Abstract: Plant growth enhancing mixture and method of selectively timing the application of same during the development of crop plants or other plants to positively augment cell number increase and cellular development of crop plants or other plants to enhance development and/or productivity of the economic portion of the crop plant or other plant. Application of the plant growth enhancing mixture at flowering enhances both weak flowers and normally strong flowers. The plant growth enhancing mixture and method of application have also been shown to impart varying disease resistance to the treated crop or other plants. The plant growth enhancing mixture and method of application also increases the depth and strength of rooting for greater access and transport of water and nutrients for growth and productivity of the crop plant.

Abstract: There is a need for a selective, low-risk herbicide that can be used to control weeds in cereal cultures and turf. The present invention discloses that a bacterial secondary metabolite, thaxtomin and optionally another herbicide is an effective herbicide on broadleaved, sedge and grass weeds. Thaxtomin A and structurally similar compounds can be used as natural herbicides to control the germination and growth of weeds in cereal, turf grass, Timothy grass and pasture grass cultures with no phytotoxicity to these crops. As a natural, non-toxic compound, thaxtomin can be used as a safe alternative for weed control in both conventional and organic farming and gardening systems.

Abstract: Provided herein are synergistic herbicidal compositions containing (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) bromobutide, daimuron, oxaziclomefone or pyributicarb, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The compositions and methods provide control of undesirable vegetation, e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) or rights of way (ROW).

Abstract: A herbicidal composition comprising a) at least one 3-phenyluracils of formula I wherein the variables R1 to R7 are as defined in the specification; and b) at least one 3-sulfonylisoxazoline of formula II wherein the variables R8 and R9 are as defined in the specification; and c) optionally at least one safener III selected from the group as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Herbicide combinations comprising components (A) and (B) show improved herbicidal effects: (A) one or more herbicides from the group of the compounds of the formula (I) and their salts, and (B) one or more herbicides from the group of the compounds of the formula (II) and their salts and esters, in which R1=is fluorine or chlorine, R2=is H or chlorine, R3=is H or NH2, and R4=is COOH, OCH2COOH, OCH2COOCH(CH3)CH2O(CH2)3CH3 or OCH2COOCH(CH3)(CH2)5CH3, where at least one of the radicals R2 and R3 is different from H.

Abstract: A synergistic herbicidal composition containing (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) dimethoxy-pyrimidine acids, including but not limited to bispyribac-sodium, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl and pyrimisulfan provide synergistic weed control of undesirable vegetation e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded, and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, vegetables, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, industrial vegetation management (IVM) or rights of way (ROW).

Abstract: Synergistic and crop-plant-compatible herbicidal compositions comprising herbicides from the group of the benzoylpyrazoles Herbicidal compositions comprising A) a compound from the group of the benzoylpyrazoles, B) at least one further herbicide and C) optionally at least one safener are described as herbicides effective against monocotyledonous and/or dicotyledonous harmful plants. Compared to the herbicides applied individually, these compositions have superior activity, and at the same time they are highly compatible with crop plants.

Abstract: A control method against noxious organisms in a field of soybean or corn, which comprises applying one or more PPO-inhibiting compounds selected from the group consisting of flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen and 3-(4-chloro-6-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazol-7-yl)-1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione to soil or weeds in the field where soybean or corn seeds have been sown or where said seeds are to be sown, said seeds being treated with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of neonicotinoid compounds, azole compounds, strobilurin compounds and metalaxyl compounds.

Abstract: A synergistic mixture of penoxsulam and glufosinate-ammonium controls weeds in crops, e.g., vineyards, orchards, perennial plantation crops, rice, corn, cereals, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, sunflower, oilseed rape, vegetables, turf, range and pasture, industrial vegetation management (IVM), rights-of-way and in any glufosinate-ammonium and/or ALS (acetolactate synthase)-tolerant crops.

Abstract: Use of substituted isoquinolinones, isoquinolinediones, isoquinolinetriones and dihydroisoquinolinones of the general formula (I) or their respective salts where the radicals in the general formula (I) correspond to the definitions given in the description, for enhancing stress tolerance in plants to abiotic stress, for strengthening plant growth and/or for increasing plant yield, and selected processes for preparing the compounds mentioned above.

Abstract: A herbicidal suspension concentrate composition is provided, the composition comprising at least one pyridine sulfonamide active ingredient and a polyether-polysiloxane.

Abstract: [OBJECT] To provide a novel pesticide. [MEANS OF ACCOMPLISHING THE OBJECT] The present invention provides a herbicidal composition which comprises as active ingredients (a) a herbicidal benzoylpyrazole compound represented by the formula (I) or its salt: wherein R1 is alkyl or cycloalkyl, R2 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl, R3 is alkyl, R4 is alkyl, haloalkyl or the like, R5 is a hydrogen atom, alkyl or the like, R6 is haloalkyl, halogen or the like, and A is alkylene substituted by alkyl, and (b) other herbicidal compound.

Abstract: Plant growth enhancing mixture and method of selectively timing the application of same during the development of crop plants or other plants to positively augment cell number increase and cellular development of crop plants or other plants to enhance development and/or productivity of the economic portion of the crop plant or other plant. Application of the plant growth enhancing mixture at flowering enhances both weak flowers and normally strong flowers. The plant growth enhancing mixture and method of application have also been shown to impart varying disease resistance to the treated crop or other plants. The plant growth enhancing mixture and method of application also increases the depth and strength of rooting for greater access and transport of water and nutrients for growth and productivity of the crop plant.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a synergistic herbicidally effective amount of (a) penoxsulam, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) pethoxamid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) penoxsulam, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) pethoxamid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein (a) and (b) are each added in an amount sufficient to produce a synergistic herbicidal effect.

Abstract: Provided herein are 4-amino-6-(4-substituted-phenyl)-picolinic acids and their derivatives, and 6-amino-2-(4-substituted-phenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids and their derivatives, compositions comprising the acids and their derivatives, and methods of use thereof as herbicides.

Abstract: 4-Amino-6-(heterocyclic)picolinic acids and their derivatives; 6-amino-2-(heterocyclic)pyrimidine-4-carboxylates and their derivatives; and methods of using the same as herbicides.

Abstract: Novel 4-amino-6-(heterocyclic)picolinic acids and their derivatives and 6-amino-2-(heterocyclic)pyrimidine-4-carboxylates and their derivatives are useful to control undesirable vegetation.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a synergistic herbicidally effective amount of (a) penoxsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or clomazone or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) benzobicyclon or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation in rice, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) penoxsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, or clomazone or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) benzobicyclon or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein (a) and (b) are each added in an amount sufficient to produce a synergistic herbicidal effect.

Abstract: Provided herein are synergistic herbicidal compositions containing (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) fungicides, including but not limited to, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, difenoconazole, flutolanil, hexaconazole, iprobenfos, isoprothiolane, isotianil, kasugamycin, mancozeb, myclobutanil, phthalide, probenazole, propiconazole, pyroquilon, tebuconazole, thifluzamide, tricyclazole, trifloxystrobin, validamycin, and a compound of formula (II) The compositions and methods provided herein control undesirable vegetation, e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn/maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) and rights of way (ROW).

Abstract: Novel 4-amino-6-(heterocyclic)picolinic acids and their derivatives and 6-amino-2-(heterocyclic)pyrimidine-4-carboxylates and their derivatives are useful to control undesirable vegetation.

Abstract: Provided are novel compositions for use to herbicide activity. Specifically, the present application describes methods and compositions that modulate the expression of a plastid protein import system of a plant. Also provided are combinations of compositions and methods that enhance weed control.

Abstract: 4-amino-6-(pyridyl and 2-substitutedphenyl)-picolinic acids and their derivatives; 6-amino-2-(pyridyl and 2-substitutedphenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylates and their derivatives; and methods of using the same as herbicides.

Abstract: A composition comprising an effective amount of GA4/7 (gibberellin 4 and gibberellin 7) or GA3 (gibberellic acid) and 6BA (benzyladenine) is used as a seed treatment on sweet and field corn (Zea mays) to accelerate plant establishment and to promote low temperature germination and emergence.

Abstract: The present invention relates to esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals comprising a labile protecting group and having formula (I). Certain of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals do not undergo hydrolysis to a significant degree in the dark, but are cleaved to regenerate the parent carboxylic acid agrochemical when exposed to light. Others of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals undergo hydrolysis under both light and dark conditions. The present invention further relates to methods for the controlled release of a carboxylic acid agrochemicals, and to methods of controlling unwanted plants comprising applying to the unwanted plants an ester of a carboxylic acid agrochemical.

Abstract: Undesirable vegetation is controlled in turf using a combination of (a) florasulam, (b) 2,4-D or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (c) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof.

Abstract: There is a need for a selective, low-risk herbicide that can be used to control weeds in cereal cultures and turf. The present invention discloses that a bacterial secondary metabolite, thaxtomin and optionally another herbicide is an effective herbicide on broadleaved, sedge and grass weeds. Thaxtomin A and structurally similar compounds can be used as natural herbicides to control the germination and growth of weeds in cereal, turf grass, Timothy grass and pasture grass cultures with no phytotoxicity to these crops. As a natural, non-toxic compound, thaxtomin can be used as a safe alternative for weed control in both conventional and organic farming and gardening systems.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a synergistic herbicidally effective amount of (a) penoxsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and (b) acetochlor or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) penoxsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof and (b) acetochlor or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein (a) and (b) are each added in an amount sufficient to produce a synergistic herbicidal effect.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation in pineapple, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) penoxsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. The methods can further comprise applying (b) a second pesticide or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof to the vegetation or the area adjacent the vegetation or to the soil adjacent thereto. In some embodiments, (b) includes an ACCase inhibitor such as cyhalofop-butyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Provided herein are synergistic herbicidal compositions containing and methods of controlling undesirable vegetation utilizing (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) halosulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl or esprocarb, or an agriculturally acceptable derivative thereof. The compositions and methods provided herein provide control of undesirable vegetation, e.g., in direct-seeded, water-seeded and transplanted rice, cereals, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, sugarcane, sunflower, oilseed rape, canola, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, pineapple, oilseed rape, vegetables, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, plantation crops, vegetables, industrial vegetation management (IVM) or rights of way (ROW).

Abstract: At present, a large number of herbicidal compositions have been developed and used. However, weeds to be controlled include a lot of kinds, and the emergence thereof extends over a long period of time. Therefore, the appearance of a herbicidal composition having a broad weed spectrum and having a high activity and a long residual effect is desired. The present invention relates to a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising (A) at least one member selected from the group consisting of flazasulfuron, nicosulfuron, and their salts and (B) pyroxasulfone or its salt. According to the synergistic herbicidal composition of the present invention, a herbicidal composition having a broad weed spectrum and having a high activity and a long residual effect can be provided.

Abstract: Herbicidal compositions and methods using a combination of (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) an aryloxyphenoxy propionate ACCase inhibitor herbicide selected from the group consisting of fluazifop-P, haloxyfop-P, and quizalofop-P or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof provide control of undesirable vegetation in, e.g., rice, wheat, barley, triticale, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, oilseed rape, vegetables, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, industrial vegetation management (IVM) or rights-of-way.

Abstract: Herbicidal compositions and methods using a combination of (a) a compound of formula (I): or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) diclosulam or clorasulam-methyl or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof provide control of undesirable vegetation in, e.g., rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, corn or maize, oilseed rape, vegetables, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, aquatics, industrial vegetation management or rights-of-way.

Abstract: Provided are improved agricultural processes for the improved cultivation of rice wherein the crops are treated to control undesired vegetative growth using a plant treatment composition comprising both halosulfuron and thifensulfuron to provide improved herbicidal efficacy against Heteranthera limosa, commonly referred to as “duck salad”. Also provided are compositions useful in the improved agricultural processes, as well as herbicidal treatment regimens. Unexpectedly high rates of efficacy against Heteranthera limosa, amongst rice plant in rice crops are disclosed.

Abstract: A herbicide combination comprising of components (A) and (B) exhibit synergistic herbicidal effects, where (A) is one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of heteroaryloxy- and aryloxy-phenoxypropionic acids, their salts and esters and cyclohexanediones, and (B) is one or more herbicides selected from the group consisting of (B1) herbicides which are selective in rice, mainly against monocotyledonous plants, (B2) herbicides which are selective in rice, mainly against dicotyledonous harmful plants and cyperaceae, (B3) herbicides which are selective in rice, mainly against cyperaceae and (B4) herbicides which are selective in rice, mainly against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and cyperaceae.

Abstract: The present invention relates to aqueous concentrate formulations for plant protection comprising: 2-chloro-5-[3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(2H)pyrimidinyl]-4-fluoro-N-[[methyl(1-methylethyl)amino]sulfonyl]benzamide in the form of its anhydrate; N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine in the form of its free acid, in the form of the ammonium salt or a substituted ammonium salt or a mixture thereof; at least two different non-ionic surfactants with at least one of them comprising an ethylene oxide polymer moiety or an ethylene oxide/C3-C4-alkylene oxide block copolymer moiety, and water; wherein the pH-value of the formulation is below 6.

Abstract: A plant supporting formulation which is also suitable for use as a delivery vehicle, or a component of a delivery vehicle, for the delivery of one or more phytologically beneficial substances to a plant, and for enhancing the translocation of such delivered substance(s) in or on the plant, the formulation comprising a micro-emulsion constituted by a dispersion of vesicles or microsponges of a fatty acid based component in an aqueous carrier, the fatty acid based component comprising at least one long chain fatty acid based substance selected from the group consisting of free fatty acids and derivatives of free fatty acids. The dispersion is preferably characterized in that at least 50% of the vesicles or microsponges are of a diametrical size of between 50 nm and 5 micrometer. The dispersion is further also characterized in that the micro-emulsion has a zeta potential of between ?25 mV and ?60 mV.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a synergistically herbicidal effective amount of (a) penoxsulam, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) mefenacet, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation in rice, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) penoxsulam, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, and (b) mefenacet, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein (a) and (b) are each added in an amount sufficient to produce a synergistic herbicidal effect.

Abstract: Herbicidal compositions containing (a) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) flumetsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof provide synergistic herbicidal control of undesirable vegetation, e.g., in wheat, barley, oats, rye, sugarcane, rice, sorghum, corn/maize, soybean, rice, sunflower, canola/oilseed rape, sugarcane, sorghum, cotton, pastures, grasslands, rangelands, fallowland, turf, tree and vine orchards, industrial vegetation management and rights-of-way; or crops comprising an aad-12 gene. Also provided herein are methods of using herbicidal compositions containing (a) fluoroxypyr or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof and (b) flumetsulam or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are herbicidal compositions comprising a synergistically herbicidal effective amount of (a) aminopyralid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (b) clopyralid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of controlling undesirable vegetation, which comprise applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation or applying to soil or water to prevent the emergence or growth of vegetation (a) aminopyralid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, and (b) clopyralid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein (a) and (b) are each added in an amount sufficient to produce a synergistic herbicidal effect.

Abstract: This document discloses molecules having the following formula (“Formula One”): and processes associated therewith.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the blending of key nutritional and hormonal components for successful application through a controlled drop applicator to satisfy plant requirements for growth. More specifically this invention provides a micronutrient composition for enhancing plant growth made of a mixture of gibberellic acid dissolved in triethanolamine. The gibberellic acids are: Gibberellic acid 4, Gibberellic acid 7, Gibberellic acid 9, Gibberellic acid 12. The gibberellic acids are mixed with kinetin dissolved in an alcohol; tryptophan dissolved in a humic acid solution; and a sufficient amount of a chelating agent.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid herbicidal composition in the form of an emulsifiable concentrate, comprising a mixture of: (i) pinoxaden; (ii) a C1-C12alkyl ester or a 2-(C1-C6alkoxy)C2-C4alkyl-ester of fluoroxypyr; and (iii) a built-in phosphate and/or phosphonate adjuvant as defined herein; preferably tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. The invention also provides a method for controlling and/or inhibiting the growth of weeds from the genus Kochia, comprising applying a liquid herbicidal composition to these weeds or to their locus, at a time after emergence of the weeds, wherein the liquid herbicidal composition comprises a mixture of: (i) pinoxaden; (ii) a ester of fluoroxypyr; and (iii) a built-in phosphate and/or phosphonate adjuvant as defined herein.

Abstract: A description is given of herbicidal compositions comprising A) tefuryltrione and B) at least one additional herbicide. These compositions exhibit a superior action in comparison with the herbicides applied separately.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of the ALS inhibitor herbicides for controlling unwanted vegetation in ALS inhibitor herbicide tolerant Brassica plants, more especially, the present invention relates to the use of ALS inhibitor herbicides for control of unwanted vegetation in Brassica growing areas which Brassica plants comprise non-transgenic mutations of their endogenous acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes I and III.

Abstract: Described are preferred methods and compositions for controlling aquatic weeds that involve the use of an ALS-inhibiting herbicidal agent such as penoxsulam in combination with endothall. Preferred herbicidal combinations allow for enhanced control when treating a body of water to control a target weed population, such as hydrilla.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a method for controlling undesired vegetation at a plant cultivation site, the method comprising the steps of providing, at said site, a plant that comprises at least one nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a wild-type or a mutated protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) which is resistant or tolerant to a benzoxazinone-derivative herbicide by applying to said site an effective amount of said herbicide. The invention further refers to plants comprising wild-type or mutated PPO enzymes, and methods of obtaining such plants.

Abstract: Many herbicidal compositions have been developed and are presently used. However, weeds to be controlled are various in types and their emergence extends over a long period. Accordingly, it is desired to develop a herbicidal composition which has a broad herbicidal spectrum, a high activity and a long-lasting effect. The present invention provides a herbicidal composition comprising (A) flazasulfuron or its salt and (B) at least one protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of a phenylpyrazole compound, a triazolinone compound, a N-phenylphthalimide compound, a pyrimidindione compound, an oxadiazole compound, an oxazolidinedione compound, a thiadiazole compound, pyraclonil, profluazol, flufenpyr-ethyl and their salts. According to the present invention, a herbicidal composition which has a broad herbicidal spectrum, a high activity and a long-lasting effect can be provided.

Abstract: At present, many herbicidal compositions have been developed and used, but there are a variety of types of weeds to be controlled, and their development lasts for a long period of time. Thus, a high active and long-residual herbicidal composition having a broad herbicidal spectrum has been desired. The present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising (A) flazasulfuron or its salt and (B) at least one urea compound selected from the group consisting of tebuthiuron, diuron and metobromuron or its salt. According to the synergistic herbicidal composition of the present invention, a high active and long-residual herbicidal composition having a broad-spectrum can be provided.

Abstract: N-(1,2,5-Oxadiazol-3-yl)-, N-(tetrazol-5-yl)- and N-(triazol-5-yl)bicycloarylcarboxamides of the general formula (I) are described as herbicides. In this formula (I), R3, R4 and R5 are each radicals such as hydrogen, organic radicals such as alkyl, and other radicals such as halogen. Q is a heterocycle. X and Y are each oxygen and sulfur.

Abstract: 3-Phenylisoxazoline-5-carboxamides and 3-phenylisoxazoline-5-thioamides of the formula (I) and their use as herbicides and fungicides are described. In this formula (I), X, X2 to X6, R1 to R4 are radicals such as hydrogen, halogen and organic radicals such as substituted alkyl. A is a bond or a divalent unit. Y is a chalcogen.