Abstract: Methods of treating bodies of water or wastewater are disclosed herein. The method can include providing one or more water treatment compositions comprising a compound with a peroxide group or a carbonate salt, a binder, a fibrous material, and an inert material, where the compound, binder, the fibrous material, and the inert material are combined into the form of an integral product, and immersing the integral product into a body of water or wastewater. The method can include a dispensing apparatus for holding such integral products such that the step of immersing the tablets into a body of water or wastewater is accomplished by immersing the dispensing apparatus into the body of water or wastewater. The dispensing apparatus can be arranged such that when integral products are placed in the apparatus the integral products form a vertical column.

Abstract: Provided are compositions and methods for reducing foliar chloroplast movement in plants and trees to enhance CO2 trapping (carbon capture) from the air while naturally increasing the oxygen in the atmosphere and diluting the concentration of greenhouse gasses. Also provided are methods for measuring foliar chloroplast avoidance in response to treatments designed to reduce avoidance.

Abstract: Methods for promoting plant growth based on novel photosafening treatment regimes with glycopyranosides including glycopyranosylglycopyranosides, and aryl-?-D-glycopyranosides, and more specifically, with one or more compounds comprising terminal mannosyl-triose, optionally in the presence of light enhanced by one or more light reflecting and/or refracting members such as silicon-based substrates. Furthermore, chemical synthesis processes for the above compounds are disclosed for general application to plants. Silicate microbeads of the like are distributed over the ground or substrate in which roots of a plant are supported and planted, beneath and around a plant in a manner that light is refracted or reflected toward the phylloplane.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally low volatility herbicidal compositions comprising at least one auxin herbicide and at least one monocarboxylic acid, or monocarboxylate thereof. The invention further relates generally to methods for preparing and using such low volatility herbicidal compositions, including methods for controlling auxin-susceptible plant growth on agricultural and non-agricultural lands.

Abstract: Compositions and methods providing herbicidal, fungicidal and/or nutritional activity to genetically engineered crops in a single application are disclosed. The composition comprises an aqueous mixture of glyphosate salt and phosphite at a molar ratio of about 1:2 to about 4:1 glyphosate salt to phosphite; wherein the composition is formulated as a liquid for dilution to an application rate of the dissolved glyphosate salt of between about 0.47 pounds per acre and about 4.13 pounds per acre.

Abstract: Bioactive agrichemical concentrates and compositions having improved bioactivity comprising combinations of acid solutions and conventional bioactive agrichemical actives or formulations.

Abstract: A composite particle and a population of particles comprising a water-insoluble polyphosphate composition, methods of producing, and methods of using the same are provided. The polyphosphate composition may comprise at least one alkaline earth metal selected from calcium and magnesium and optionally at least one nutrient ion selected from the group consisting of potassium, ammonium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron, chlorine, iodine, molybdenum, selenium or sulfur.

Abstract: A sunscreen composition for application for plants comprises Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant (SWD) and water. The composition forms a suspension concentrate when combined that when diluted in water provides a solution that provides uniform coverage using convention spraying equipment. A method of protecting plants including turfgrass from ultraviolet radiation, heat stress and/or sunburn comprises combining TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, SWD and water to form a suspension concentrate. The suspension concentrate is then diluted in water and applied to an area in which sun protection is desired.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions and methods for improving water quality by enhancing natural bacterial processes and altering environmental conditions in situ. This is achieved by the manufacture and use of granules or tables composed of the inventive formulations.

Abstract: A formula and method for reducing water hardness includes the combination of a sulfate donor, salt of phosphoric acid, and salt of sulfamic acid. Preferred formulas include effective amounts of sodium bisulfate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and sulfamic acid. In a swimming pool, preferred formulas are effective in reducing calcium to under 200 ppm within a two day period. In addition, preferred formulas provide ongoing effectiveness in suppressing scaling, staining and cloudy water.

Abstract: The composition provides herbicidal, fungicidal and/or nutritional activity to genetically engineered crops in a single application and comprises an aqueous composition of: (1) a glyphosate salt; and, (2) a phosphite selected from the group consisting of: potassium phosphite, potassium polyphosphite or any combinations; and, wherein the molar ratio of (1) to (2) is about 1:4 to about 1:1 and where the concentration of (1) is applied at the rate of between 0.47-4.13 lbs/acre.

Abstract: A method of improving turfgrass quality involves applying onto the turfgrass an effective amount of a composition which has been dissolved or dispersed in water, wherein the composition contains between 0.11 and 0.14 parts by weight of a phthalocyanine compound, preferably Pigment Green 7, per one part by weight of monoalkyl esters of phosphorous acid or salts thereof, preferably fosetyl aluminum or salts thereof.

Abstract: A biological soil nutrient system that combines beneficial soil fungi and bacteria in a growth promoting nutrient medium, embedded in an inorganic porous ceramic particle for direct delivery during soil aerification to the rhizosphere of adventitious plants, including sports turf, landscape and agricultural applications.

Abstract: A sunscreen composition for application for plants comprises Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant (SWD) and water. The composition forms a suspension concentrate when combined that when diluted in water provides a solution that provides uniform coverage using convention spraying equipment. A method of protecting plants including turfgrass from ultraviolet radiation, heat stress and/or sunburn comprises combining TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, SWD and water to form a suspension concentrate. The suspension concentrate is then diluted in water and applied to an area in which sun protection is desired.

Abstract: An adjuvant composition is provided which comprises: (a) at least one water-soluble electrolyte; (b) at least one electrolyte-tolerant surfactant; (c) antifoam component which is at least one mixture selected from the group consisting of (1) at least one branched silicone resin (i), at least one silicone fluid (ii), at least one particulate metal oxide (iii) and, optionally, at least one catalyst (iv) for catalyzing the condensation of siloxy groups, (2) the equilibration reaction product of mixture (1), and (3) mixture (1) in which at least a portion of particulate metal oxide (iii) is pre-hydrophobized; (d) optionally, at least one additional bioinert material; and, (e) water.

Abstract: Ferrous sulfate and ferrous ammonium sulfate are known to kill moss and liverwort. They impart acidity in the lawn. Moss grows better in an acidic pH. The current invention proposes a formulation of ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate and zero valent iron with lime. Lime neutralizes the acidity produced by the ferrous salt and keeps the pH of the soil at 7 to 7.5. The formulation produces an immediate effect to eradicate moss and also provides a sustained effect over a long period. Another embodiment contains an addition of antimicrobial agents such as benzalkonium chloride, dichlorophen, and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride to the ferrous sulfate-lime formulation.

Abstract: A composition for promoting plant growth includes sulfur, soybean oil, and an emulsifier of a fatty acid and a saponifying aqueous base together forming an emulsion, or a soap or a detergent acting as an emulsifier. Regardless of the form of the emulsifier, a composition as applied to vegetation which has a basic pH of between 7.5 and 11 appears to improve efficacy. Specific aqueous compositions as applied for promoting plant growth include 0.05 to 2 total weight percent sulfur, 0.05 to 2 total weight percent soybean oil, 0.05 to 2 total weight percent fatty acid and an aqueous base present to provide a basic pH of between 7.5 and 11. A concentrate for the composition which upon dilution with water is well suited for spraying and promotion of plant growth is provided. Another specific composition for promoting plant growth consists of 0.05 to 2 total weight percent sulfur, 0.05 to 2 total weight percent soybean oil, an aqueous base present to yield an as applied pH of 7.

Abstract: Aqueous herbicidal glyphosate compositions are provided, particularly sprayable, ready-to-use (RTU) formulations that are capable of inducing early visually apparent phytotoxic effects while minimizing antagonism to the glyphosate component of the composition and preserving the equally desirable attribute of prolonged control of the treated plants. The compositions combine a glyphosate component and a fatty acid component as a fast symptomology active ingredient and, in one embodiment, are enhanced by the concentration of the fatty acid component utilized and the inclusion of an agronomically acceptable inorganic ammonium salt, preferably ammonium sulfate. In another embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include a nonionic surfactant component comprising certain water-soluble, alkoxylated alcohols.

Abstract: A method for acidifying saline waters for raising plants, comprising injecting sulfur dioxide to form a sufficient amount of sulfurous acid treated saline waters until these buffered acidified waters condition the surface membranes of plant roots to selectively take in water and ions needed for metabolism, while filtering others out to enable the plant to withstand and live in a high salt aqueous environment.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a formulation based on (i) micronized natural calcite mineral (MC) of particles size from 500 nm to 5 ?m, which contains variable amounts of calcite (CaCO3), dolomite [CaMg (CO3)2], ankerite [Ca (Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn) (CO3)2], and quartz (SiO2); (ii) micronized zeolite of particles size from 500 nm to 5 ?m, of general formula (Mn+) x/n [(AlO2) x (SiO2) y].mH2O (MZ) wherein Me=Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu; whereas ratio of silicon to aluminum, y:x is between 1:1 to >10:1; whilst m is number of crystalline water molecules which can be from 0 to >20; and of (iii) one or more additives which, with components (i) and (ii), yiled in the final form of the formulation suitable for practical use: powder; wettable powder; concentrate for suspension; or granules; and/or which enhance basic biological actions of (i).

Abstract: Soil amendment/foliar nutrient compositions and methods for their manufacture and use are provided. The compositions are aqueous compositions that include a carbon skeleton energy component (CSE); a macronutrient; a vitamin cofactor; a complexing agent; and at least one of exotic micronutrient component and an ionophore component.

Abstract: A method for substantially preventing or inhibiting summer bentgrass decline in an outdoor environment, by exposing bentgrass beds to increased amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The invention is particularly well suited for use in warm climates. It is expected to be useful in a variety of bentgrass applications, such as golf greens, pastures, lawns, athletic fields, and the like. Similar applications for other cool-season grasses are anticipated as well.

Abstract: The invention relates to formulations of hygroscopic solids with a lipophilic coating layer, and a method of production thereof.

Abstract: A biological soil nutrient system that combines beneficial soil fungi and bacteria in a growth promoting nutrient medium, embedded in an inorganic porous ceramic particle for direct delivery during soil aerification to the rhizosphere of adventitious plants, including sports turf, landscape and agricultural applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides a plant-activating agent for improving the activity of plants efficiently without a chemical injury onto the plant. The plant-activating agent is selected from the group consisting of (1) an organic acid derivative which is derived from the organic acid having two functional groups and wherein at least one of the above-mentioned functional groups is bonded to a group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms; (2) a compound represented by the formula (II): RCOO(AO)nX1??(II) wherein R represents an alkyl or alkenyl group having 11 to 29 carbon atoms; X1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or acyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or a counter ion; AO represents at least one group selected from oxyethylene, oxyprolylene and oxybutylene groups and may be random or block; and n represents an average number of moles added and is zero to 30; and (3) a glycerol derivative.

Abstract: A method is provided for inhibiting plant growth by inducing hypothermia by applying a treating substance to summer annual weeds and grasses. Susceptible undesirable plants will be killed by this treatment, while non-susceptible desirable plants will not be adversely affected by this treatment. Compressed carbon dioxide may be applied to other summer grasses to cause the grasses to become dormant. An apparatus is provided for inducing hypothermia in undesirable plants by applying a treating substance. A canister capable of housing gas may be provided. A valve may be provided to control the amount and pressure of gas dispensed from the canister.

Abstract: A stain removal formula includes a combination of a bromide donor, a salt of sulfamic acid; and a salt of phosphoric acid. Preferred formulas include effective amounts of sodium bromide, sodium sulfamic acid, sodium hexametaphosphate, disodium phosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate. In a swimming pool, preferred formulas are effective in resolving algae stain within a 2 hour period, which represents at least an order of magnitude greater efficacy than prior art formulations. In addition, preferred formulas provide ongoing effectiveness in suppressing bacterial, fungal and/or algae growth.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to cryoprotection of plants. The compositions and methods disclosed herein provide a means for protecting plants from frost or freeze damage or death due to sudden exposure to low temperature conditions. The present disclosure further relates to methods for providing cryoprotection to plants.

Abstract: Compositions containing one or more metal phosphites are suitable for providing micronutrients for plant health and can be combined with glyphosate-containing herbicides either in a mixed composition or applied separately without concern of chelation of the micronutrient metal by the glyphosate.

Abstract: A composition including an aqueous solution of calcium polysulfide and an amount of a precipitation preventing compound effective to reduce or eliminate precipitation of the calcium polysulfide at low concentrations. The precipitation preventing compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydrosulfide, potassium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and potassium sulfide. A method of reducing or preventing precipitation of calcium polysulfide added to the water in an irrigation system by first injecting the precipitation preventing compound into the water in an amount effective to reduce or eliminate precipitation of the calcium polysulfide at low concentrations. Sodium methyldithiocarbamate can be added to the calcium polysulfide/precipitation preventing compound solution without any substantial precipitation.

Abstract: Provided herein are exemplary methods for increasing crop yield. One exemplary method for increasing a yield of a crop includes controlling plant tissue stress by at least partially coating a plant tissue with a composition comprising an agricultural sunscreen formulation and a second agricultural chemical. The agricultural sunscreen formulation and the second agricultural chemical may be applied to the plant tissue from separate containers, wherein each container either contains the agricultural sunscreen formulation or the second agricultural chemical. Further, the agricultural sunscreen formulation and the second agricultural chemical may be applied to the crop at or near the same time. Alternatively, the agricultural sunscreen formulation and the second agricultural chemical may be applied to the crop from a shared container, wherein the shared container contains both the agricultural sunscreen formulation and the second agricultural chemical.

Abstract: A stain removal formula includes a combination of a bromide donor, a salt of sulfamic acid; and a salt of phosphoric acid. Preferred formulas include effective amounts of sodium bromide, sodium sulfamic acid, sodium hexametaphosphate, disodium phosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate. In a swimming pool, preferred formulas are effective in resolving algae stain within a 2 hour period, which represents at least an order of magnitude greater efficacy than prior art formulations. In addition, preferred formulas provide ongoing effectiveness in suppressing bacterial, fungal and/or algae growth.

Abstract: The invention discloses the use of a composition comprising at least one nitric oxide generating agent for increasing production of and/or retention of a plant organ.

Abstract: A method of improving turfgrass quality involves applying onto the turfgrass an effective amount of a composition which has been dissolved or dispersed in water, wherein the composition contains between 0.11 and 0.14 parts by weight of a phthalocyanine compound, preferably Pigment Green 7, per one part by weight of monoalkyl esters of phosphorous acid or salts thereof, preferably fosetyl aluminum or salts thereof.

Abstract: A method of controlling moss by applying to grass infested with moss a dry composition including: a) a source of nitrogen such as isobutylenediurea or methylene urea; b) a non-ionic surfactant or wetting agent; c) a metal containing salt, and d) an acidic pH adjusting agent effective to adjust the pH of the composition to a pH of between 2.5 and 5 when wetted on grass. The dry composition may be a granular composition, and may be applied by broadcasting over a large area.

Abstract: A composition for controlling harmful bio-organisms comprising (a) at least one imidazole compound represented by formula (I): wherein R represents a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group; and n represents an integer of 1 to 5, as an active ingredient, and (b) at least one inorganic phosphorus compound and/or at least one fungicide for Phycomycetes as an active ingredient or (c) a spreader as an activity-enhancing ingredient, and a method for controlling harmful bio-organisms comprising applying the composition for controlling harmful bio-organisms onto harmful bio-organisms.

Abstract: A fungicidal composition for controlling fungal diseases in plants, which includes a fungicide, and a complex organic composition derived from natural organic materials. The organic composition may comprise a humic acid composition, a fulvic acid composition, a humin component composition, mixtures thereof or other extracts from natural organic materials such as leonardite, lignite, peat, shale, sediments and soil. The fungicidal composition includes a phosphorus-containing compound such as phosphorous acid, a phosphite salt, and a phosphate salt or mixtures thereof. The preferred embodiments of the compositions provide enhanced control of select fungal diseases in plants as well as enhanced plant nutrient uptake abilities. The invention also includes processes for producing the fungicidal compositions and methods for applying the fungicidal compositions to plants.

Abstract: A natural herbicide for selectively removing weeds from desirable grass/turf, the active components of the natural herbcide being sodium bicarbonate, cinnamon, and wheat flour, with a color indicator included to identify the natural herbicide coverage area.

Abstract: A natural herbicide for selectively removing weeds from desirable grass/turf, the active components of the natural herbicide being sodium bicarbonate, cinnamon, and wheat flour, with a color indicator included to identify the natural herbicide coverage area.

Abstract: Disclosed are a multipurpose, high-functional, alkaline solution composition, preparation therefor and use thereof as a nonspecific immunostimulator. The composition comprises 1-25 parts by weight of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O), 10−5-10−4 parts by weight of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), 30-150 parts by weight of potassium carbonate, 30-200 parts by weight of refined sugar (C12H22O11), and 100-200 parts by weight of water, based on 100 parts by weight of sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3.5H2O). In addition to bringing about an improvement in disease resistance, weight gain rate, crop yield, crop quality, harvest time, the composition shows nonspecific immunostimulating activities, including antibody production and immune enhancement, by activating immune cells, thereby maximizing vaccination effects on malignant viral diseases.

Abstract: Composition and method for enhancing the moisture content of growing and cut trees and plants, including the steps of providing a polyacrylimide polymer in crystalline form, mixing salt with the polymer wherein the salt comprises about 5% by weight relative to the polymer, treating the mixture in a reaction tube for about 60 seconds, and applying the mixture to the tree or plant to enhance the ability thereof to absorb and retain moisture.

Abstract: Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder and/or an aqueous dispersion or solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is sprayed to weeds by gravity Drop or low-pressure spraying, or blasted to weeds together with compressed air at an ejection pressure (gauge pressure) of 1-10 kgf/cm2, using a high-pressure dry-blasting apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel composition and method for controlling, killing or inhibiting the growth of bryophytes (e.g. mosses and liverworts). It is applicable to the remediation of these organisms in, gardens, orchards or agricultural land, or forests and upon higher plants without substantial detriment to grasses, trees or most broad leaf plants. The novel composition is a combination of an effective amount of finely ground calcium-rich compound suspended in a horticulturally or agriculturally acceptable diluent, and/or binder/carrier. In addition to being a carrier for the calcium-rich compound the binder also acts to bind fine soil particles, helping to conserve irrigation water and to reduce soil erosion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for combating fungi in plants (24) that are kept in a closed nutrition system, particularly plants maintained under greenhouse cultivation, by adding Cu ions to a circulating plant nutrient solution (2). The nutrient solution concentration is measured continuously by monitoring its conductivity and maintained at a constant value by controlled addition of nutrients. Free Cu ions are released into the nutrient solution by at least one electrode pair (5) composed of a Cu anode (3) and a cathode (4), disposed in the nutrient solution. The release of free Cu ions is regulated by an associated control unit (6), depending on the requirements of the system, such that the Cu ion binding threshold of the nutrient solution is exceeded, and the nutrient solution delivered to the plants has a free Cu ion concentration of 0.1 to 0.8 ppm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel composition and method for controlling, killing or inhibiting the growth of bryophytes (e.g. mosses and liverworts). It is applicable to the remediation of these organisms in, gardens, orchards or agricultural land, or forests and upon higher plants without substantial detriment to grasses, trees or most broad leaf plants. The novel composition is a combination of an effective amount of finely ground calcium-rich compound suspended in a horticulturally or agriculturally acceptable diluent, and/or binder/carrier. In addition to being a carrier for the calcium-rich compound the binder also acts to bind fine soil particles, helping to conserve irrigation water and to reduce soil erosion.

Abstract: Sodium hydrogen carbonate powder and/or an aqueous dispersion or solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is sprayed to weeds by gravity Drop or low-pressure spraying, or blasted to weeds together with compressed air at an ejection pressure (gauge pressure) of 1-10 kgf/cm2, using a high-pressure dry-blasting apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed are a multipurpose, high-functional, alkaline solution composition, preparation therefor and use thereof as a nonspecific immunostimulator. The composition comprises 1-25 parts by weight of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O), 10−5-10−4 parts by weight of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), 30-150 parts by weight of potassium carbonate, 30-200 parts by weight of refined sugar (C12H22O11), and 100-200 parts by weight of water, based on 100 parts by weight of sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3.5H2O). In addition to bringing about an improvement in disease resistance, weight gain rate, crop yield, crop quality, harvest time, the composition shows nonspecific immunostimulating activities, including antibody production and immune enhancement, by activating immune cells, thereby maximizing vaccination effects on malignant viral diseases.

Abstract: A process for providing nutrient material for banana and plantain plants, comprising providing a slow release implant containing a banana and plantain nutrient material and implanting the implant into banana or plantain plants whereby the nutrient is slowly released into the plant over a period of time.

Abstract: Methods for rendering high concentrations of manganese safe for plant growth, comprising the steps of, mixing one or more alkyl glycosides with Mn resulting in a mixture comprising Mn at a concentration of between about 20 to 75 ppm, and applying a suitable volume of the resulting mixture to one or more plants; and formulations for same.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for enhancing supercooling of a plant to temperatures below about −2° C., involving preventing the formation of ice crystals adjacent the plant by forming a substantially continuous hydrophobic membrane of particulate materials on portions of the plant capable of supporting droplets of water, the particulate material having a particle size distribution wherein up to about 90% by weight of the particles have a particle size of about 100 &mgr;m or less, and the substantially continuous hydrophobic membrane has a thickness from about 1 &mgr;m to about 1,000 &mgr;m.