Abstract: An electronic device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may include a plurality of antenna arrays and at least one processor operatively connected to the plurality of antenna arrays. The at least one processor may transmit a first radio signal including a specific polarization, generated through a first antenna array of the plurality of antenna arrays. The at least one processor may receive a second radio signal which is a reflected signal of the first radio signal and includes the specific polarization, generated through a second antenna array different from the first antenna array of the plurality of antenna arrays. The at least one processor may identify external objects around the electronic device on the basis of the second radio signal. Other various embodiments may be possible.

Abstract: Devices and systems useful in concurrently receiving and transmitting Wi-Fi signals and Bluetooth signals in the same frequency band are provided. By way of example, an electronic device includes a transceiver configured to transmit data and to receive data over channels of a first wireless network and a second wireless network concurrently. The transceiver includes a plurality of filters configured to allow the transceiver to transmit the data and to receive the data in the same frequency band by reducing interference between signals of the first wireless network and the second wireless network.

Abstract: In non-limiting examples of the present disclosure, systems, methods, and devices for intelligent advertising with optimization. A first device may determine a scenario for completion with a second device. The first device may receive device signals associated with the scenario. The first device may analyze the device signals based on the scenario with a rules engine. The first device may determine whether the second device is ready to participate in the scenario. In response to determining that the second device is ready to participate in the scenario, the first device may transmit an advertisement or listen for an advertisement from the second device.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method performed by a terminal may include obtaining, from encoded bits, a first bit group and a second bit group, arranging the encoded bits such that bits of the first bit group and bits of the second bit group are interleaved, modulating the arranged bits in the first bit group and the second bit group by using different modulation rates, and transmitting, to a base station, a signal obtained based on the modulated bits.

Abstract: Methods and systems for managing and transmitting content are disclosed. A sample method can comprise determining signal-to-noise ratio information relating to one or more data blocks and determining a threshold signal-to-noise ratio. At least one of the one or more data blocks can be requested based upon respective signal-to-noise ratio information and the threshold signal-to-noise ratio.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of operating a network node (100) in a radio access network, the method comprising detecting Physical Random Access CHannel, PRACH, transmission from a user equipment (10), wherein the PRACH transmission covers a plurality of time intervals, wherein detecting comprises associating different weights to different time intervals. The disclosure also pertains to related devices and methods.

Abstract: Communication circuitry and an electronic device including the communication circuitry are disclosed.

Abstract: A roadside apparatus according to the first aspect includes: a housing including an antenna mounting surface; an antenna connection terminal being provided on the antenna mounting surface, and supporting both a rod antenna and a planar antenna; and a circuit being housed in the housing, and being configured to perform road-to-vehicle communication via a connection antenna connected to the antenna connection terminal. An area of the antenna mounting surface is equal to or larger than an area of the planar antenna. An antenna selected out of the planar antenna and the rod antenna is connected as the connection antenna to the antenna connection terminal.

Abstract: Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) may establish uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) radio frame timing structures to efficiently account for propagation delay and propagation delay variation associated with communications in the NTN. NTNs may manage (synchronize) radio frame timing structures of base stations (e.g., satellites) and user equipment (UEs) in the NTN. Further, UEs may determine timing advance (TA) values to be applied to UL transmissions based on their respective scheduling offset (e.g., offset in UL and DL radio frame timing structures), as well as based on propagation delay or round trip time (RTT). As such, served UEs may determine UL timing such that UL transmissions from the UEs to a satellite arrives at the satellite in a time synchronized manner. In other cases, a satellite may determine UL timing, based on reception timing, such that various UEs in the NTN may implement uniform UL and DL radio frame timing structures.

Abstract: A transmission device includes a signal source configured to output a local signal with a first frequency, a first amplifier configured to amplify the local signal output from the signal source, a first mixer configured to mix a first input signal with an intermediate frequency and the local signal amplified by the first amplifier and to output a first output signal, and a second mixer configured to mix the first output signal output from the first mixer and the local signal amplified by the first amplifier and to output a second output signal.

Abstract: An apparatus including a body and a wireless communication system. The body partially encloses a camera. The wireless communication system is integrated within or coupled to the body of the apparatus. The wireless communication system includes: a sensor, an antenna, a switching unit, a wireless communication circuit, and a controller. The sensor is configured to determine an orientation of the wireless communication system. The antenna is configured to transmit or receive wireless signals and configured to have an antenna gain and polarization. The switching unit is configured to change a configuration of the antenna gain and polarization. The wireless communication circuit is electrically coupled to the antenna to transmit or receive the wireless signals. The sensor determines the orientation of the wireless communication system related to an external wireless communication system and the switching unit changes the configuration of the antenna gain and polarization.

Abstract: In non-limiting examples of the present disclosure, systems, methods, and devices for intelligent advertising with optimization. A first device may determine a scenario for completion with a second device. The first device may receive device signals associated with the scenario. The first device may analyze the device signals based on the scenario with a rules engine. The first device may determine whether the second device is ready to participate in the scenario. In response to determining that the second device is ready to participate in the scenario, the first device may transmit an advertisement or listen for an advertisement from the second device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for diversity antenna selection and include receiving a first portion of a signal using a first antenna during a first time period and using a second antenna during a second time period, determining a first difference value for the first portion received by the first antenna, the first value being a difference between a signal level for the first portion received by the first antenna and a threshold signal level associated with the first antenna, and determining a second difference value for the first portion received by the second antenna, the second value being a difference between a signal level for the first portion received by the second antenna and a threshold signal level associated with the second antenna. The method and apparatus include receiving a second portion of the signal using the first antenna if the first difference value is greater than the second difference value.

Abstract: A method and terminal for reducing coupling sensitivity deviations, and an apparatus having a storage function are provided. Sensitivities of different channels are collected to obtain sensitivity deviations between adjacent channels when a sample smart terminal is at a first predetermined position. It is determined whether one of the sensitivity deviations is greater than a predetermined deviation threshold. If one of the sensitivity deviations is greater than the predetermined deviation threshold, it is determined whether a cause of the sensitivity deviation comprises a signal scattering effect and/or a signal radiation effect. A smart terminal is then produced according to determination of the cause.

Abstract: Techniques for transmitting data packets on a shared channel in a data communications network, include determining a time slot interval, T, based on a longest data packet to be transmitted on a shared channel in a data communications network. At a first node in the data communications network a local base time, t0, is determined equal to a time at an end of receipt of a successful acknowledgement control packet on the shared channel. A local data packet is transmitted from the first node onto the shared channel at a transmit time that is an integer multiple n of T after the local base time t0. The local data packet is determined to be successfully transmitted when a successful acknowledgement control packet that uniquely indicates the local data packet is received on the shared channel within the interval T of transmitting the local data packet.

Abstract: A wireless power transmission system includes a first antenna, a second antenna, a controller, a first power conditioning system, and a second power conditioning system. The controller is configured to determine a first driving signal for driving the first antenna based on a first operating frequency, a virtual AC power frequency, a variable slot length, and slot timing, and determine a second driving signal for driving the second antenna based on a second operating frequency, the slot length, and the slot timing. The first power conditioning system is configured to receive the first driving signal to generate the virtual AC power signals at the first operating frequency, the virtual AC power signals having peak voltages rising and falling based on the virtual AC power frequency. The second power conditioning system is configured to receive the second driving signal to generate the virtual DC power signals at the second operating frequency.

Abstract: A signal processing device includes: a transmission path estimator that estimates a first transmission path characteristic of a transmission signal using a vertical signal out of vertical and horizontal signals resulting from being received by a vertical polarization antenna and a horizontal polarization antenna; a transmission path estimator that estimates a second transmission path characteristic of the transmission signal using the horizontal signal; a weight calculator that calculates a first weight for the vertical signal and a second weight for the horizontal signal, using the first transmission path characteristic and the second transmission path characteristic; and a weighting applier that applies weighted summation to the vertical signal and the horizontal signal using the first weight and the second weight.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses, including electronic devices and computer-readable storage media, for adaptively switching wireless connections between antennas of a wearable electronic device and a host electronic device. One device includes a wearable electronic device with a first and second housing, each housing including two or more antennas. The wearable electronic device is configured to establish and monitor a wireless cross-link between two antennas in different housings, or between antennas in one housing and antennas of a host electronic device. The wearable electronic device can monitor the integrity of the wireless cross-link, and establish an updated cross-link in response to the wireless cross-link not meeting a predetermined integrity threshold. The wearable electronic device can monitor a wireless cross-head link between housings of a wearable electronic device at the same time as a wireless cross-body link between the wearable electronic device and the host electronic device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an antenna arrangement (12) connectable to a transceiver (10) for simultaneously transmitting and receiving Radio Frequency, RF, signals. The antenna arrangement (12) comprises two or more sets of antenna elements (14, 16, 22). The sets of antenna elements have different antenna element spacing and comprise interface units (18, 20, 24) which are connected to a transceiver (10). The interface units (18, 20, 24) are configured for transmitting RF signals with a first frequency and for receiving RF signals with another frequency.

Abstract: A circuit includes a sensing circuit for a first antenna and a second antenna, the sensing circuit including an adjustable characteristic that is based on a proximity of an object to the first or second antenna used to transmit a transmit signal. An evaluation circuit is coupled to the sensing circuit. The evaluation circuit is configured to monitor the characteristic of the sensing circuit and to determine whether the characteristic fulfills a predetermined criterion.

Abstract: Techniques are discussed herein for improving the form factor of a wideband antenna in a mobile device. An example of a wireless device according to the disclosure includes at least one radio frequency integrated circuit, a flex cable assembly operably coupled to the at least one radio frequency integrated circuit, and at least one radiator operably coupled to the flex cable assembly via at least one conductor in a ball grid array.

Abstract: A communication device can include a receiver frontend and a wake-up receiver (WUR) frontend. The receiver frontend can have a radio frequency (RF) interface configured to couple to an antenna and a baseband interface configured to couple to a baseband component. The WUR frontend can be selectively coupled to the receiver frontend (e.g. between the RF interface and the baseband interface). The WUR frontend may monitor a communication channel and control the receiver frontend to adjust its operating mode (e.g. waking the receiver frontend from a sleep mode) based on the monitoring. The WUR frontend may have a lower power consumption than the receiver frontend. The WUR frontend and the receiver frontend may share the same impedance matching network and/or the RF interface.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to techniques for mitigating blockages associated with satellite systems. More specifically, techniques disclosed herein, describe solutions for minimizing service interruption during satellite handover. One or more blockages associated with one or more user terminals that connect to a satellite system may be determined by various means. Utilizing those blockages, handover times for the one or more user terminals may be determined such that service interrupts may be minimized.

Abstract: Embodiments disclose a multi-frequency transceiver and a base station. The multi-frequency transceiver is connected to an antenna, and includes: at least one transmit multiplexer, where each transmit multiplexer includes multiple transmit paths, and each transmit path is used to transmit one frequency band by using the antenna; and at least one receive multiplexer, where each receive multiplexer includes multiple receive paths, and each receive path is used to receive one frequency band by using the antenna.

Abstract: Inductive coupler assemblies for controlling the stray magnetic fields of an inductive coupler to reduce the associated losses are disclosed. This results in reduced attenuation (increased efficiency) of the inductive coupler even in the presence of gaps. The assembly includes an inductive coupler having a housing, a biasing element, and a retention mechanism. The assembly further includes a wire surrounded by a ring of flux channel material disposed in the housing. In some embodiments, the retention mechanism is adapted for removal of the inductive coupler from a pipe joint end. The biasing element may be a circumferential spring disposed between the housing and the pipe joint end. The retention mechanism may be a retention snap ring, press fit, or threaded, to removably couple the housing to the pipe joint end.

Abstract: Self-Organizing Network (SON) technology has been developed to make the planning, configuration, management, and self-healing of mobile networks easier and faster, where such planning, configuration and management of the mobile networks are targeted to optimize the value offered to a group of subscribers using criteria such as (a) subscriber type (consumer, corporate, IOT, etc.), (b) service type (mission critical, public safety, VoIP, etc.), (b) subscriber usage volume (high, medium, low), (c) subscriber's requested/subscribed QoS, and (d) subscriber's paying value (i.e., revenue). The same teachings can be extended to also optimize a single subscriber's service or a service type.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a communication method of an AP using multiple antennas can be provided, comprising the steps of: setting two or more transmission descriptors including unit transmission information in which antenna combination information and transmission rate information are defined; transmitting a packet using one of the set transmission descriptors; receiving information indicating whether the transmitted packet is a success or not; and collecting the information indicating whether the transmitted packet is a success or not for a predetermined period to reset the transmission descriptors. In addition, an apparatus using the method can be provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses an antenna component, an electronic device and an antenna controlling method. The antenna component includes: multiple antenna structures, wherein at least one antenna structure acts as a master antenna, and at least one antenna structure acts as a diversity antenna; a control switch connected with the antenna structures; a radio frequency module, coupled to the antenna structures through the control switch; wherein the control switch is arranged to, according to transmit power of the at least one antenna structure acting as the master antenna and receive power of the at least one antenna structure acting as the diversity antenna, switch the at least one antenna structure acting as the master antenna to a diversity antenna, and switch the at least one antenna structure acting as the diversity antenna to a master antenna.

Abstract: A receiver and a method performed by the receiver for estimating first large-scale channel properties associated to a first channel of a first transmitter and a second large-scale channel properties associated to a second channel of a second transmitter are provided. The method includes receiving a first signal transmitted by the first transmitter and further receiving at least a second signal transmitted by the second transmitter. The first and the second transmitter are synchronized to a common synchronization reference, and the first signal and/or the second signal includes at least one reference signal. The method further includes jointly estimating the first and second large-scale channel properties based on the at least one reference signal, and associating the jointly estimated large-scale channel properties to the first channel associated to the first transmitter and to the second channel associated to the second transmitter.

Abstract: A circuit includes a sensing circuit for a first antenna and a second antenna, the sensing circuit including an adjustable characteristic that is based on a proximity of an object to the first or second antenna used to transmit a transmit signal. An evaluation circuit is coupled to the sensing circuit. The evaluation circuit is configured to monitor the characteristic of the sensing circuit and to determine whether the characteristic fulfills a predetermined criterion.

Abstract: A high performance low noise amplifier integrated circuit having multiple low noise amplifiers enabling operation over a wide range for frequencies is disclosed. In particular, an auxiliary input is provided to the low noise amplifier integrated circuit that can be routed to one of several low noise amplifiers, each tuned to operate efficiently in different frequency ranges.

Abstract: The beamforming system includes a plurality of beamformers operatively coupled to each other. Each beamformer includes a plurality of signal generation units and a plurality of respective delaying units. Each beamformer includes a plurality of multipliers assigned to each delaying unit. Each beamformer includes a plurality of summers configured to receive a respective group of conditioned signals from a respective group of the plurality of multipliers, combine the respective group of conditioned signals and generate a respective phased array output signal. Each of the summers is configured to receive at least another input other than the respective group of conditioned signals. The plurality of beamformers are interconnected such that each of the plurality of summers within each beamformer receives, as the at least another input, a respective phased array output signal from a summer of a different one of the plurality of beamformers. As associated method is also provided.

Abstract: In one implementation, interference generated by a constellation of satellites is mitigated. Each satellite is configured to provide multiple beams that define a coverage footprint. Anticipated positions are determined for satellites. Based on the anticipated positions, a determination is made that, during a defined period of time, portions of a coverage footprint for a first satellite will be covered by coverage footprints for other satellites. Based on this, a beam assignment for the first satellite is defined in which a first subset of beams configured to provide coverage of a first portion of the first coverage footprint are inactive, and a beam assignment for a second satellite is defined in which a second subset of beams are active, where the second subset of beams provide coverage within the first portion of the first coverage footprint.

Abstract: A wireless device includes a first antenna and a second antenna that may be used to communicate with a wireless network. The wireless device initiates a traffic call with a wireless network and activates a first antenna to be used to communicate with the wireless network upon initiating the traffic call. The wireless device selectively activates a second antenna, when initiating the traffic call, based at least in part on a usage of the second antenna during a previous traffic call. For example, the wireless device may maintain the second antenna in an inactive state if the second antenna was deactivated during the previous traffic call and/or remained inactive for at least a threshold duration.

Abstract: A method for selecting an antenna is provided. S1, whether a signal intensity of a default working antenna among multiple antennae of an electronic device is lower than a preset value is detected, when not, repeat S1, otherwise, proceed to S2. S2, whether a current operating environment of the electronic device is matched with a preset operating environment is detected, when yes, proceed to S3, otherwise, proceed to S5. S3, a first antenna of the multiple antennas is enabled as a working antenna, and the first antenna is located on the electronic device at a position that is least affected by the current operating environment. S4, whether a signal intensity of the first antenna is lower than the preset value is detected, when not, repeat S4, otherwise, proceed to S5. S5, an antenna with the highest signal intensity among the multiple antennas is enabled as the working antenna.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a power level of a beacon signal including analyzing a beacon signal received from a beacon device, controlling a power level of a beacon signal transmitted to a beacon communication module of a user terminal through a user message generated by the user terminal, and providing service information based on information regarding a location where the user terminal is located in a shop and personal setting information of the user terminal. To this end, the user terminal may include a beacon signal analysis module configured to receive the beacon signal from at least one beacon device and analyze the received beacon signal, a beacon interoperating module configured to generate a user message on the basis of the analysis, and a transmission power control module configured to control transmission power according to a transmission power control message received from the management server.

Abstract: Systems and methods allow a user to interact with an augmented reality device. In one implementation, a wearable device establishes a communication path with a user of the wearable device and at least one individual. The wearable device includes a display; at least one sensor configured to provide an output indicative of a viewing direction of the user; and at least one processing device. The at least one processing device is configured to monitor the viewing direction of the user based on the output of the at least one sensor; determine, based on the monitored viewing direction, whether the user is looking in the direction of the at least one individual; and establish the communication path between the user and the at least one individual if the user is determined to be looking in the direction of the at least one individual.

Abstract: A tunable RF transmit/receive (TX/RX) multiplexer, which includes a tunable RF TX/RX diplexing circuit and a first group of RF RX bandpass filters, is disclosed. The tunable RF TX/RX diplexing circuit has a first RX connection node and a first antenna port, which is coupled to a first RF antenna. Each of the first group of RF RX bandpass filters is coupled to the first RX connection node. At least two of the first group of RF RX bandpass filters simultaneously receive and filter respective RF input signals via the first RX connection node to provide respective filtered RF input signals.

Abstract: A method of communicating with a plurality of bands by using an electronic device including a plurality of antennas, an antenna system, and an electronic device is provided. The method includes providing a first or second band signal received via a first antenna to a first transceiver; receiving a first diversity signal for the second band signal via a second antenna and providing the received first diversity signal to a combiner via a signal divider connected to a second transceiver and the combiner; receiving a second diversity signal for the second band signal via a third antenna and providing the received second diversity signal to the combiner; and combining the first diversity signal and the second diversity signal in the combiner and providing the combined signal to a third transceiver connected to the third antenna.

Abstract: A precision frequency monitor provides a precision frequency monitor value (PFM) indicative of the precision of the frequency or period of an input reference signal. A first averaging module is responsive to the input reference signal to find an average frequency or period during successive predetermined time periods defining operational cycles. A second averaging module is responsive to an output of the first averaging module to average the output of the first averaging module over N operational cycles, where N is an integer, and output an updated PFM value every N operational cycles. An infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is responsive to the output of the first averaging module to filter the output of the first averaging module to output interim updated PFM values within each sequence of N operational cycles.

Abstract: Multiplex modules for use in carrier aggregation receivers are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus includes an LNA multiplexer configured to receive a plurality of RF signals at a plurality of input terminals and to combine the RF signals into a combined RF signal that is output from an output terminal. The apparatus also includes an LNA demultiplexer configured to receive the combined RF signal at an input port that is connected to the output terminal and to distribute the combined RF signal to a plurality of output ports.

Abstract: A double-balanced FET mixer may include: single-ended RF port that receives or delivers single-ended RF signal; RF balun that converts the received single-ended RF signal into differential RF signal or generates delivered single-ended RF signal from received differential RF signal; local oscillator input port receives local oscillator signal; direct IF port receives or delivers an IF signal; and at least two FETs process the local oscillator signal and generate or process the differential RF signal and IF signal. The mixer may have no IF balun separate and distinct from tRF balun; may receive an input signal at RF port and generates output signal at IF port. The mixer may receive input signal at IF port and generate an output signal at the RF port, the output signal in either case being plus or minus the local oscillator signal. The double-balanced FET mixer may operate with IF frequencies down to DC.

Abstract: A transceiver in a wireless device supporting carrier aggregation may include a correction module to generate a correction signal to attenuate intermodulation distortion associated with a first transmitted communication signal. In one embodiment, the correction signal may be added to the first transmitted communication signal (a victim signal) to reduce the intermodulation distortion caused by a second transmitted communication signal (an aggressor signal). The correction signal may be generated based on the aggressor signal. In another embodiment, the correction signal may equalize or pre-distort the first transmitted communication signal.

Abstract: Various embodiments of systems, apparatus, and methods are described for assembling at least one transport stream from satellite transponder signals. In one example, the method includes capturing at least one satellite feed, the at least one satellite feed including a plurality of transponder signals; demodulating each of the plurality of transponder signals, each demodulated transponder signal corresponding to a transport stream including a plurality of input streams; parsing one or more selected streams from the plurality of input streams; assembling at least one new transport stream from the one or more selected streams; modulating the at least one new transport stream to generate at least one new transponder signal; adding the at least one new transponder signal to a channel stack; and transmitting the channel stack to a receiving device.

Abstract: A system that investigates, identifies and cancels fraudulent transactions comprises a fraud detection server that receives a first dataset indicating a quantity of fraud-transactions. The first dataset is generated at least in part by a fraud-score model. The system receives a second dataset including a quantity of false positive fraud-transactions from the fraud transactions. The system calculates a fraud error rate using the quantity of fraud-transactions and the quantity of false positive fraud-transactions. The system generates a new fraud-score model when the fraud error rate exceeds a predefined error rate.

Abstract: A multi-band filter is disclosed. The multi-band filter includes: a housing including an antenna connector connected to an antenna and a plurality of input/output connectors inputting/outputting signals transmitted and received through the antenna depending on a preset frequency band; a plurality of band pass filter units provided in the housing and passing the signals in the preset frequency band therethrough between the antenna connector and the input/output connectors; and a coupling unit including a plurality of feeding parts so as to couple the antenna connector and each of the plurality of band pass filter units to each other.

Abstract: An object is to provide a memory device which does not need a complex manufacturing process and whose power consumption can be suppressed, and a semiconductor device including the memory device. A solution is to provide a capacitor which holds data and a switching element which controls storing and releasing charge in the capacitor in a memory element. In the memory element, a phase-inversion element such as an inverter or a clocked inverter includes the phase of an input signal is inverted and the signal is output. For the switching element, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region is used. In the case where application of a power supply voltage to the phase-inversion element is stopped, the data is stored in the capacitor, so that the data is held in the capacitor even when the application of the power supply voltage to the phase-inversion element is stopped.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to trigger re-beamforming based on an algorithm that assesses various link characteristics. The algorithm is based on the ability of a 60 GHz receiving device to track and feedback a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) to a 60 GHz data packet transmitter. By automatically analyzing RSSI values across a range of data packets, including consecutive data packets, a link degradation trend is predicted. When link degradation crosses, or is predicted to cross, a predetermined threshold, re-beamforming is triggered by the algorithm. Variables in the algorithm and the predetermined thresholds used by the algorithm can be automatically or manually modified to maintain a balance between appropriately triggering the re-beamforming when the conditions arise without unnecessarily triggering the re-beamforming thereby causing unneeded interruptions in regular data flow.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) may communicate over a first wireless wide area network (WWAN). The first WWAN may be supported by a first subscriber identity module (SIM) of the UE. The UE may also communicate simultaneously over a second WWAN supported by a second SIM. The UE may process the second WWAN communication with a portion of a WWAN module and a portion of a wireless local area network (WLAN) module.

Abstract: A method for modifying a signal transmitted from a mobile communication device comprising perturbing a transmit diversity parameter from its nominal value by modulating the parameter with respect to the nominal value in alternating directions, receiving a feedback signal including feedback information relating to the modified signal as received at a feedback device, and based at least on the feedback information, adjusting the nominal value of the transmit diversity parameter by increasing, decreasing, or preserving the nominal value. The perturbations are selected to minimize phase discontinuities.