Abstract: Methods and systems for low earth orbit satellite communications, utilizing fractionated satellites and constellations with large baselines. The latter, combined with spatial multiplexing protocols, provides access to user equipment on the ground with much greater spatial resolution than hitherto possible. Methods include overcoming the problem posed by the round-trip delay of satellite links when adaptive, downlink, beamforming is attempted in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems. Methods include using of uplink and downlink pilot signals which eliminate the need for controlling the physical integrity of the fractionated satellite through an electromechanical servo-control system in space.

Abstract: Methods and systems for context-aware distributed computing. In one aspect, a system includes a work administrator system; an API; a worker module; and a work administrator. One or more worker modules register with one or more work administrators. The worker modules may inform the work administrators of their processing capabilities and capacity. The work administration system receives a request for processing via the API. A work administrator parses a request into one or more discrete work requests and publishes each work request to the worker modules. The worker modules notify the work administrator whether they can perform the work, along with load and capabilities. The work administrator a worker module to perform each work request. When a worker module completes the work, it notifies the work administrator. The work administration system may aggregate the results from one or more worker modules and provide a response via the API.

Abstract: An example operation may include one or more of receiving, by a transport, a request for a service from a transport occupant, determining, by the transport, a profile of the transport occupant, identifying, by the transport, at least one profile shared with the transport occupant based on the profile of the transport occupant, and providing the service to the transport occupant based on the at least one profile shared with the transport occupant.

Abstract: A system and method for Time Division Multiplexing a signal for a beam hopping relay including generating the signal by interleaving first multi-variable length SuperFrames (VLSFs) with second multi-VLSFs; and transmitting the signal to the beam hopping relay. In the method, the first multi-VLSFs includes at least one first VLSF, the second multi-VLSFs includes at least one second VLSF, each of the first multi-VLSFs has a duration of a first dwell period, each of the second multi-VLSFs has a duration of a second dwell period, each of the at least one first VLSF and each of the at least one second VLSFs includes at least one SuperFrame unit (SFU). Further, the first dwell period is an integral multiple of the first duration, the second dwell period is an integral multiple of the second duration, and the first duration is different than the second duration.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extracting polarized sub-signals from a dual-polarized signal includes isolating the polarized sub-signals using one or more filters. When a single filter is used to derive a first sub-signal, analog interference cancellation may be used to derive the second sub-signal. When two filters are used, the first and second sub-signals may each be derived using a corresponding filter.

Abstract: A satellite system uses cloud computing virtualized gateways, radio transport protocol and on-ground beamforming to improve wireless communication. A digitized ground based subsystem for use with the satellite system can be employed in transmitting an optical feeder uplink beam to a communications platform that includes a multiple element antenna array. The ground based subsystem is configured to receive the optical feeder uplink beam and, in dependence thereon, use the multiple element antenna feed array to produce and transmit a plurality of RF service downlink beams to a single or plurality of service terminals.

Abstract: A low noise block down converter for receiving satellite broadcasting comprises an input terminal; a low noise amplifying unit including one or more low noise amplifiers configured to amplify a signal received from the input terminal, and a built-in cavity waveguide band pass filter configured to pass a frequency band being higher or lower than a frequency band of a predetermined terrestrial transmission signal among satellite broadcasting frequency bands of signals amplified by the one or more low noise amplifiers; and a mixer configured to convert the signal output from the low noise amplifying unit into an intermediate frequency signal by mixing the signal output from the low noise amplifying unit with a local oscillation signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tuner device including an input terminal, a separator, a first amplifier, a second amplifier, and a tuner. The input terminal receives an input of a reception signal of satellite digital broadcasts. The separator is connected to the input terminal and adapted to frequency-separate a first signal and a second signal. The first signal is in a low-frequency domain of the reception signal, and the second signal is in a high-frequency domain of the reception signal. The first and second amplifiers respectively amplify the first and second signals. The tuner receives an input of output signals from the first and second amplifiers.

Abstract: Allocating streaming content on a hybrid network can include searching for streaming content broadcast via broadcast signals over a broadcast network as a communications device is receiving the streaming content via a cellular network. Responsive to identifying, based on the searching, a within-range broadcast source broadcasting the streaming content via broadcast signals, the communications device can begin receiving the streaming content via the broadcast signals over the broadcast network and cease receiving the streaming content via the cellular network.

Abstract: A method of gain step calibration by a user equipment (UE) includes selecting, a l th antenna path having a gain GT for a transmitter (Tx) of the UE and a corresponding m th antenna path having a gain GR for a receiver (Rx) of the UE; determining, a first loopback signal power for the l th antenna path having the gain GT for the transmitter (Tx) of the UE and the corresponding m th antenna path having the gain GR for the receiver (Rx) of the UE; determining, a second loopback signal power for the l th antenna path having a gain G?T for the transmitter (Tx) and the corresponding m th antenna path having the gain GR for the receiver (Rx); and determining, a transmitter gain step of the UE based on the first loopback signal power and the second loopback signal power.

Abstract: A method for communicating data between a vehicle and a ground system comprises receiving, by a vehicle bus multiplexer on the vehicle, the data via a plurality of vehicle data buses from an onboard system. The method further comprises multiplexing, by the vehicle bus multiplexer, the data into at least one data path of a multi-use power interface. Also, the method comprises transmitting, by the multi-use power interface via at least one data path, the data from the vehicle bus multiplexer to a ground bus multiplexer associated with the ground system. In addition, the method comprises demultiplexing, by the ground bus multiplexer, the data from at least one data path of the multi-use power interface into a plurality of ground data buses associated with the ground system. Further, the method comprises transmitting, by the ground bus multiplexer, the data via the plurality of ground data buses to the ground system.

Abstract: A method and device for adaptive performance optimization of wireless receivers operating in dynamic electromagnetic environments are disclosed. The wireless receiver measures the frequency and amplitude of all interference signals that can affect the quality of the desired received signal. Based on the interference signals, the wireless receiver estimates the effects of the interference signals on the desired received signal and mitigates the influence of the interference signals by totally suppressing or at least significantly reducing the interference signals through the use of adjustable components along the receiving chain. By dynamically adapting the receiver's sensitivity and selectivity, the most optimal conditions for receiving the desired signal at each moment are provided.

Abstract: A wireless communication platform utilizes flexible bandwidth assignment to re-allocate bandwidth between spot beams. The platform may assign a first combination of frequency and polarization (FP) to a first spot beam and a second combination of frequency and polarization to a second spot beam that is adjacent and at least partially overlapping the first spot beam. The platform may assign to the first spot beam a reserved combination of frequency and polarization during a first time period, and at second time, assign the reserved combination to the second spot beam. The platform may also assign the reserved combination simultaneously to adjacent spot beams by managing user of the reserved combination by geographically isolated terminals in the spot beams. The platform may further assign different portions of the reserved combination to adjacent spot beams without geographical limitations.

Abstract: A dynamic satellite map updating system measures geographic position and travel information of in-flight aircraft in a fleet of aircraft equipped to establish in-flight connectivity services from a plurality of satellite beams. The in-flight aircraft include an on-board satellite map program with satellite map parameters to indicate which satellite beam of a group of available satellite beams is the most desirable based on the in-flight aircraft's geographic location. The system selects in-flight aircraft, determines updated satellite map parameters for the selected aircraft, and transmits the updated satellite map parameters to the aircraft to assemble new satellite map programs to relieve wireless data outage conditions on one or more of the satellite beams. The dynamic satellite updating system may transmit the updated satellite map parameters over an existing satellite data connection to make up-to-date adjustments to the communications load among the group of available satellite beams.

Abstract: An enhanced broadcast data service with reports locations of traffic enforcement camera locations (e.g., red light cameras and speed cameras) to users. Traffic enforcement camera information is aggregated, verified (e.g., particularly as to traffic enforcement camera type) and stored (e.g., at a server). A broadcast signal comprising program channels and at least one data channel having traffic enforcement camera information is transmitted to a plurality of receivers. Receivers store at least a subset of the traffic enforcement camera information available from the server and synchronize to it using periodic transmitted updates. Receivers compare receiver location data with stored camera location data, and display or generate audible alerts when the receiver is within a selected geographic range of a traffic enforcement camera. Alerts can be filtered as to camera type. A alerts can employ different color camera icons superimposed on a screen map depending on camera type or whether the camera is newly added.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for adjusting the transmission power of satellite transceivers based on estimated interference. In some implementations, a satellite transceiver receives a data structure that specifies an interference compensation value for at least one frequency channel on which the satellite transceiver can transmit. The interference compensation value for the frequency channel is based on estimated interference imposed on satellite transmissions transmitted by the transceiver on the frequency channel. The transceiver receives data specifying a second transmit frequency channel to use for a second satellite transmission. A first interference compensation value for a first frequency channel and a second interference compensation value for the second frequency channel are identified from the data structure.

Abstract: An advertisement system includes an advertising manager that receives a content-event indicator, which indicates playback of an advertisement for viewing on a first display screen at a media-playback device or indicates playback of recorded content that includes advertisements. The advertising manager can determine an optimal time offset as a duration of time before or after playback of an advertisement to the start of an event that is associated with the advertisement for viewing on a second display screen at a mobile device. For recorded content, an optimization schedule is determined that replaces and time-shifts advertisements during playback of the recorded content. The advertising manager can also determine a fulfillment criterion for a product or service based on latency constraints to indicate a duration of time within which fulfillment of the product or service is expected when offered as a second advertisement corresponding to a first advertisement.

Abstract: Disclosed is a satellite telecommunications system including at least one satellite in terrestrial orbit, referred to as optical gateway satellite, having a payload, the payload including a communication module, referred to as user module, capable of exchanging data with at least one terrestrial user terminal, and further including a communication module, referred to as gateway module, capable of exchanging data in the form of optical signals with at least one terrestrial optical gateway station. Also disclosed is a method for controlling such a satellite telecommunications system.

Abstract: A system to distribute an Aircraft Operations Communication (AOC) application is provided. The system includes communication components in a vehicle, and an AOC database. The communication components include one of: a Communication Management Unit (CMU); or a Communication Management Function (CMF); and at least one of: at least one electronic flight bag (EFB); and at least one cabin terminal. The AOC database includes an operational configuration for aircraft operations communication for the communication components in the vehicle. The AOC database is loaded into at least one of: the CMU, the CMF, the at least one EFB; the at least one cabin terminal; and a database device. The AOC database configures the operation of the communication components in the vehicle.

Abstract: A navigation satellite system includes a transmitter that transmits a first radio wave having a predetermined frequency, and an electronic device that calculates position coordinates of the electronic device by using a second radio wave from a GNSS satellite, and obtains position coordinates of the transmitter. The electronic device includes a receiver that receives the first radio wave from the transmitter and the second radio wave from the GNSS satellite, and a controller that calculates a distance between the electronic device and the transmitter based on the received first radio wave, and calculates position coordinates of the electronic device based on the received second radio wave.

Abstract: In some aspects, the disclosure is directed to methods and systems for receiving high data transmission channels, where the system may have a first set top box and a second set top box. The first set top box may contain a tuner configured to receive via a broadcast network, a portion of a channel bonded data stream. The first set top box may also contain a network interface to a local network to send the portion to the network interface of a second set top box. The second set top box may also contain a tuner configured to receive another portion of the channel bonded data stream. The second set top box may then be configured to debond the portions received before combining the portions of the channel bonded data stream for output.

Abstract: An example embodiment may involve determining that a client device (such as a smartphone, tablet, or in-automobile audio device) is in an automobile and that the client device has access to a playlist of audio content. Possibly based on the client device being in the automobile and having access to the playlist of audio content, the client device may request a stream of the audio content. As a consequence of making the request, the client device may receive the stream of the audio content and begin audible playout of the audio content.

Abstract: An on-demand learning system provides an enhanced leaning environment capable of delivering relevant content on virtually any topic to specific learners. The learning system implements technical features that facilitate curation and subject matter validation of many different types of content. The technical architecture of the learning system also supports intelligent matching of learners to subject matter areas, creation of specific subject matter boards, and resilient maintenance of the boards.

Abstract: An example system for satellite payload communications includes a digital channelizer and a regenerative communications subsystem (RCS). The digital channelizer includes a plurality of inputs for receiving a plurality of signals from a plurality of uplink beams and a plurality of outputs for outputting the plurality of signals. The RCS includes a plurality of inputs selectably coupled to the digital channelizer outputs to receive signals from selected ones of the digital channelizer outputs and a plurality of outputs selectably coupled to the digital channelizer inputs to transmit the processed signals to selected ones of the digital channelizer inputs. The RCS is configured to process selected ones of the plurality of signals to produce processed signals.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a cost-efficient wireless framework for delivering TV services (e.g., live TV services). The wireless framework can include a mix of wireless access technologies (e.g. Satellite, WiFi and/or LTE overlay links). TV content (e.g., live TV content) can be injected into the network at a few locations (e.g., residential locations) using satellite antennas (e.g., satellite dishes). The content can then be further distributed to other homes using a house-to-house WiFi network and/or via an overlay LTE network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A satellite system having increased communications capacity and methods for increasing the capacity of satellite systems are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for a terminal requesting scheduling to transmit uplink data in a mobile communication system. More specifically, the present invention, in a system that aggregates carriers between different base stations, defines a process and a method for scheduling requests so that a terminal can transmit “scheduling request” control information to each base station, thereby enabling effective transmission of dynamic scheduling and uplink data.

Abstract: A transmitter for wireless communications can remove a signal having an image frequency without using a band pass filter, and can be downsized such that it is integrated into a single chip on an integrated circuit board.

Abstract: A communication apparatus has a communication function capable of transmitting/receiving a wireless signal to/from another communication apparatus during a period of a predetermined length which comes at a predetermined time interval, and can execute at least one of transmission processing and reception processing of the wireless signal during the period as a proxy of another apparatus. In accordance with whether to execute the processing as the proxy, the communication apparatus sets a frequency at which the communication apparatus enters in a state in which the wireless signal can be transmitted/received during the periods.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling fraud in a satellite signal delivery system. An apparatus in accordance with the present invention comprises a receive antenna for receiving at least one satellite signal, and a module, coupled to the receive antenna, for selectively delivering the at least one satellite signal to at least one receiver via an output of the module, wherein the module creates an association between the module and the at least one receiver upon installation of the at least one receiver to the output, such that the module delivers the at least one satellite signal to the at least one receiver only when the association is present.

Abstract: A real time messaging platform identifies an audio snippet of a time-based media (TBM) event. The messaging platform maintains a real time repository of concurrently broadcasting TBM events as well as a historical repository of previously broadcast TBM events. These repositories contain acoustic fingerprints of their respective TBM events. The messaging platform matches an acoustic fingerprint of the audio snippet with one of the stored acoustic fingerprints to identify the TBM event in the recorded snippet. To identify the TBM event, the messaging platform matches multiple overlapping reference audio segments of the reference audio stream with multiple test audio segments of the audio snippet. This allows the platform to account for time delays between the test and reference audio segments that would otherwise hinder the matching process.

Abstract: A control device includes: a storage unit that stores own-device version information indicating a version of firmware that an own device has; a version information acquisition unit that imports, from a plurality of control devices, other-device version information indicating a version of firmware that each of the plurality of control devices has; and a version management unit that compares an own-device version indicated by the own-device version information stored in the storage unit with each of a plurality of other-device versions indicated by the other-device version information imported by the version information acquisition unit, when the version management unit determines according to a result of the comparison that the own-device version is older than a newest other-device version in the plurality of other-device versions, the version management unit issuing a transfer request for firmware corresponding to the newest other-device version, to a control device corresponding to the newest other-device ve

Abstract: A system includes a processor of a first node, which is one of a plurality of nodes governed by a group policy. The processor is operable to transmit, using an interface, a first request to receive information associated with the plurality of nodes and receive, using the interface, sets of configuration information associated with the plurality of nodes after a change has occurred regarding the plurality of nodes. The processor is further operable to compare the sets of configuration information associated with the plurality of nodes to the configuration information associated with the first node and determine a difference. In response, the processor is operable to determine, based on the group policy, to configure the first node. The processor is additionally operable to determine a second node that stores a set of files to configure the first node and configure the first node using the set of files.

Abstract: A gain control apparatus for an amplifier is disclosed. The gain control apparatus configured to provide an amplifier gain control signal for setting the gain applied by the amplifier to an amplifier signal comprising an amplifier input signal amplified by the amplifier to generate an amplifier output signal. The apparatus includes a plurality of gain determination elements comprising and a gain controller configured to generate the amplifier gain control signal based on at least the first and second gain control signals.

Abstract: It is provided a system for localizing a sound source and a method therefor. The system includes a movable unit, being adapted for free movement and being integrated with a microphone; a motion tracking unit; and a processing unit, being adapted for receiving microphone signal and motion tracking unit signal and obtaining information on a direction from which sound from the sound source arrives using the microphone signal and motion tracking unit signal obtained during movement of the movable unit. By having the system and the method therefor, it is helpful for solving at least one of the technical problems: the complexity and a large volume of an acoustic camera for localization of a sound source; the restriction of the movement of the microphone in a sound source localization system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for frequency generation may comprise in a low-noise block down-converter (LNB) comprising an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a channel stacking switch (CSS): receiving a first satellite signal centered at a first frequency; receiving a second satellite signal centered at a second frequency; combining the first and second satellite signals to form a combined signal; the analog-to-digital converter transforming the combined signal from an analog signal to a digital signal; providing the digital signal to the CSS; receiving a third satellite signal centered at a third frequency; receiving a fourth satellite signal centered at a fourth frequency; translating the third satellite signal to a fifth frequency, combining the translated third satellite signal with fourth satellite signals to form a second combined signal; a second analog-to-digital converter transforming the combined signal from an analog signal to a second digital signal; and providing the second digital signal to the CSS.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for operating one or more satellites in a non-geosynchronous orbit (NGSO) satellite constellation are disclosed. In some aspects, the satellite may allocate a first frequency band to a first beam, and may allocate a second frequency band to a second beam. Then, if the first beam is disabled, the satellite may re-map the first frequency band from the first beam to the second beam. In this manner, frequency resources initially allocated to a disabled beam may be re-mapping to another, non-disabled beam.

Abstract: The present disclose relates to a computing cloud serving as a collaboration platform where internet connected electronic devices such as smart phones and tablets can log in to author, to review, to edit, to download and to play back digital content. By using different applications, the user may optionally play the role of an author, a reviewer or a consumer to digital content. User-authored digital content as well as recorded music are all stored in the cloud. Professional editing is possible by making overlay audio tracks and sound effect changes available on the client device and earmarking the timing relations among media clips in each media clip's associated metadata. An edited professional playlist is reusable by replacing some sound tracks in iterative host vs client actions. Personalized media insert is integrated into the normal streaming media as part of the inter-user media services or subscription services.

Abstract: Provided is a radio client terminal such that a license for music distribution in a radio system is not required and such that music matching the preferences of the user can be played back at the appropriate times while audio content from a radio broadcast is being received and played back. The radio client terminal is configured so that music stored in advance in the storage unit of the radio client terminal according to the preferences of the user is played back after introductory audio from introductory audio content is output during the interval between playback of audio content and audio content.

Abstract: Provided herein are a method, a device, and a computer-readable medium operable to perform a method of automatically admitting a device to a network. The method can include receiving, from the one or more authorized devices in the network, first data that is associated with one or more sensing modalities, wherein the one or more sensing modalities are detected by the one or more of the one or more of the authorized devices during a defined time window; identifying a new device to be admitted to the network; constructing a time sequence of proximity events of the new device, within the defined time window, based on the first data; determining that the time sequence of the proximity events matches an expected time sequence of expected of proximity events; and admitting the new device to the network based on the determining.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for blending analog and digital portions of a composite digital radio broadcast signal by processing compressed audio packets to compute corresponding digital audio quality indicator values, storing the compressed audio packets in an audio blend buffer, processing audio information from each compressed audio packet stored in the audio blend buffer with an audio decoder to generate decompressed digital audio signal samples, and using the digital audio quality indicator values to guide a blending process for combining analog audio signal samples with the digital audio signal samples to produce an audio output by preventing unnecessary blending back and forth between analog and digital if the digital audio quality indicator values indicate that the compressed audio packets are degraded or impaired.

Abstract: An example system for satellite payload communications includes a digital channelizer and a regenerative communications subsystem (RCS). The digital channelizer includes a plurality of inputs for receiving a plurality of signals from a plurality of uplink beams and a plurality of outputs for outputting the plurality of signals. The RCS includes a plurality of inputs selectably coupled to the digital channelizer outputs to receive signals from selected ones of the digital channelizer outputs and a plurality of outputs selectably coupled to the digital channelizer inputs to transmit the processed signals to selected ones of the digital channelizer inputs. The RCS is configured to process selected ones of the plurality of signals to produce processed signals.

Abstract: A technique for offering a reward to an audience member tuned to a broadcast signal which is performed by reproduction equipment, the broadcast signal having commercial content, program content, and commercial content identification codes respectively corresponding to advertisements contained in the commercial content, wherein the audience member captures the commercial content identification codes from the performed broadcast signal and actuates storing of a segment of a program content from the performed broadcast signal. The technique identifies the program based on the segment thereof that was stored in response to the command, and offers the audience member a reward related to the identified program.

Abstract: A bent-pipe relay communication system and method of using same. The bent-pipe relay communication system includes a plurality of bent-pipe relay channels, each channel having automatic gain control. Each channel of the plurality of bent-pipe relay channels includes a radio -frequency-to-intermediate-frequency demodulator, at least one programmable variable gain amplifier, and an intermediate-frequency-to-radio-frequency modulator. The communication system further includes at least one radio frequency power detector operably connected to the intermediate-frequency-to-radio-frequency modulator for each channel. The system also includes at least one controller communicating with the at least one radio frequency power detector and the at least one variable gain amplifier for the each channel to provide the automatic gain control.

Abstract: A system and method for automated activation of a radio, or content receiver, used to receive subscription radio services such as XM or Sirius radio. A wireless communications device with a short range data link wirelessly communicates with the content receiver to control the content receiver and receive a unique identification code from the content receiver. The wireless communications device also has its own unique identification code. The wireless communications device transmits an activation request message over a long range wireless communications link to a control station. The activation request message contains the receivers unique identification code and the communications device's own unique identification code. The control station maintains a database of valid identification codes that is used to authenticate the request. If the control station receives a valid request, an activation signal is sent to the receiver to allow operation of the receiver.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a device for adjusting a carrier frequency of a multiple-input multiple-output microwave device. The method includes: obtaining, by an indoor unit IDU, a frequency of a radio frequency-reference crystal oscillator and a first frequency multiplication factor of each outdoor unit ODU; selecting, by the indoor unit IDU, one of the frequencies of the radio frequency-reference crystal oscillator as a reference frequency; adjusting, by the indoor unit IDU, a carrier frequency of the multiple-input multiple-output microwave device according to the first frequency multiplication factor and a radio frequency offset between the reference frequency and the frequency of the radio frequency-reference crystal oscillator of each ODU.

Abstract: A technique is provided for the parallel communication of digital content via broadcast channels and two-way data communications channels. Mobile devices may receive the digital content by the broadcast channels, and depending upon user preferences, signal quality, signal strength and other factors, coordinated switchover may be made from reception and playback of the content from a broadcast channel to reception and content from a two-way data communications channel.

Abstract: A method and system includes a network having a plurality of nodes including a first mobile user device at a first node. The network also includes a second node. The system also includes a first mobile user device storing content in a memory, determining a lost content segment exists, generating a request for the lost content segment at the first mobile user device, communicating the request for the lost content to a second node of the network, receiving the lost segment from the second node and storing the lost content segment in the memory of the user device.

Abstract: A satellite signal reception device can reliably execute a satellite signal reception process. The satellite signal reception device has a reception time setting unit 71 that sets a reception time; a timekeeping unit that keeps internal time; and a scheduled reception control unit 72 that executes a time-based reception process that operates the reception unit when the time kept by the timekeeping unit reaches the reception time. By having a scheduled reception control unit 72, the reception process can be executed when the internal time goes to the reception time set by the reception time setting unit 71. The reception process is therefore executed once a day. The satellite signal reception process can therefore be executed reliably without being affected by how the device is used, the season, weather, or other factors.

Abstract: A receiving apparatus that includes a first and second filter circuit. The first filter performs filtering on a frequency signal with a band-pass characteristic such that a frequency band of a desired channel is included in a passband, thereby obtaining a pass frequency signal. The second filter performs filtering on the pass frequency signal with a filter characteristic such that a frequency band of a channel adjoining the desired channel is included in an attenuation band.