Abstract: In one example, a remote tuner module includes: a first tuner to receive, process and demodulate a first radio frequency (RF) signal to output an analog audio signal, and to receive and process a second RF signal to output a first downconverted modulated signal; a second tuner to receive and process the second RF signal to output a second downconverted modulated signal; a demodulator circuit coupled to the first and second tuners to demodulate and link the first and second modulated signals, to output a linked demodulated signal. The remote tuner module may further include a gateway circuit coupled to at least the demodulator circuit to output the analog audio signal and the linked demodulated signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems for preventing or delaying handovers to target access nodes that are experiencing intermodulation distortion. Ensuring service quality in dual-connectivity (EN-DC) wireless networks includes determining that a target access node for a handover of a wireless device is experiencing an intermodulation distortion level that exceeds a first threshold, and adjusting handover thresholds to delay the handover of the wireless device to the target access node. If the handover is necessary, dual-connectivity is disabled for the wireless device.

Abstract: A circuit is disclosed. The circuit includes an input port, an output port, a squelch detector and a disconnect detector. The squelch detector and the disconnect detector are enabled or disabled by a signal such that only one of the squelch detector and the disconnect detector is active at a given time. When the squelch detector is active, a threshold generator generates a squelch threshold for the squelch detector based on a squelch configuration data indicative of a predefined squelch threshold. When the disconnect detector is active, the threshold generator generates a disconnect threshold for the disconnect detector based on a disconnect configuration data indicative of a predefined disconnect threshold.

Abstract: System and method for testing a device under test via a wireless communication link. When testing the device under test, an interference signal may be applied to the test scenario. The generation of the interference signal may be controlled based on a monitoring of a frequency spectrum in the test scenario, in particular a frequency spectrum at the device under test. In this way, a more realistic test scenario can be achieved.

Abstract: Noise distribution shaping for signals, particularly for the application in receivers for CDMA signals. A method for noise distribution shaping for signals comprises the acts of receiving a signal of interest from a signal transmitter, detecting whether the received signal of interest is present, and if the received signal of interest is present iteratively performing the following acts of adapting at least one blanking threshold or the received signal of interest according to an offset value depending on the amplitude of the received signal of interest, and generating a blanking control signal by comparing the received signal of interest with the at least one blanking threshold, modifying the noise distribution of the received signal of interest by applying blanking of the received signal of interest under control of the blanking control signal.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes: in a first mode, causing a first tuner of an entertainment system to receive and process a first RF signal from a first antenna configured for a first band to output a first audio signal of a first radio station and causing a second tuner of the entertainment system to receive a second RF signal from a second antenna configured for the first band to determine signal quality metrics for one or more radio stations of the first band; in a second mode, causing the first tuner to output a first signal representation of the first RF signal and causing the second tuner to receive and process the second RF signal to output a second signal representation of the second RF signal; and causing a phase diversity combining circuit to process the first and second signal representations to output an audio signal of the first radio station, without disruption of output from the entertainment system of a broadcast of the first radio station.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for reducing noise due to a path change of an audio signal output from a device are provided. The method includes determining an input period for canceling the noise by using a time point, at which the path change is sensed, as a reference, when sensing the path change of the audio signal; low-pass filtering the audio signal in the determined input period; and interpolating a first partial signal, which is the low-pass filtered audio signal in a first predetermined period that starts from a start time point of the determined input period, and a second partial signal, which is the low-pass filtered audio signal in a second predetermined period that ends at an end time point of the determined input period, within the determined input period.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes: a switching device which modulates at least one of a first signal with a first frequency and passed through a first communication device and a second signal not passed through the first communication device at a second frequency lower than the first frequency; a signal combiner which combines together the first and second signals, at least one of which is modulated, to generate a composite signal containing a switching frequency component with an amplitude in response to the phase difference between the first and second signals at the second frequency; and a control unit which, based on the switching frequency component, obtains as a reference phase adjustment amount a phase adjustment amount applied by a phase adjuster in the first communication device.

Abstract: A receiver includes a first amplifier having an input for receiving an RF signal, and an output for providing an amplified RF signal, a switch section that selectively switches the amplified RF signal onto a selected one of a plurality of nodes, and a filter section comprising a plurality of filters coupled to respective ones of the plurality of nodes. A first filter of the plurality of filters comprises a first variable capacitor coupled in parallel with an inductance leg between a corresponding one of the plurality of nodes and a power supply voltage terminal. The first variable capacitor has a capacitance that varies in response to a tuning signal. The inductance leg includes a first inductor in series with an effective resistance, wherein the effective resistance has a value related to an upper cutoff frequency to be tuned by the first filter.

Abstract: Described is an apparatus comprising: a reference generator to provide a first reference and a second reference; a first input coupled to the first reference; a second input coupled to the second reference; and a comparator coupled to the first and second inputs, the comparator to receive a clock signal and to update an output signal according to a phase of the clock signal.

Abstract: A method for full duplex communication that includes creating a canceling self interference signal using a passive noise cancellation, and attaining full-duplex simultaneous in time and overlapping in space wireless transmission and reception on same frequency band responsive to the step of creating a canceling self interference signal.

Abstract: A signal processing system and method includes a transducer for receiving an analog signal having a random component and possibly an information component. The analog signal is converted into a digital signal having sample points. A nearest-neighbor calculation component calculates the expected average nearest neighbor distance between the sample points, the actual average distance and an error value. These values are corrected for edge effects. A first randomness assessment compares the actual average distance against the expected average distance with the standard error value. A second randomness assessment compares actual repeated values in the digital signal against expected repeated values. An information processing system continues processing the signal if the assessments indicate the possibility of an information component.

Abstract: An audio interface adapted to reduce a subscriber voice may receive a subscriber voice and a background noise. The subscriber voice may then be compared to the to the background noise. If the received subscriber voice is louder than the received background noise, the audio interface may output a message to the cellular telephone subscriber indicating the subscriber may reduce his speaking volume. Additionally, an audio interface may process a voice waveform that corresponds to the subscriber voice and a background waveform that corresponds to the background noise to generate a substantially opposite voice waveform and a substantially opposite background waveform respectively. The substantially opposite voice waveform and background waveform may be substantially out of phase from the voice waveform and background waveform respectively and output via one or more output ports of the audio interface.

Abstract: A squelch detector includes a first circuit, a second circuit, and a comparator. The first circuit is configured to receive a first pair of differential input signals and in response output a second pair of differential signals. The second pair of differential signals have higher voltages than the first pair of differential input signals. The second circuit is coupled to the first circuit and is configured to extract first and second voltage levels from the second pair of differential signals. The comparator is configured to output a squelch level signal based on a comparison of the first voltage level and a third voltage level. The third voltage level is based on the second voltage level and a reference voltage.

Abstract: A method includes encoding a session identifier into a uniform resource identifier (URI) associated with a TCAP Begin message request originating at an application server, where the session identifier identifies a communication session. The method also includes transmitting the TCAP Begin message request from the application server to a transaction capabilities application part (TCAP) interface and receiving a TCAP Continue message request from the TCAP interface with the TCAP Continue message request including the encoded URI. The method includes correlating the TCAP Continue message request to the communication session that originated the Begin request identified by the session identifier in the received URI and routing the TCAP Continue message request to the communication session.

Abstract: In some implementations, an apparatus includes an echo canceller that generates an echo interference compensation signal that compensates for an echo interference signal in a communication signal, a crosstalk canceller that generates a crosstalk interference compensation signal that compensates for a crosstalk interference signal in the communication signal, and a combiner that generates a combined interference compensation signal based on the echo interference compensation signal and the crosstalk interference compensation signal.

Abstract: A receiver 650 operates in close proximity to at least one other component 610, 611, 612 causing interferences in signals received by the receiver 650. It is determined (steps 2002; 2003) whether and at which frequency a higher harmonic of and/or an inter-modulation product with signals generated by the other component 610 causes interference in signals received by the receiver 650, based on information about signals generated by the other component 610, 611, 612. At least one characteristic of the receiver 650 is adjusted to diminish an influence by a determined interference.

Abstract: A first communication device receives a communication from a second communication device. The communication could be part of the signaling used to establish a call to the second communication device or an audio signal that the second communication device conveys after its user has answered the call and started speaking. Based on the communication from the second communication device, the first communication device provides a user-discernible indication regarding the environment in which the second communication device is being used, such as an indication that the second communication device is being used with a speakerphone. If the second communication device is being used in a vehicle, the first communication device may also provide a user-discernible indication regarding the operational status of the vehicle, such as whether the vehicle is in motion and/or the number of occupants in the vehicle.

Abstract: An interfering signal canceller has a passive isolation element fed by an input signal in a primary path. A first frequency converter is in an auxiliary path and is fed by an input signal for converting the input signal to an intermediate or baseband signal. A bandpass filter is tuned to the interfering signal component for passing the interfering signal component of the converted input signal and suppressing the desired signal component. A second frequency converter/phase rotator section has a phase rotator fed by a local oscillator signal and a second frequency converter fed by the phase rotator and the bandpass filter. The second frequency converter/phase rotator section convert and phase adjust the passed the interfering signal component and the suppressed desired signal component to the predetermined band of frequencies. A combiner combines signals in the primary signal path and from the second frequency converter/phase rotator section.

Abstract: A squelch detection circuit for high-speed serial communication includes: an input level shifter configured to receive signals inputted through signal lines and shift the received signals to a predetermined potential level; a comparator configured to receive signals outputted from the input level shifter, and compares the received signals to determine whether data signals are noise or signal components; and a reset signal generator configured to receive the signals outputted from the input level shifter, convert the received signals into a single signal, and then generate a reset signal for an elastic buffer. The squelch detection circuit may detect a squelch state and provide a reset value for an elastic buffer in a USB 2.0 interface, and may reduce power consumption as much as possible in a suspend mode.

Abstract: A squelch detection circuit and method involves a first comparator coupled to a complimentary input signal pair and having a first polarity output. A second comparator coupled to the complimentary input signal pair has a second polarity output. An offset associated with complimentary input signal pair establishes a positive squelch threshold and a negative squelch threshold. A calibration unit coupled to the first comparator and the second comparator generates a digital output including threshold settings and calibration settings to the first comparator and to the second comparator. The digital output can be associated with establishing the offset and with calibrating the positive squelch threshold and the negative squelch threshold.

Abstract: To provide a broadcast receiving apparatus including an AM detector, an AM noise detector, an FM detector, an FM noise detector and a noise determining unit. The AM detector performs AM detection on an IF signal in airwaves received by a receiving antenna that receives incoming airwaves to acquire an AM detection signal. The AM noise detector detects noise components in the AM detection signal. The FM detector performs FM detection on the IF signal to acquire an FM detection signal. The FM noise detector detects noise components in the FM detection signal. The noise determining unit determines a noise status of a broadcast signal based on detection results acquired by the AM noise detector and the FM noise detector.

Abstract: To provide a broadcast receiving apparatus including an AM detector, an AM noise detector, an FM detector, an FM noise-level detector, and a threshold control unit. The AM detector performs AM detection on a broadcast signal in airwaves received by a receiving antenna that receives incoming airwaves to acquire an AM detection signal. The AM noise detector detects a signal portion, in which the AM detection signal exceeds an AM noise threshold, as an AM noise component. The FM detector performs FM detection on the broadcast signal to acquire an FM detection signal. The FM noise-level detector detects an FM noise level of the FM detection signal. When the FM noise-level detector detects the FM noise level of the FM detection signal, the threshold control unit changes setting of the AM noise threshold in the AM noise detector based on the FM noise level of the FM detection signal.

Abstract: An audio interface adapted to reduce a subscriber voice may receive a subscriber voice and a background noise. The subscriber voice may then be compared to the to the background noise. If the received subscriber voice is louder than the received background noise, the audio interface may output a message to the cellular telephone subscriber indicating the subscriber may reduce his speaking volume. Additionally, an audio interface may process a voice waveform that corresponds to the subscriber voice and a background waveform that corresponds to the background noise to generate a substantially opposite voice waveform and a substantially opposite background waveform respectively. The substantially opposite voice waveform and background waveform may be substantially out of phase from the voice waveform and background waveform respectively and output via one or more output ports of the audio interface.

Abstract: Reconfigurable Chirp Fourier Transform (CFT) based continuous convolution apparatus(es) and method(s) that are effectively used, for example, in interference cancellation applications.

Abstract: Various methods of mitigating RF inference with one or more critical care medical devices is provided, wherein a predetermined threshold energy acceleration value is associated with the one or more critical care medical devices that, if exceeded, will cause RF inference with the one or more critical care medical devices. The methods includes generating and transmitting RF energy, wherein at least a portion of said RF energy follows an RF power profile of power versus time having a particular format designed to mitigate interference.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling uplink power in a wireless communication system are disclosed. The uplink power controlling method includes receiving target Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) parameters and an uplink noise and interference level from a base station, determining an uplink power based on a target SINR and an estimated average power level of noise and interference of a user equipment, the target SINR being determined using the target SINR parameters and the estimated average power level of noise and interference of the user equipment being calculated using the uplink noise and interference level, and receiving at least one of selectively transmitted first and second offsets from the base station and adjusting the uplink power based on the received at least one of the first and second offsets.

Abstract: A system and method for demodulating signals are disclosed. In a particular embodiment, the method includes receiving a signal at an input and determining a first noise estimate of the signal. The method also includes providing a first output indicating a second noise estimate of the signal at a primary carrier frequency and providing a second output indicating a third noise estimate of the signal at a secondary carrier frequency.

Abstract: Long time interleaver and listenable audio performance enhancements for a satellite receiver are presented. One enhancement includes comparing a correlation and a predetermined threshold value and blocking satellite signal data transmission from entry into long time interleaver (LTI) device circuitry and forward error correction (FEC) circuitry when the correlation value is the same as, or less than the predetermined threshold value. Another enhancement includes using Reed-Solomon codeword error checking to prevent erroneous baseband signal data from being accepted as good baseband signal data. A further enhancement includes storing symbol timing and frequency data during a strong signal condition of the satellite receiver and using this stored data when the satellite receiver encounters a weak signal condition. Another enhancement includes mitigating DC offset noise in a satellite receiver having a zero-IF tuner.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes an I and Q digital values table that stores values of I and Q, which are parameters for noise cancellation determined in advance, for each of reception channels. The communication apparatus reads out parameters for noise cancellation corresponding to a reception channel from the I and Q digital values table. Subsequently, the communication apparatus cancels a noise signal from a reception signal using the read-out parameters for noise cancellation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for blending the audio output from a received FM signal between stereo and mono in which the L?R (left-minus-right) gain of the FM MPX may be adjusted as a function of RF signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the L+R (left-plus-right) noise level. During blending, the L?R gain based on the RF SNR and L+R noise may be reduced in a manner such that the total noise is kept substantially constant throughout the stereo-to-mono blend region.

Abstract: A control section 8 detects the symmetry of an input pulse-like noise waveform with respect to a reference value from its Fourier spectrum distribution, and restricts, in the case of a symmetric wave, the operation of a noise elimination circuit such as a noise killer circuit 7, which performs previous value hold or various interpolation processing.

Abstract: A RF front end circuit includes a processor, a main receiving (Rx) path and an adjustment path connected between the processor and an external antenna array in parallel, and a coupling module coupled with the main Rx path. The adjustment path includes an adjustment transmitting (Tx) path, an adjustment Rx path, and a DSP. The adjustment Tx path includes a coupling switch. When the circuit operates in an adjustment mode, the switch is connected to the coupling module, the adjustment Rx path receives and demodulates a first analog signal, the DSP converts the first analog signal to a digital signal, clipping a peak of the digital signal, and converts the digital signal to a second analog signal, the adjustment Tx path modulates and reverses the phase of the second analog signal, and the coupling module couples the second analog signal to the main Rx path to counteract noise received thereby.

Abstract: A detection process of a communication channel based on a ternary alphabet is provided wherein the channel transmitting a signal transports the same transmitted symbol for N sequential slots within one Time Transmission Interval (TTI). The detection process comprises a mechanism that eliminates unwanted signal contributions and isolates noise contributions. The detection process estimates a noise variance and sums consecutive received signals of a same Transmission Time Interval (TTI) in order to isolate a transmitted signal portion. The detection further obtains a chi squared distribution, which is used to determine a threshold that is proportional to the estimated noise variance. The threshold is then used to detect the communication channel.

Abstract: A method for compensating for audio signal distortion in a mobile terminal includes generating a digital audio signal at a gain, amplifying the digital audio signal into an amplified audio signal, reproducing the amplified audio signal, determining whether the amplified audio signal is distorted on the basis of at least one reference voltage, and adjusting the gain if the amplified audio signal is distorted.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention is directed to an apparatus to perform impulse blanking of a received signal at multiple locations of a signal processing path. To effect such impulse blanking, multiple impulse detectors and blankets may be present, in addition to other circuitry. The impulse detectors may operate at different bandwidths, and the impulse blankers may be located at different locations of the signal processing path and may be differently configured.

Abstract: Systems and techniques for adaptive interference filtering in a communications device are disclosed. The communications device may include a transmitter, a receiver, a duplexer coupled to the transmitter and the receiver, and an adaptive filter disposed between the duplexer and the receiver. A processor may be configured to monitor cross modulation in the receiver between transmitter leakage through the duplexer and a jammer, and adapt the filter to vary its transmit signal rejection as a function of the cross modulation.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing a transmission leakage signal are provided. The apparatus includes: a directional coupler connecting an antenna to a transmission path and a reception path; and a reflection coefficient adjustment unit outputting a reflection signal to the reception path, the reflection signal having the same amplitude as and opposite phase to a first transmission leakage signal generated from the transmission path and input to the reception path and a second transmission leakage signal reflected by the antenna and input to the reception path.

Abstract: An output signal SHS is secondarily amplified by a high-frequency amplifier AMP3 and an output signal SHR is secondarily amplified by an AMP4 for which high-frequency side amplitude reducing means is taken. In this case, the AMP4 has small gain of a high-frequency region and its output SHR-2 is reduced in amplitude. However, a high-frequency noise has a frequency higher than that of a carrier wave SH and the amplitude of a noise NzB becomes smaller. The other output signal SHS is directly amplified by the wideband amplifier AMP3. The width of an SHS-2 and the width of the SHR-2 are adjusted by amplitude adjusting means throughout the whole region and then mutually added by both signals addition amplifying means again so that the amplitude of the output signal SHS is adjusted to the SHR-2, and a predetermined threshold value is set to extract the noises.

Abstract: A processing module produces improved main channel estimate. This process involves initially estimating the channel impulse response. This result is based on and combined with a known sequences such as that provided by training sequences of the midamble within RF bursts. From this combination, it is possible to produce an estimated signal from a convolution of the channel impulse response and midamble. The estimated signal may be cancelled or subtracted from the received signal to produce a clearer image of the disturber signal. A blind data recovery performed upon the disturber signal. The recovered disturber data may be used as a reference for disturber channel estimation in order to produce a disturber channel impulse response. With the estimated disturber channel impulse response and the recovered disturber data, an estimated disturber signal may be reconstructed and subtracted from the received signal. This allows the cancellation of the estimated disturber signal.

Abstract: A direct conversion radio-frequency (RF) receiver includes a controller and an adaptive continuous-time filter. The adaptive continuous-time filter receives a multiple-bit control signal generated by the controller to adjust a characteristic of the continuous-time filter. The controller generates the multiple-bit control signal in response to process variation in the semiconductor material used to implement the controller and the adaptive continuous-time filter. A method for tuning an adaptive continuous-time filter comprises determining a RC time constant, converting the RC time constant to a digital word, comparing a select bit of the digital word to a respective bit of a predetermined reference word to generate a control bit, applying the control bit to an adjustable element to modify the RC time constant, repeating the determining, converting, comparing and applying steps until the control bits generate an output word and providing the output word to the adaptive continuous-time filter.

Abstract: Antenna noise temperature is determined for a handheld wireless communication device which typically includes a radio, e.g. having a wireless transceiver and associated circuitry connected thereto, and an antenna connected to the radio. The method includes measuring an antenna thermal noise component, measuring a radio noise component, measuring an environmental background noise component, and determining the antenna noise temperature based upon the measured antenna thermal noise, radio noise, and environmental background noise components. The method may include measuring antenna efficiency, and determining further includes weighting at least one of the measured antenna thermal noise, radio noise and environmental background noise components based upon the measured antenna efficiency.

Abstract: Method and system for false lock free autonomous scan in a receiver is disclosed. The method includes identifying a presence of a desired signal to avoid false frequency lock in a Frequency Modulation receiver. The method includes receiving a signal. The method further includes identifying the desired signal, if a first energy is above a first threshold. The method also includes identifying the desired signal, if an Intermediate Frequency count is below a second threshold. The method includes identifying the desired signal, if a second energy of the signal is above a third threshold. The method includes identifying the desired signal, if an absolute difference between a first Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) value and a second RSSI value of the signal is below a fourth threshold. The method includes determining a third energy. The method includes identifying the desired signal, if the third energy is below a fifth threshold.

Abstract: A reception device 10 includes a channel estimator 130 configured to calculate channel estimation information for each of first to fourth known signals, the channel estimation information indicating estimation of a characteristic of a channel of the radio signal and an SNR estimator 150 configured to interpolate channel estimation information on an intersection by using the channel estimation information on each of the first known signal and the fourth known signal, the intersection being where a line joining the first known signal and the fourth known signal intersects with a line joining the second known signal and the third known signal, and to interpolate channel estimation information on the intersection by using the channel estimation information on each of the second known signal and the third known signal, and to calculate noise power of the radio signal on the basis of a difference between the interpolated two channel estimation information.

Abstract: To provide a noise suppressing device which accurately suppresses weak electric field strength pulse noise. A band-limiting unit (5) band-limits a composite signal obtained by demodulating an FM baseband signal, to a frequency band equal to or lower than a predetermined frequency so as to output a monaural audio signal. A pulse detecting unit (62) which detects pulse noise in the audio signal outputted by the band-limiting unit (5). A pulse judging unit (63) judges that a detection result of the pulse detecting unit (62) is valid in the case where pulse noise is detected in the composite signal, at a position corresponding to the detected pulse noise. A pulse suppressing unit (64) suppresses the pulse noise detected in the audio signal, in the case where the pulse judging unit (63) judges that the detection result is valid.

Abstract: In a control method of a communication system, a Base Station (BS) receives noise and interference information from at least one neighboring BS in charge of a neighboring cell being adjacent to a serving cell of the BS, calculates a control value of Mobile Stations (MSs) located in the serving cell according to the received noise and interference information, and generates control information according to the calculated control value, and transmits the generated control information to the MSs.

Abstract: A signal quality estimation and control system for controlling a signal having noise. The system may include a signal strength determination system having an input configured to receive the signal and an output configured to output information indicative of the strength of the signal, a noise strength determination system having an input configured to receive the signal and an output configured to output information indicative of the strength of the noise in the signal, and a signal quality evaluation system. The signal quality evaluation system may have an input configured to receive the output of the signal strength determination system, an input configured to receive the output from the noise strength determination system, and an output configured to output information indicative of the quality of the signal based on the output from the signal strength determination system and the output from the noise strength determination system.

Abstract: A system for detecting and removing undesirable noise, such as beats and tones, from radio signals. The system includes a manual oscillator that is a manually tuned by a user to a selected manual frequency from one of a plurality of frequencies. An electronic oscillator is electronically tuned to a selected electronic frequency from one of the plurality of frequencies. A processor isolates and stores at least one interference frequency associated the selected electronic frequency and determines a correction signal to correct any interference frequencies within a particular selected electronic frequency. The selected manual frequency is corrected using the determined correction signal for the particular selected electronic frequency when the selected manual frequency is the same as the particular selected electronic frequency.

Abstract: An audio interface adapted to reduce a subscriber voice may receive a subscriber voice and a background noise. The subscriber voice may then be compared to the to the background noise. If the received subscriber voice is louder than the received background noise, the audio interface may output a message to the cellular telephone subscriber indicating the subscriber may reduce his speaking volume. Additionally, an audio interface may process a voice waveform that corresponds to the subscriber voice and a background waveform that corresponds to the background noise to generate a substantially opposite voice waveform and a substantially opposite background waveform respectively. The substantially opposite voice waveform and background waveform may be substantially out of phase from the voice waveform and background waveform respectively and output via one or more output ports of the audio interface.

Abstract: Antenna noise temperature is determined for a handheld wireless communication device which typically includes a radio, e.g. having a wireless transceiver and associated circuitry connected thereto, and an antenna connected to the radio. The method includes measuring an antenna thermal noise component, measuring a radio noise component, measuring an environmental background noise component, and determining the antenna noise temperature based upon the measured antenna thermal noise, radio noise, and environmental background noise components. The method may include measuring antenna efficiency, and determining further includes weighting at least one of the measured antenna thermal noise, radio noise and environmental background noise components based upon the measured antenna efficiency.