Abstract: The invention relates to a crystalline composition a poly-crystalline product and an article of manufacture comprising an amount of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, P2O5, Cr2O3, ZnO, MgO, Na2O, Li2O, CeO2, ZrO2 and MnO2 and methods for preparation the same.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an artificial reef based on industrial waste is disclosed. Industrial wastes, including red mud, blast furnace slag, the sludges from the factories of refining raw ore, broken pieces of glass, the stone powders from the anti-pollution facilities equipped in stone- or aggregate-extracting spots, the slurries from the terminal treatment plants of water and sewage, the ashes from the incinerators for household wastes, the pulp sludges and slurries from paper mills, the coal ashes from thermoelectric power plants, and the side-products produced upon coal mining, are utilized, alone or in combination with a plasticizer and a mineralizer, in constructing artificial fishing reeves through pug-milling, molding and thermal treatment processes. The artificial fishing reef, through which the industrial wastes are converted into environment-affinitive resources, have advantages of being economically favorable and producing no pollution of the environment.

Abstract: A new method for combining elemental iron and other metals to form an inexpensive ceramic to stabilize arsenic, alkaline red mud wastes, swarfs, and other iron or metal-based additives, to create products and waste forms which can be poured or dye cast.

Abstract: An open-cell glass crystalline porous material made from hollow microspheres which are cenospheres obtained from fly ash, having an open-cell porosity of up to 90 vol. % is produced. The cenospheres are separated into fractions based on one or more of grain size, density, magnetic or non-magnetic, and perforated or non-perforated. Selected fractions are molded and agglomerated by sintering with a binder at a temperature below the softening temperature, or without a binder at a temperature about, or above, the softening temperature but below the temperature of liquidity. The porous material produced has an apparent density of 0.3-0.6 g/cm3, a compressive strength in the range of 1.2-3.5 MPa, and two types of openings: through-flow wall pores in the cenospheres of 0.1-30 micrometers, and interglobular voids between the cenospheres of 20-100 micrometers.

Abstract: Building bricks and tiles are made by mixing 60% to 75% clay, 20% to 40% sludge and 1% to 10% sand, all percentages being by weight of the total composition. This process utilizes industrial waste products to provide building materials which are lighter and stronger than conventional materials.

Abstract: A coating for roofs and the like to inexpensively provide protection from ultraviolet light and for wood or steel substrates to inexpensively provide flame or chemical resistance respectively. The coating comprises an adhesive and a recycled ceramic powder and may also comprise a recycled granular ceramic material. An additive to sealants, caulking, and other construction materials to inexpensively provide improved fire resistance and insulation and other enhanced properties. The additive comprises a recycled ceramic powder and may also comprise a recycled granular ceramic material.

Abstract: An aluminosilicate ceramic, spherical pellet made from spent ceramic catalyst. More specifically, a spherical ceramic pellet made from spent fluid cracking catalyst. The pellets can be made by grinding the catalyst particles, forming them into spherical pellets, and then sintering the pellets. The final product is useful as a proppant in oil and gas well fracturing.

Abstract: An aluminosilicate ceramic, spherical pellet made from spent ceramic catalyst. More specifically, a spherical ceramic pellet made from spent fluid cracking catalyst. The pellets can be made by grinding the catalyst particles, forming them into spherical pellets, and then sintering the pellets. The final product is useful as a proppant in oil and gas well fracturing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for treating filter dusts which are produced during the melting of inorganic compounds, especially those containing fluorides and/or oxides, in which process the filter dusts are fused. The disposal of the fused filter dusts is simple.

Abstract: Building material wastes containing harmful asbestos and inorganic wastes are subjected to sintering reaction treatment to obtain asbestos-free products which are provided for recycling of waste materials. The asbestos containing building materials inorganic wastes are crushed to be mixed such that the mixture is subjected to a sintering step at a temperature of 600° C. through 1500° C. to allow the same to react thereto, thus obtaining sintered reaction products which is asbestos-free and non-hazardous. The inorganic wastes includes incineration ash from sewerage sludge which has so far used for reclamation purpose only. Sherd, glass wastes or the like can also mixed therewith for sintering reaction to obtain non-hazardous permeable blocks, thus contribution to establishing recycling systems. The method of producing such asbestos-free non-hazardous products are also provided.

Abstract: A ceramic composition made from waste materials and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The ceramic composition comprises between 5 and 75 by weight part of a solid stated waste material including heavy metals, between 15 and 45 by weight part of a fly ash and between 5 and 55 by weight part of a clay. The ceramic composition is manufactured by compositely stabilizing various waste materials and is available for a building material or an engineering material. Therefore, the waste materials are effectively recycled without causing environmental pollution.

Abstract: The invention provides a method to transform large quantities of waste glass into useful ceramic products by a low-cost manufacturing process. The major steps of the method consist of dry preparation of glass powder, granulation with a non-aqueous organic binder system, dry pressing with adequate green strength, and firing at low temperatures. Water and clay are not required in the processing, which eliminates problems that were encountered in the past. Only one firing step is needed with a low peak firing temperature of about 750° C. The method conserves energy and natural resources compared to clay-based traditional ceramic manufacturing. High-quality impervious ceramic products with only a small amount of porosity can be produced by the invention.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of forming phosphate mineral species of the apatite family, and the mineral species thus formed, by contacting soil or solid waste material containing leachable lead with a combination of a sulfate reagent that includes one or more reactive sulfate ions and a phosphate supplying reagent that includes one or more reactive phosphate ions. The mineral species are stable, substantially water insoluble and non-leachable under normal environmental conditions. The sulfate reagent is sulfuric acid or alum in liquid or powder form. The phosphate supplying reagent is phosphoric acid, trisodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, mono basic calcium phosphate or dibasic calcium phosphate. In a preferred embodiment, the phosphate supplying reagent is phosphoric acid and the sulfate reagent is sulfuric acid or liquid alum.

Abstract: The invention relates to refractory waste materials and in particular to waste materials removed from furnace linings. Refractory waste materials often have hydrolysable contaminants making the material unsuitable for use in making new products. The invention provides an economical treatment process that renders such materials suitable for reuse. The process includes maintaining a particulate feedstock created from the waste material at a temperature in the range 275-500° C. and applying superheated steam to the material.

Abstract: A non-metallic product (NMP) substantially free of metallic aluminum and aluminum nitride which is utilized for making calcium aluminate.

Abstract: An automated method for recycling mixed colored cutlet glass (i.e., broken pieces of glass of mixed colors and types) into new glass products. A computer controlled process identifies the virgin glass raw materials, the desired target glass properties, the composition of a batch of mixed colored cullet, and the quantity of cullet to be used in the glass melt, and the computer controlled process automatically determines the proper amounts of raw materials to add to the batch of mixed colored cullet so that recycled glass is produced having the desired coloring oxides, redox agents, and glass structural oxides in the proper proportion. The recycled glass is then used to make glass products such as beer bottles.

Abstract: Spent potliner from aluminum reduction cells is treated, for example, with sulfuric acid to recover carbon, silica and alumina or to recover a vitrified product of silca and alumina.

Abstract: A pumpable ceramic composition is provided comprising an inorganic oxide, potassium phosphate, and an oxide coating material. Also provided is a method for preparing pumpable ceramic-based waste forms comprising selecting inorganic oxides based on solubility, surface area and morphology criteria; mixing the selected oxides with phosphate solution and waste to form a first mixture; combining an additive to the first mixture to create a second mixture; adding water to the second mixture to create a reactive mixture; homogenizing the reactive mixture; and allowing the reactive mixture to cure.

Abstract: A polymer coating is applied to the surface of a phosphate ceramic composite to effectively immobilize soluble salt anions encapsulated within the phosphate ceramic composite. The polymer coating is made from ceramic materials, including at least one inorganic metal compound, that wet and adhere to the surface structure of the phosphate ceramic composite, thereby isolating the soluble salt anions from the environment and ensuring long-term integrity of the phosphate ceramic composite.

Abstract: Disclosed is a ceramic composition for the immobilization of actinides, particularly uranium and plutonium. The ceramic is a titanate material comprising pyrochlore, brannerite and rutile.

Abstract: Known phosphate ceramic formulations are improved and the ability to produce iron-based phosphate ceramic systems is enabled by the addition of an oxidizing or reducing step during the acid-base reactions that form the phosphate ceramic products. The additives allow control of the rate of the acid-base reactions and concomitant heat generation. In an alternate embodiment, waste containing metal anions are stabilized in phosphate ceramic products by the addition of a reducing agent to the phosphate ceramic mixture. The reduced metal ions are more stable and/or reactive with the phosphate ions, resulting in the formation of insoluble metal species within the phosphate ceramic matrix, such that the resulting chemically bonded phosphate ceramic product has greater leach resistance.

Abstract: Processes for immobilizing solid contaminated materials, such as radioactive species, hazardous species, or combinations of both radioactive and hazardous species, comprise mixing the contaminated materials with hydrated ferric oxides, and then pressing the mixture at a temperature of at least about 150.degree. C. and gradually removing a large part of the water while under pressure to produce a solid composition. The water content of the mixture is adjusted if necessary. Contaminated materials dissolved or suspended in an aqueous solution can be immobilized by precipitating hydrated ferric oxide in the solution, and adjusting the water content and pressing, as above. In another process in accordance with the present invention, hydrated ferric oxides are deposited on metal surfaces. The deposited ferric oxide is pressed to produce a solid coating adhered to the surface, to retard corrosion. A ceramic body of ferric oxide composition may also be made in accordance with the present invention.

Abstract: A method of immobilizing mixed low-level waste is provided which uses low cost materials and has a relatively long hardening period. The method includes: forming a mixture of iron oxide powders having ratios, in mass %, of FeO:Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 :Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4 equal to 25-40:40-10:35-50, or weighing a definite amount of magnetite powder. Metallurgical cinder can also be used as the source of iron oxides. A solution of the orthophosphoric acid, or a solution of the orthophosphoric acid and ferric oxide, is formed and a powder phase of low-level waste and the mixture of iron oxide powders or cinder (or magnetite powder) is also formed. The acid solution is mixed with the powder phase to form a slurry with the ratio of components (mass %) of waste:iron oxide powders or magnetite:acid solution=30-60:15-10:55-30. The slurry is blended to form a homogeneous mixture which is cured at room temperature to form the final product.

Abstract: An environmentally safe abrasive composition which contains at least about 60 weight percent of ferrometalsilicate, at least about 5 weight percent of spinel, and at least about 70 weight percent of crystalline material. This composition has a Vickers hardness of at least about 550 and a density of from about 2.8 to about 4.1 grams per cubic centimeter. It is crystallized in situ from a thermally crystallizable mixture comprising from about 50 to about 75 weight percent of electric arc furnace dust, from about 5 to about 40 weight percent of glass, and at least about 10 weight percent of silica sand.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system for producing glass fiber product from scrap glass fibers comprising at least one crusher having at least one pair of rotatable rollers which rotate at essentially the same speed, the rollers having intermeshing protuberances for crushing scrap glass fibers passing therebetween; a dryer for drying the crushed glass fibers to form dried glass fibers having a mean average moisture content of less than about one weight percent; and a separating device for separating the crushed glass fibers into (1) a first portion of crushed glass fibers having a mean average length of less than about 5 millimeters and (2) oversize dried waste material.

Abstract: A glass-ceramic composition which is is crystallized in situ from a thermally crystallizable mixture containing from about 40 to about 80 weight percent of electric arc furnace dust and from about 10 to about 40 weight percent of glass. The composition has a Vickers hardness of at least about 5.5 gigaPascals, a Vickers fracture toughness of from about 0.6 to about 1.5 megaPascals.meters.sup.0.5, and a density of from about 2.8 to about 4.1 grams per cubic centimeter; and it contains from about 20 to about 40 weight percent of an iron oxide. When the composition is tested in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, it produces a leachate which contains no detectable mercury, no detectable barium, no detectable selenium, less than 0.2 parts per million of detectable lead, less than 0.5 parts per million of detectable chromium, less than 0.1 parts per million of detectable cadmium, less than 0.005 parts per million of detectable arsenic, and less than 0.

Abstract: A foamed glass article for preparing surfaces, the use therefor, and a method of making same are provided. The foamed glass article is in the form of a block, disk or similar product, and is used for preparing surfaces such as by sanding, rubbing and scraping the same to clean, abrade, polish, smooth, or the like such a surface. The foamed glass article is formed from a starting mixture that comprised glass, 0.10-20% by weight of at least one non-carbon/sulfate based foaming agent, and optionally an additional abrasive material. A mixture of powdered glass and non-carbon/sulfate based foaming agent can be placed in a mold and heated so that the mixture sinters and subsequently foams. Thereafter, the foamed mixture is annealed.

Abstract: A process for making an abrasive composition. In the first step of this process, from about 50 to about 85 weight percent electric arc furnace dust is mixed with at least about 10 weight percent of silica to prepare a thermally crystallizable mixture; the electric arc furnace dust has a particle size distribution such that at least about 70 weight percent of its particles are smaller than about 20 microns, and it contains from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of at least an iron material selected from iron, iron oxide, and mixtures thereof. Thereafter the mixture is melted by subjecting it to a temperature of from about 2,300 to about 2,900 degrees Fahrenheit to form a glass melt, the glass melt is quenched by reducing its temperature at least 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit in less than about 5 seconds to form a quenched glass, and the quenched glass is crushed by subjecting it to a pressure of at least 1.0 MegaPascal.

Abstract: Process for insolubilizing and consolidating in pellet form the spent linings from electrolysis cells for the production of aluminium comprising grinding said spent linings and mixing them thoroughly with various pulverulent refractory additives before heating, characterized in that after the addition of:a first additive intended to fix the alkali metals during firing, which is chosen from the group of aluminosilicates,and subsequently a second additive intended firstly to combine with the impregnating fluoride compounds during firing to form new stable, insoluble compounds, and secondly through its non-combined excess part to assure the consolidation of the mixture, and is chosen from the group of calcium oxides and salts, preferably limestone cements and mortars,the intimate mixture of ground, spent linings and said first and second pulverulent additives is agglomerated into pellet form before firing at a temperature in the range of from 700.degree. C. to 950.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention concerns a multi-layer refractory wear body having a wear layer being exposed to a direct thermal, mechanical and/or metallurgical attack, and at least another layer of a ceramic material having different physical properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for forming glass-ceramic tiles. Fly ash containing organic material, metal contaminants, and glass forming materials is oxidized under conditions effective to combust the organic material and partially oxidize the metallic contaminants and the glass forming materials. The oxidized glass forming materials are vitrified to form a glass melt. This glass melt is then formed into tiles containing metallic contaminants.

Abstract: A red brick comprising waste foundry sand of 30.about.50 wt %, dusts of 5.about.10 wt %, and a remainder of clay. The waste foundry sand and dusts can be efficiently recycled, and the quantity of the sand used, the supply of which sand which is nearly exhausted, can be reduced. The heating temperature in the red brick manufacturing process is remarkably lowered, and the economical efficiency of the manufacturing process is improved greatly by using iron oxide included in dusts, instead of a chemical compound to obtain desired color.

Abstract: Lead-free phosphate glass compositions are provided which can be used to immobilize low level and/or high level radioactive wastes in monolithic waste forms. The glass composition may also be used without waste contained therein. Lead-free phosphate glass compositions prepared at about 900.degree. C. include mixtures from about 1 mole % to about 6 mole %.iron (III) oxide, from about 1 mole % to about 6 mole % aluminum oxide, from about 15 mole % to about 20 mole % sodium oxide or potassium oxide, and from about 30 mole % to about 60 mole % phosphate. The invention also provides phosphate, lead-free glass ceramic glass compositions which are prepared from about 400.degree. C. to about 450.degree. C. and which includes from about 3 mole % to about 6 mole % sodium oxide, from about 20 mole % to about 50 mole % tin oxide, from about 30 mole % to about 70 mole % phosphate, from about 3 mole % to about 6 mole % aluminum oxide, from about 3 mole % to about 8 mole % silicon oxide, from about 0.

Abstract: A method to produce structural products from benign waste is provided comprising mixing pretreated oxide with phosphoric acid to produce an acid solution, mixing the acid solution with waste particles to produce a slurry, and allowing the slurry to cure. The invention also provides for a structural material comprising waste particles enveloped by an inorganic binder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of forming ceramic tiles having the appearance of tiles produced from clays. The process includes melting a material to form a glass melt, treating the glass melt to produce a solid glass product, grinding the solid glass product to produce glass particles having a particle size of less than 200 microns, mixing the glass particles with a first additive to form a glass powder mixture having a composition of 55 to 99 wt. % glass particles and 45-1 wt. % first additive, forming the glass powder mixture into tiles by dry pressing, where the tiles have a primary crystalline phase selected from the group consisting of nepheline, diopside, anorthite, wollastonite, melilite, merwinite, spinel, akermanite, gehlenite, crystalline phases based on iron substitutions in the crystalline phase, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for regulating the reaction temperature of a ceramic formulation process is provided comprising supplying a solution containing a monovalent alkali metal; mixing said solution with an oxide powder to create a binder; contacting said binder with bulk material to form a slurry; and allowing the slurry to cure. A highly crystalline waste form is also provided consisting of a binder containing potassium and waste substrate encapsulated by the binder.

Abstract: A foamed glass article for preparing surfaces, the use therefor, and a method of making same are provided. The foamed glass article is in the form of a block, disk or similar product, and is used for preparing surfaces such as by sanding, rubbing and scraping the same to clean, abrade, polish, smooth, or the like such a surface. The foamed glass article is formed from a starting mixture that comprised waste glass, 0.10-20% by weight of a non-sulfur based foaming agent, and optionally an additional abrasive material. A mixture of powdered waste glass and non-sulfur based foaming agent can be placed in a mold and heated so that the mixture sinters and subsequently foams. Thereafter, the foamed mixture is annealed.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a glassy sintered body and to effectively reuse scrapped glass.The glassy sintered body of the present invention is made by preparing a raw material of the body by adding ceramic clay to glass as a main element so as to adjust the amount of water and kneading the glass and the clay, forming the raw material into a prescribed form, and sintering the formed material.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting lead-contaminated soil to commercially-useful ceramic shapes, in which the lead is covalently-bonded and from which it does not leach. The soil is mixed with conventional brick or tile fabricating ingredients to form a premix which is formed into a suitable shape and fired at a temperature in the range of 150.degree. F. to 250.degree. F.

Abstract: A method of obtaining glass materials from ash-slag. Waste wherein the waste is heated to a melting point temperature and melted in a reducing medium. The obtained melt is cooled by a thermal shock to form a foamed glass material. Prior to heating the charge, the carbon content therein is brought to 3.0-8.0 wt %, and the foamed glass material is foamed under a flow of a gaseous medium resulting form decomposition of carbides formed in the melt as a result of carbon content adjustment. Carbon addition also reduces iron oxide present in the waste, this reduction facilitating iron separation from the foamed material.

Abstract: A lightweight artificial aggregate manufacturing method includes the steps of: mixing aggregate sludge, whose moisture content exceeds 30%, with stone fragments, generated when pulverizing stone, to decrease the moisture content, mixing this mixture and sewage disposal plant sludge, which are dried and micro-pulverized, in a weight ratio of 50 to 50, and making the mixed sludge spheroids with a rotary plate molding device; applying paper sludge, which is dried and micro-pulverized, to the surface of the spheroids in order to prevent condensation of the spheroid during burning and to light the weight of aggregate; burning the spheroid with reducing flame of a temperature between 1000.degree. C. and 1200.degree. C. in a burning furnace, which uses gas or oil as fuel; and cooling the burned spheroid.

Abstract: An improved iron phosphate waste form for the vitrification, containment and long-term disposition of hazardous metal waste such as radioactive nuclear waste is provided. The waste form comprises a rigid iron phosphate matrix resulting from the cooling of a melt formed by heating a batch mixture comprising the metal waste and a matrix-forming component. The waste form comprises from about 30 to about 70 weight percent P.sub.2 O.sub.5 and from about 25 to about 50 weight percent iron oxide and has metals present in the metal waste chemically dissolved therein. The concentration of iron oxide in the waste form along with a high proportion of the iron in the waste form being present as Fe.sup.3+ provide a waste form exhibiting improved chemical resistance to corrosive attack. A method for preparing the improved iron phosphate waste forms is also provided.

Abstract: A method of treating a waste material, such as a radioactive waste material, by introducing the material into a high temperature reaction vessel such as an electric arc furnace. By controlling the reducing potential of the oxide phase formed in the reaction vessel, the concentration of the waste material in the oxide phase can be controlled. In addition, the morphology of the oxide phase can be controlled so that once the concentration of the waste material in the oxide phase is adjusted as desired, the waste material can be sequestered within the crystal lattice of the cooled oxide phase for subsequent disposal.

Abstract: The invention comprises a novel type of glass for a cone (3) of a display tube envelope (1), said glass being manufactured by recycling screen glass and cone glass of display tube envelopes. A mixture of screen and cone glasses is supplemented with other glass-forming components to form a novel glass composition which can be used in cone glass applications. The glass is characterized by a relatively high BaO and SrO content. The glass has an x-ray absorption .mu. of at least 65 cm.sup.-1 at 0.6 .ANG..

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new and novel method of preparing and sculpting a fireable ceramic mixture and to the novel mixture itself, which comprises generally of adding cellulose fibers, that can be obtained from recycled or other papers to a liquid slip clay, resulting in a product mixture that is much lighter in weight and has stronger green strength. This resulting product mixture allows its use wet and/or dry and with the ability to vary the maturing temperature as desired.

Abstract: A method of treating spent potliner material from aluminum reduction cells is disclosed. The spent potliner material is introduced into a sulfuric acid digester to produce a gas component including hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen cyanide and a slurry component including carbon, silica, alumina, sodium sulfate, iron, calcium and magnesium. The gas component is recovered and heated an effective amount to eliminate hydrogen cyanide and produce a remaining gas component including CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 O, nitrogen oxides and HF. The remaining gas component is directed through a water scrubber to form hydrofluoric acid, and the hydrofluoric acid is admixed with aluminum hydroxide to create aluminum fluoride. The slurry component is rinsed with water to separate a first solid fraction containing carbon, alumina and silica from a second liquid faction. The pH of the liquid fraction is adjusted to first create and separate aluminum hydroxide and then to separate sodium sulfate.

Abstract: Mixed colored cullet glass, which generally contains amounts of green, amber and flint (colorless) glasses, is recycled into amber colored glass by regulating the additive amounts of amounts of iron, carbon, sulfur, and sulfur compounds in the mixture to impart the desired reddish-brown hue. The color green may be selectively decolorized from the mixed colored cullet and the mixed colored cullet may be colorized for the color amber, thereby rendering the decolorized mixed colored cullet substantially amber colored for use in amber colored glass production, such as carbon-sulfur soda lime amber glass. The technique of the invention is also used to produce recycled green or flint glass from unsorted mixed colored cullet glass. The invention is particularly useful in producing amber colored containers or bottles for beverages that require protection from the deteriorating effects of light, such as beer.

Abstract: An unfired recycled material recovered in the course of the production of a cordierite ceramic body is comminuted to prepare a comminuted material. The comminuted material is then subjected to size separation to remove fine particles with diameters of less than 1 mm from the comminuted material while retaining coarse particles with diameters of not less than 1 mm. Water is added to the comminuted material with particle diameters of not less than 1 mm, and the mixture is kneaded to prepare a reprocessed clay. The reprocessed clay is formed into a shape which is then fired to prepare a cordierite ceramic body.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing brickworks mouldings by mixing a compound containing a granular clay-containing material with a lean material and, if required, other additives from which moulding compound green products are moulded, dried and burnt. This process permits a recycling of residual materials by using as clay-containing material a residual material consisting predominantly of clay minerals, especially a dry fraction, predominantly composed of annealed clay minerals, of an ash, preferably brown coal ash, and by producing the moulding compound by mixing the fraction with the lean material and other additives as well as water, where water is used in such a quantity as to produce an earth-moist moulding compound which is then pressed in portions on a press to form individual, inherently stable green products.

Abstract: A process for producing tabular building and decorative materials similar to natural stone and having high strength for the facing of facades, walls and floors in interior and exterior applications from thermally treated mixtures of crushed glass, ceramic components and finely divided additives and materials produced by the process.