corresponding binary signal. A selective inverter is provided for selectively inverting the delay amount depending on the binary signal. The signal delay estimator also includes a feedback element to the adjustable delay element for controlling a delay based on an output of the selective inverter. Another exemplary signal delay estimator includes a closed control loop with an adjustable delay element and separate first and second processing paths for absolute delay amount and delay direction, respectively.

Abstract: A method for feeding back codebook-based precoding matrix information by a receiving side includes estimating a channel through a receiving signal received from a transmitting side; selecting first and second precoding matrix indexes for indicating precoding matrices selected in a predefined codebook based upon said estimated channel; and transmitting said selected first and second precoding matrix indexes to said transmitting side, wherein said predefined codebook supports antenna patterns at the receiving side, precoder (W) in the predefined codebook is expressed as a multiplication of two precoding matrices (W1 and W2), W1 is constituted as an oversampled discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix by a diagonal matrix, an element which reflects a factor in accordance with an antenna pattern configuration of said receiving side is included, and said first precoding matrix index indicates a precoding matrix selected from W1 and said second precoding matrix index indicates a precoding matrix selected from W2.

Abstract: Embodiments of user equipment (UE) and methods for codebook subsampling for enhanced 4TX codebooks in 3GPP LTE wireless networks are generally described herein. In some embodiments, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) is configured for transmission of channel state information (CSI) feedback including a rank indicator (RI) and a precoding matrix (W1). The rank indicator (RI) and a precoding matrix (W1) are jointly encoded and codebook subsampling is performed for the enhanced 4Tx codebook for at least one of: PUCCH report type 5 (RI/1st PMI) in PUCCH 1-1 submode 1; PUCCH report type 2c (CQI/1st PMI/2nd PMI) in PUCCH 1-1 submode 2; and PUCCH report type 1a (subband CQI/2nd PMI) in PUCCH 2-1.

Abstract: An active combiner can have multiple output sections each with a corresponding input section or a single output section with multiple input sections. The output section can switch between mixer and amplifier modes, with or without variable gain, to modify an input signal from the input section. The input section has a sufficiently high impedance to substantially block the RF signal from other input sections from entering any of the other input sections. The output section has a sufficiently low impedance to receive the RF signal from the input sections.

Abstract: A portable diagnostic device (PDD) for diagnosing packet-based wireless networks. the PDD comprises an input device configured to convert user input into electrical signals, a radio frequency (RF) transceiver, an antenna, processing logic, a modem, and a display device. The processing logic is configured to execute a diagnostic software module that generates diagnostic commands for diagnosing a packet-based network and that interprets diagnostic information sent from the packet-based network to the PDD. The modem enables the PDD to wirelessly communicate via the RF transceiver and the antenna with a base transceiver station (BTS) that is in communication with the packet-based network. The display device displays diagnostic information received by the RF transceiver and processed by the processing logic. The diagnostic information displayed on the display device describes one or more attributes of the packet-based network.

Abstract: The present invention proposes a device and method for detecting the channel state. The detecting device first monitors a channel within a predetermined duration so as to receive a plurality of signals transmitted on the channel, and then determines whether part of the plurality of signals possess periodicity. If part of the plurality of signals possesses periodicity, then the detecting device determines that the channel is interfered. Even if there is no or less data traffic over one or more wireless networks which occupy the channel, the detecting device and method provided by the present invention are capable of detecting the existence of the one or more wireless networks, and determine that the channel is interfered, so as to avoid potential interference. In addition, the cost to detect whether a channel is interfered will be reduced effectively by using the detecting device and the detecting method according to embodiments of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for report a Radio Link Failure (RLF) and discloses the operations of UE or an eNB and the operating schemes of a network according to a cause of RLF. More specifically, the operating efficiency of a network is improved by reporting the reception power or interference power or both of other transceivers within a device, from among causes that generate RLF. This specification includes elements for configuring detecting RLF, configuring an RLF report on the RLF, and transmitting the RLF report. The RLF report includes information about whether there was an influence of In-device COexistence interference (ICO) to the RLF.

Abstract: A method and system for achieving a link budget improvement in a diverse OFDM radio system by addressing the timing misalignment issue that can occur due to the differences in propagation time in signals between mobile stations and Radio Access Nodes. Timing misalignment is shared or split between the primary path to a primary Radio Access Node and a diverse path to a diverse Radio Access Node. The relative timing offsets between mobile stations are adjusted, the mobile stations are grouped into zones using a variety of different grouping techniques, and the transmission for each mobile station is scheduled, using one or more of a variety of scheduling techniques.

Abstract: A system and method for remotely monitoring, communicating with, and reconfiguring power amplifier systems. A communications link is provided in field-deployed PA systems, for enabling remote communication with appropriate digital components such as microprocessors or other communications-capable portions of the power amplifier systems. The communications link permits operating parameters of the PA to be monitored and sent back to a remote terminal such as a web server or other computer mainframes via any suitable wired or wireless connection including internet, Ethernet, wireless, WiFi, WiMAX, cellular, local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Bluetooth, and so forth. The communication is bi-directional, so that the remote host can download to the PA updates, cMobile operators and/or other service providers can reduce significant operating and capital expenses related to their radio networks maintenance and PA replacement by practicing this invention.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of internal measurement of voltage standing wave ratio in a transmitter includes providing power to hardware comprising the transmitter, transmitting a signal from the transmitter, sampling the signal in both a transmitted feedforward direction toward an antenna and a reflected direction from the antenna, and computing in a processor associated with the transmitter the voltage standing wave ratio on the basis of the feedforward and reflected sampled signals. A method of calculating a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in a transmitter includes storing, in a memory associated with a processor associated with the transmitter, a captured feedforward signal from the transmitter to an antenna, storing, in the memory, a captured feedback signal reflected from the antenna, and calculating the VSWR in the processor on the basis of the stored transmitted and reflected signals.

Abstract: Monitoring within a network a history of bits throughput to a base station over each of a plurality of time intervals, monitoring within the network a physical resource block utilization level over each of the plurality of time intervals, determining a ratio of the history of bits to the utilization level for each of the plurality of time intervals, determining an updated history of bits for each of a plurality of upcoming time intervals, estimating an updated utilization level in response to the updated history of bits and the ratio, generating messaging to at least one additional network element conveying the estimated updated physical resource block utilization level, and adjusting at least one of a prefilling process or a prefetching process in response to the updated utilization level.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to envelope power supply calibration of a multi-mode RF power amplifier (PA) to ensure adequate headroom when operating using one of multiple communications modes. The communications modes may include multiple modulation modes, a half-duplex mode, a full-duplex mode, or any combination thereof. As such, each communications mode may have specific peak-to-average power and linearity requirements for the multi-mode RF PA. As a result, each communications mode may have corresponding envelope power supply headroom requirements. The calibration may include determining a saturation operating constraint based on calibration data obtained during saturated operation of the multi-mode RF PA. During operation of the multi-mode RF PA, the envelope power supply may be restricted to provide a minimum allowable magnitude based on an RF signal level of the multi-mode RF PA, the communications mode, and the saturation operating constraint to provide adequate headroom.

Abstract: The invention concerns a testing method detecting misconnected mechanical contacts between off-chip antenna and on-chip antenna circuit, wherein the testing method is a Built-In Self-Test method including a step of measuring at least one electrical parameter of on-chip antenna circuit connected to off-chip antenna which is representative of state of connection of said mechanical contacts.

Abstract: A non-transitory processor-readable medium stores code to cause a processor to receive a performance indicator associated with a first mode. The code causes the processor to calculate, using the performance indicator associated with the first mode, a first metric value associated with a first metric and an objective of the first mode. The code causes the processor to calculate, using the first metric value, a second metric value associated with a second metric and an objective of a second mode. The second metric value partially compensates for a change in a performance indicator associated with the second mode when the first metric value is implemented. The code causes the processor to send a signal associated with the first metric value and a signal associated with the second metric value to an antenna module such that the antenna module implements the first metric value and the second metric value.

Abstract: Systems and techniques relating to wireless communications are described.