Abstract: A reactor for gasifying a carbonaceous fuel to produce usable gas, and comprising an insulated outer shell. A reaction chamber within the shell which receives a fuel mixture from an injection burner. The products or effluent of gasification include hot produced gases which are passed through a constricted throat to be cooled in a liquid bath. A dip tube which guides the hot effluent into the bath is provided with a stream of coolant from a quench ring. The latter is supported below the reaction chamber and includes a toroidal body which communicates with a pressurized water source. A narrow channel formed in said body carries a rapidly moving flow of the water to uniformly cool the effluent guide panel whereby to stabilize the latter and reduce the development of thermal strains due to contact with the hot gases.

Abstract: Reactor for gasifying a carbonaceous fuel to produce a usable gas, and comprising an insulated outer shell. A reaction chamber within the shell receives a fuel mixture from an injection burner. The products or effluent of gasification include hot produced gases which are passed through a constricted throat to be cooled in a liquid bath. A dip tube, which guides the hot effluent into the bath, is provided with a stream of coolant from a quench ring. The latter is supported below the reaction chamber and is provided with a thermal barrier along its surface that is exposed to the hot produced gas. The barrier will reduce thermal stress in the quench ring and reduce drain of heat from the gasifier throat, thus avoiding premature chilling of the slag component.

Abstract: A stream of particle-containing fluid (e.g. from coal gasification or combustion) can be cleaned and split by flowing it into and through the vortex of a cyclone in which an externally adjustable vortex stabilizing means is moved close enough to the outlet opening for the particle-depleted fluid to provide an outflow of such fluid having a selected volume or particle concentration.

Abstract: A gasifier for producing a usable gas by combusting a particulated carbonaceous fuel in a combustion chamber which is communicated to a cooling zone. A dip tube conducts an effluent flow of gas and slag to the bath by way of an upright guide passage. A segmented quench ring communicated with a pressurized source of a liquid coolant such as water, directs a flow thereof against the dip tube guide surfaces to maintain the latter in a wetted condition. The respective segments of the manifolded quench ring are supported in a manner to cooperate with each other, yet to maintain lateral interspacing therebetween. A shield disposed across the interspace permits the latter to adjust in response to thermal expansion and contraction of the respective ring or manifold segments.

Abstract: Asbestos-containing hazardous waste materials are known causes of cancer and other serious diseases. By the subject process, asbestos-containing wastes are rendered harmless by altering the physical form of the fibers, by (i) melting the asbestos, and by (ii) incorporating the molten asbestos into the slag phase produced by the partial oxidation of ash-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel. Further, gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO e.g. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas, are simultaneously produced.

Abstract: This invention relates to a gasification process for a coal gasification furnace in a coal gasification plant and to an apparatus therefor.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the use of an ash-removal additive in the production of hot raw gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO and containing entrained molten slag by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising a heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash or petroleum coke having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash. Sticking and build-up of molten slag on the surfaces of a steel quench ring and heat exchanger which may be contacted by the molten slag entrained in the hot raw effluent gas stream is prevented by the high temperature electrodeposition of a protective metal e.g. aluminum or titanium. The protective metal is electrodeposited from an electrolytic bath comprising molten fluorides and diffuses beneath the surface and forms an alloy or solid solution with the subsurface metal.

Abstract: A gasifier having a combustion chamber in which a hydrocarbonaceous fuel is burned to produce a usable gas. A quench chamber is positioned to receive said gas and other byproducts as an effluent stream, in a coolant liquid quench bath. A dip tube and draft tube define a tortuous passage within a quench chamber for directing the gaseous segment to a discharge port by way of said quench bath. A baffle positioned in the path of the gas includes a manifold at the baffle lower end to receive condensate which flows from said baffle face and returns water to the quench bath.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas is produced by the noncatalytic partial oxidation of a sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in the first free-flow reaction zone located in a refractory lined gas generator at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 1900.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. and above the ash-fusion temperature of the slag formed in the reaction zone. About 85 to 99 weight percent of the carbon in the fuel feed to the reaction zone is converted into carbon oxides. At least a portion of the hot effluent gas stream from the reaction zone is passed through a free-flow second reaction zone R.sub.2 in admixture with a second portion of sulfur-containing fuel and an iron-containing additive. In the second reaction zone the carbon in the second portion of fuel, unconverted fuel and particulate matter from R.sub.1 react with H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2 to produce supplemental H.sub.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas is produced by the noncatalytic partial oxidation of a sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in a first free-flow reaction zone R.sub.1 located in a refractory lined gas generator at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 190.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. and above the ash-fusion temperature of the slag formed in the reaction zone. About 85 to 99 weight percent of the carbon in the fuel feed to the reaction zone is converted into carbon oxides. At least a portion of the hot effluent gas stream from the first reaction zone is passed through a free-flow second reaction zone R.sub.2 in admixture with a second portion of sulfur-containing fuel and a calcium-containing additive. An equilibrium oxygen concentration with a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-12 atmosphere is provided in the gas phase in the first and second reaction zones.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the preparation of synthesis gas by the partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel with an oxygen-containing gas in a reactor also producing molten slag, the molten slag being removed through a slag discharge in the bottom portion of the reactor and being passed by gravity into a water bath where it is solidified by quenching. Solidified slag floating on the water of the water bath is removed therefrom by lowering the water level in the water bath to a location or point below the lower end of a baffle, the baffle being arranged in the water bath and dividing the water bath into an upper quenching zone and a lower capturing zone, and by raising the water level again to above the upper end of the baffle, thereby capturing floating slag under the baffle, the captured slag being discharged from the water bath through an outlet arranged at or near the top of the capturing zone.

Abstract: An apparatus for gasifying coal dust has a housing provided with an output fitting for the removal of generator gas and an output fitting for the removal of granulated slag. An overflow maintains a body of liquid in the bottom of the housing and a coal-dust burner in the housing forms a downwardly moving coal-dust flame in an upper reaction zone of the housing. An annular tube wall in the housing upper and lower ends where its tubes are bent apart and form radially throughgoing upper and lower openings and at the burner and therebelow but above the generator-gas output fitting. This tube wall is radially gastight between its upper and lower openings and radially inwardly delimits an axially extending annular passage that is outwardly defined by the housing. Steam is fed to the upwardly directed lances in the passage to create in the housing a toroidal annular current of moving gas and steam rising in the passage and descending in the zones between the flame and the tube wall.

Abstract: Low sulfur, iron and calcium containing solid carbonaceous fuel having a high melting point ash is mixed with a sufficient amount of iron sulfide containing material or supplemental iron and sulfur containing reactant materials that react in the reaction zone to produce iron and sulfur containing compounds. The mixture of materials is reacted in a free-flow gasifier by partial oxidation to produce a raw gas stream of synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas, containing entrained particulate matter including molten slag. By the process, sufficient iron and sulfur are in the reaction zone so that the melting point of the fuel ash is decreased, and the mole ratio H.sub.2 S/H.sub.2 +CO in the raw gas stream is greater than 0.01. Further, the amount of iron in the molten ash is greater than 10.0 wt. %, and preferably at least 14 wt. % of the molten ash. By this means, the fluid temperature of the molten ash entrained in the raw gas stream is reduced at least 100.degree. F.

Abstract: An entrained flow coal gasifier having a combustor zone (16) and a reductor zone (18) separated by a centrally located baffle (14). The baffle (14) covers the projected plan area of a slag tap (44) whereby cool slag falling from the reductor (18) will be heated before flowing through the slag tap.

Abstract: A process for cooling and purifying a hot gas containing slag particles comprises the following steps:(a) the velocity of the gas mixture is reduced;(b) the flow of the gas mixture having a reduced velocity is deflected, the gas mixture being passed upward in substantially vertical direction so that part of the slag particles falls down into a fluidized bed of slag particles;(c) cold clean recycle gas is introduced through a fluidization distributor into the fluidized bed, thereby cooling the slag particles and keeping at least part of the slag particles in the fluidized bed;(d) the gas mixture flowing substantially vertically upward at reduced velocity is cooled by indirect exchange of heat, while a further quantity of slag particles falls down into the fluidized bed; and(e) the cooled slag particles are discharged from the bottom of the fluidized bed through a discharge pipe.An apparatus to carry out this procedure is also described.

Abstract: A vessel having a floor which includes a tap outlet through which liquid contents in the vessel can be drained. The tap outlet features a shallow aperture circumscribed by first and second drip lines. The second drip line circumscribes the first drip line and is substantially coplanar with the first drip line. The two drip lines are connected one to the other by an annular hollow surface.

Abstract: With a down flow high pressure gasifier, there is a quench chamber that employs a dip tube for confining the effluent from the gasifier. The quench chamber is coaxial with the dip tube. The dip tube extends beneath the surface of a body of quench liquid, and the exit from the quench chamber is above the surface of the quench liquid. That exit is constructed so that the effluent flow out of the quench chamber is symmetrical relative to the axis of the dip tube in order to minimize the liquid carry over with the effluent.

Abstract: A pressurized coal gasification system having double wall containment vessels (2,10) is disclosed. The gasification vessel (2) is provided with a gas tight water seal (36) for connecting the lower end of the inner water-cooled vessel (4) with the bottom supported slag tank (32). The seal (36) prevents gas leakage between the vessel interior and the pressurized annular volume (24) formed between the inner and outer gasification chambers (4,6). A flow of clean, particulate-free product gas (60) is routed into the contiguous annular volume (24,26,28) formed between the inner water-cooled gas directing members (4,20,12) and the outer, pressure containing members (6,22,16) to prevent either leakage of raw product gas into the annular volume or dilution of the product gas (46) by leakage of the sealing gas (60) into the hot product gas flowstream.

Abstract: Hot gases containing ash and char which pass through an undesirable viscous, sticky phase on cooling through an intermediate temperature range, are cooled in a first cooling zone including a falling film of cooling liquid and a spray of cooling liquid followed by contact with a body of cooling liquid and subsequent mixing therewith.

Abstract: A gas injection apparatus for injecting a quench gas. The gas injection apparatus provides a means for injecting a quench gas into a hot gas contained in a vessel having an inner liner. The apparatus is designed such that the independent thermal expansions and contractions of the inner liner do not create excess thermal stresses on an expansible supply duct. The expansible supply duct provides the means for transferring the gas from outside the vessel into the gas stream. A plenum assembly, creating an interface between the expansible supply duct and the inner liner is sealably attached to the inner liner allowing perpendicular injection of the quench gas while maintaining the liner's integrity.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for powdered coal and the like having a refractory lined floor with an exit throat at the bottom. The throat is shaped approximately in accordance with the ratios employed in a contraction cone of a wind tunnel to produce a monotonic increase in flow therethrough in order to avoid any clogging by liquid slag and fly ash.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and a device for the discharge of residues of ash-containing fuels occurring during gasification of coal. The hot mixture of residues and water is separated in a separating chamber, whereby the residues enter a lock vessel situated under the separating chamber. The hot water is recycled to the water bath situated under the gasification reactor. After the lock vessel has been filled with residue, the hot water in the separating chamber is cooled or replaced by cold water. The discharge of the residues is pressureless and is effected by a stream of water flowing through the separating chamber into the lock vessel. Separating chamber and lock vessel remain filled with water at all times.

Abstract: The refractory lined reaction zone of a free flow vertical gas generator for the production of raw synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas by the partial oxidation of an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel or a high-metal-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel is preheated and deslagged by first heating the slag and ash layer on the surface of the refractory lining to a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree.-2000.degree. F. by means of an annular-type elongated burner whose downstream tip is located near the upstream roof of the reaction zone. The tip of the burner is then lowered along the central longitudinal axis of the reaction chamber to above the bottom central outlet passage of the reaction chamber, and the slag and ash layer is heated to their melting point, or above. The molten slag at the bottom of the reaction chamber and the flue gas pass out through the bottom central outlet.

Abstract: A method for restoring slagging conditions in a substoichiometric slagging combustor first requires the establishment of a threshold condition below which an unacceptable risk of slag outlet pluggage exists. Upon observation of current slagging conditions below the threshold conditions, substantially pure oxygen is injected into the combustion reaction zone to increase both zone temperature and reaction rate, leading to improved slagging conditions within the slagging combustor.

Abstract: In a coal gasification installation having a gasifier reactor and a water bath at the bottom of the gasifier reactor, a mixture of water and slag particles removed from the water bath is admitted under pressure into a container full of water and having a partition member for separating the heavier slag particles entrained to the bottom of the container from the lighter particles allowed on its opposite side to rise and float. A dam at the surface of the water in the container retains the floating particles while the clean water flows over the dam to an outlet. The floating particles which may be collected inside the container or entrained through a second outlet, are filtered and classified. Filtering is effected with a drum filter; and when several such filters are used in cascade, the slag particles are classified for recycling.

Abstract: Apparatus for gasification of carbon (C) in the form of carbon, hydrocarbons and/or hydrocarbon compounds, comprising a reactor (1) into which injection of carbon, oxygen gas and iron oxides takes place, beneath the surface of an iron melt, and in which carbon is injected in stoichiometric excess in relation to the amount of oxygen in the form of oxidic compounds contained in the melt, the reactor having a total inner pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure.According to the invention an exhaust gas pipe (6) from a reactor (1) makes a gas-tight connection with a cooler (8), which together with the reactor (1) forms a sealed unit; and a regulating valve (13) for adjusting and maintaining an overpressure in said unit is provided and placed on the cool side (12) of the cooler (8).

Abstract: A synthesis gas generator includes in a preferred embodiment a quench portion wherein product gas is passed downwardly through a first contacting zone in contact with a downwardly descending film of cooling liquid, then preferably at a decreasing velocity through an expanded second contacting zone, and then through a body of aqueous cooling liquid in a third contacting zone, preferably followed by a baffled vapor-liquid disengaging zone prior to withdrawal of product gas from said generator.

Abstract: A slagging gasifier has a hearth comprising an annular solid cast structure formed from a high thermal conductivity metal such as copper and shaped to fit above a slag tap of the gasifier. The hearth is provided with one or more integrally formed passageways for circulating a coolant liquid therethrough and has an upper tundish surface with a slope of at least 10.degree. to the horizontal (preferably between 25.degree. and 45.degree.), across which tundish surface the molten slag flows downwardly and inwardly towards to slag tap. The annular structure may be formed from at least three sector-shaped cast parts secured together in situ in the gasifier.

Abstract: The gas cooler has a downcomer bounded by radiant cooling walls and a waterbath at the end of the downcomer. The depth of the waterbath is several times its horizontal extent and the waterbath is flowed through downwardly by water. The bath is connected by way of a pump, heat exchanger and a feed line to a water circuit. Means are provided to control the water temperature at its entry into the waterbath so that the entry temperature is maintained at a value somewhere between the dew point of the synthesis gas and the evaporation point of water at the working pressure of the synthesis gas.The result is substantial obviation of evaporation of water from the waterbath and the associated heat losses.

Abstract: An arrangement for producing gaseous products from solid and liquid, ash-containing fuels and mixtures thereof in an air stream in a reactor. The fuels are introduced into the reactor parallel to the axis thereof. The solid and liquid ash constituents are extensively separated from the gaseous products of the fuel in a slag bath before further cooling-off. The gaseous products are reversed by 180.degree. after leaving the reactor, and subsequently flow into one or more consecutively or parallel connected annular chambers, which are provided with heat exchanger heating surfaces and concentrically surround the reactor. The gaseous products are cooled in these annular chambers.

Abstract: A slag trap structure is for use where synthesis gas is generated having small particulate slag entrained therewith. It has a high pressure shell with a body of water at the bottom for quenching and removing the slag. There is a coaxial inner wall to direct the flow of synthesis gas and slag down from an inlet at the top toward the body of water. And there is an outlet spaced substantially above the level of the water to cause reversal of the gas and slag flow. Also, there is means for recirculating some clean gas in conjunction with the inner wall to direct a swirling flow that confines the downward flow centrally in the vessel.

Abstract: Hot synthesis gas is cooled and deashed by passage through first zone in contact with a downwardly descending film of cooling liquid, a second zone in contact with a spray of cooling liquid, a third zone in contact with a body of cooling liquid, and a fourth zone in contact with a spray of cooling liquid--at least a portion of the cooling liquid to the first zone preferably being recycled cooling liquid from which at least a portion of the solids contained therein has been removed.

Abstract: The performance of a slagging coal gasifier is improved by injecting finely divided particles of noncorrosive slag-like solid material into the gasifier near the zone of combustion at a rate at which heat-protective layers of solidified slag are maintained between that zone and metallic materials located near that zone.

Abstract: Method and/or system for removing liquid slag from a pressurized gasifier. Hot liquid slag is quenched in a quenching medium such as water. The quenched and solidified slag is crushed to a maximum particle size. The crushed slag and quenching medium are alternatively connected to opposite ends of a floating piston while the other end is connected to an outlet for disposal of the slag. The crushed slag and quenching medium are subjected to the gasifier pressure so that the piston acts to forceably eject the mixture through the outlet.

Abstract: Hot gases containing ash and char which pass through an undesirable viscous, sticky phase on cooling through an intermediate temperature range, are cooled in a first cooling zone including a falling film of cooling liquid and a spray of cooling liquid followed by contact with a body of cooling liquid and subsequent mixing therewith.

Abstract: A process for the removal of slag and other residual solid material from a coal gasification process as a suspension in water free from noxious gases normally associated therewith wherein water is drawn off from the quench section of a coal gasifier with the slag into lock hopper and is displaced by introducing cold fresh water into the lower portion of the lock hopper displacing the sour water from an exit in the upper portion of the lock hopper back into the quench section of the coal gasification system. In an alternate embodiment, noxious gases are stripped from the quench water in the lock hopper with a stripping gas. Solid waste and clean or decontaminated water are discharged from the system without pollution of the environment.

Abstract: Outlet structure of a powdered coal gasification generator. The bottom of the generator has an outlet throat with cylindrical walls that extend beyond the base. And, the walls terminate in an oblique manner with a face shaped to promote flow of slag from the generator to a single point in order to minimize reentrainment of slag into the gasification products.

Abstract: A flue-stream reactor for gasifying fossil fuels which contain ballast. The reactor comprises two cylindrical, cooled, and insulated reaction chambers which are disposed one after the other in the axial direction. The first reaction chamber is provided with an axial inlet for accommodating a gasification burner. The second reaction chamber is provided with an opening for the addition of gasification material. A cooled, coaxial channel provides communication between the two reaction chambers. The reactor further includes a radial discharge and a device for removing liquid and solid ash and slag.

Abstract: A process for gasifying solid carbonaceous matter, e.g., coal, by introducing an oxygen-containing gas axially into a reactor, and introducing the carbonaceous matter at a right angle to the reactor axis from a point within the reactor, preferably by means of a centrifugal pump.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of a gas mixture containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide by endothermal partial oxidization of an organic compound with steam and/or carbon dioxide is disclosed wherein at least a portion of the heat required for the partial oxidation is obtained by direct heat exchange with products obtained from the gasification of a carbonaceous ash-forming fuel with oxygen in the presence of steam.

Abstract: In a continuous coal-gasification process, slag particles received in free-fall by a water bath at the bottom of the reactor, or of a waste heat boiler associated therewith, are wetted with oil, or another additive agent. As a result they become bonded together. This prevents floating and facilitates sinking of the slag for removal from below the water bath. An annular duct having nozzles at different angles is used to spray the slag particles with oil near the surface of the water bath. The nozzles create a turbulence at the surface, thereby increasing the effect on the slag particles. A lock hopper fluidly communicates with the water bath right below, and collects the slag particles. The removed slag is classified before being used or recycled by feedback into the reactor together with coal dust, water and oxygen as components for the reactive process.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for periodically sluicing residues which are produced when gasifying ash-containing fuels with oxygen or an oxygen-containing composition under a pressure of 10 to 200 bars wherein ash is granulated in a water bath connected to a gasification chamber, suspended in water and passed into a non-pressurized collecting vessel provided with a conveyor is described. The improvement comprises:a. discharging the residue from said water bath which is maintained in fluid communication with said gasification chamber via a lock vessel, said lock vessel being connected to a surge tank which contains water so that the lock vessel remains constantly filled with water;b. equalizing the pressure between said lock vessel and said gasification chamber including said water bath by opening a connection to a process water feed line for said water bath and admitting water therein;c.

Abstract: An improvement in a process for periodically sluicing residues which are produced when gasifying ash-containing fuels with oxygen or an oxygen-containing composition under a pressure of 10 to 200 bars wherein ash is granulated in a water bath connected to a gasification chamber, suspended in water and passed into a non-pressurized collecting vessel provided with a conveyor is described. The improvement comprises:a. discharging the residue from said water bath which is maintained in fluid communication with said gasification chamber via a lock vessel, said lock vessel being connected to a surge tank which contains water so that the lock vessel remains constantly filled with water;b. equalizing the pressure between said lock vessel and said gasification chamber including said water bath by opening a connection to a process water feed line for said water bath and admitting water therein;c.

Abstract: An ignition burner and a pilot burner form part of an ignition system for a fluidized stream of finely-divided coal particles in a pressurized gasifier housing having a slag overflow pipe coupled to a discharge vessel. A fuel supply pipe delivers fuel for combustion by the ignition burner and the pilot burner. A sparkplug or hot wire is used to ignite the fuel delivered to the ignition burner. The flame produced by the ignition burner is widened by a baffle so that ignition by the pilot burner occurs to produce a flame which is monitored through a thermocouple. The parts forming the ignition system are carried by a pair of levers with pivots on the inner wall of a slag overflow pipe for movement between an operative position wherein the ignition burner is situated near the slag-receiving opening of the overflow pipe and an inoperative position wherein the ignition burner is protected from contact by slag and radiation heating.

Abstract: A high temperature solids gasification generator which employs finely divided solids, e.g. powdered coal, has a down flow and discharges into a plenum chamber below the generator. The plenum chamber has a restricted outlet at the bottom so that a pool of liquid slag will form, and there is a lateral outlet above the slag pool for effluent gas. The lateral outlet has its throat located offset farther from the axis of the plenum chamber than the inside radius of the chamber.

Abstract: An automatic arrangement in which the intermittent tapping of liquid molten slag from the hearth of a slagging coal gasifier vessel (30) through a tap orifice (32) into a slag quench chamber (31) is selectively controlled by a system of timers (T1, T2, T3), the differential pressure between the gasifier vessel (30) and the quench chamber (31) being measured (22) and deviations from the expected measurements caused by malfunctions being used to override the timer system until the malfunctions have been corrected.

Abstract: A pressure container forms a shaft gasifier for receiving coarse coal in the form of a coal bed. A burner extends through the pressure container into a chamber therein and produces at least one primary gas jet directed against the coal bed, thereby gasifying the coal and generating a product gas and forming liquid slag. The liquid slag collects in a slag bath tank having an overflow weir over which the collected slag flows and falls freely toward a cooling water bath beneath the chamber. A water jet nozzle directs at least one water jet against the liquid slag as it falls freely between the weir and the cooling water bath. This atomizes the liquid slag, thereby cooling the slag and generating steam. At least a part of the steam is supplied as process steam to the coarse coal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for gasifying solid carbonaceous material at elevated temperature and pressure to produce a gas consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which comprises forming a slurry at atmospheric pressure of the carbonaceous material with a liquid having a specific gravity of from 1.1 to 1.9, a boiling temperature of at least 70.degree. F., a latent heat of vaporization less than about 200 BTU per pound, a critical temperature which is less than the incipient coking temperature of the carbonaceous material, a stability at temperatures up to 600.degree. F., an essentially inert chemical reaction with the carbonaceous material at temperatures less than about 600.degree. F., an immiscibility with water or solubility in water at no more than 5%, and a dissolving ability for hydrogen sulfide at temperatures of from -40 to 250.degree. F.

Abstract: Structure for slag removal from a gasification generator. It employs a duct through the bottom that carries through it products of the combustion which is being carried out in the generator. The dimensions are such that the slag which adheres to the walls remains liquid and drips from the bottom edges. The duct is enlarged by at least one step with the length and width of it related to the upper portion of the duct so that the bottom edges of the step are above a diagonal of the upper portion extended.

Abstract: Product gas resulting from the partial oxidation of finely divided fuel in a reactor is discharged as a stream into a tube leading downwardly into a vessel containing a water bath in which the lower end of the tube is immersed. Liquid slag produced during the partial oxidation is also discharged as a solid stream within and surrounded by the stream of product gas. The tube is cooled by circulating cooling water upwardly through an annular clearance in the tube which is discharged from the annular clearance at the upper end of the tube for gravity descent as a liquid film along the inside of the tube. The slag becomes cooled and granulated on contact with the water bath and is discharged from the vessel in granulated condition. The gas escapes from the lower open tube end, travels upwardly through the water bath to become cooled thereby, and is then discharged from the vessel in cooled condition.