Abstract: Compositions for removing incidental soils from fabric articles, especially articles of clothing, linen and drapery, provide improved cleaning of incidental soils, either with or without a subsequent wash process. Methods for use of the compositions are also provided. The compositions and methods are safe for use on a wide range of fabric articles, even in the home.

Abstract: The present invention is a composition comprising a surfactant blend of nonionic and anionic surfactants useful for the removal of oligomer deposits from polyester fibers and polyester processing equipment. The composition of the present invention includes a surfactant blend of an ethoxylated sorbitan ester and at least one additional nonionic or anionic surfactant. The combination of the ethoxylated sorbitan ester and additional surfactants used in the invention surprisingly has a synergistic effect on the removal of oligomer deposits from polyester fibers and polyester processing equipment.

Abstract: A liquid detergent concentrate is provided. The liquid detergent concentrate includes about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. % combination anionic surfactant component and nonionic surfactant component containing about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % anionic surfactant and about 0.5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % nonionic surfactant, about 5 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of a water conditioning agent, and about 40 wt. % to about 95 wt. % water. The liquid detergent concentrate can be diluted with water to provide a liquid detergent use solution containing greater than 95 wt. % water. A method for washing textiles is provided.

Abstract: Compositions for treating fabric articles, especially articles of clothing, linens and drapery, wherein the compositions provide improved cleaning of soils from and/or care of and/or treatment of fabric articles, especially while providing superior garment care for articles sensitive to water as compared to conventional fabric article treating compositions, are provided.

Abstract: A composition containing a polyoxyalkylene polymer for cleaning fabric articles, especially articles of clothing, linen and drapery, with lipophilic fluid provides improved cleaning of soils while providing excellent garment care, especially for articles sensitive to water.

Abstract: An aqueous composition for the reduction or elimination of unpleasant odors from surfaces containing such odors comprises a perfume, a surfactant/solubilizer, a solvent/drying aid, an odor absorber, and, preferably, a buffer to maintain the desired pH. The solution contains minimal or no volatile organic compounds. Due to the specific nature of the combination of the surfactant/solubilizer and the solvent/drying aid, the use of fragrances previously too hydrophobic for use in an aqueous solution is possible, providing a large variety of efficient odor counteractants not previously available. The composition may optionally comprise additional components, such as preservatives, antimicrobials, anti-static compositions, anti-wrinkling agents, insect control agents, moth repellents, UV protectants, water-proofing agents, and textile treatment agents. The aqueous solution may be applied to a variety of surfaces, in sufficient quantity to wet the surface, preferably by spraying.

Abstract: A cleaning system that utilizes an organic cleaning solvent and pressurized fluid solvent is disclosed. The system has no conventional evaporative hot air drying cycle. Instead, the system utilizes the solubility of the organic solvent in pressurized fluid solvent as well as the physical properties of pressurized fluid solvent. After an organic solvent cleaning cycle, the solvent is extracted from the textiles at high speed in a rotating drum in the same way conventional solvents are extracted from textiles in conventional evaporative hot air dry cleaning machines. Instead of proceeding to a conventional drying cycle, the extracted textiles are then immersed in pressurized fluid solvent to extract the residual organic solvent from the textiles. This is possible because the organic solvent is soluble in pressurized fluid solvent. After the textiles are immersed in pressurized fluid solvent, pressurized fluid solvent is pumped from the drum.

Abstract: There are provided wrinkle reducing compositions and method for treating fabrics in order to improve various properties of fabrics, in particular, reduction or removal of unwanted wrinkles, by means of an aqueous composition comprising a nonionic polyhydric alcohol humectant and a water-soluble wetting agent selected from a cationic surfactant, a non-alkoxylated nonionic surfactant and an anionic surfactant.

Abstract: Described are compositions comprising perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ethers and, optionally, surfactant; uses for perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ether compounds and compositions thereof, optionally comprising surfactant; and perfluoroalkyl haloalkyl ethers.

Abstract: Methods and compositions to treat fabrics with lipophilic fluid and a specific fabric care active are provided by the present invention.

Abstract: A provided novel colloid active component, a method for manufacturing colloid aluminum silica gel, and a surfactant containing the same are disclosed for solving water and land pollution, being safe to a human and the ecosystem, and adding economic value and applicability for the industrial use, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) dissolving a mixture of aluminum oxide, silicic acid, potassium, iron oxide, sulfuric acid and water into sulfuric acid; (b) adding potassium sulfate solution into the solution, and stirring at a low temperature to produce compositions with soluble aluminum double salt; (c) purifying the compositions to get very pure and dense aluminum potassium sulfate; (d) adding aluminum silicate and water to produce alkali metal polysilicate-sulfate water salt chelate; (e) polymerizing and precipitating the resultant at a low temperature to produce pectograph of aluminum silicate sieve; (f) producing chelate by adding Mgo, Fe2O3, Ca(OH)2, NaOH, KOH, and distilled water in sequence; (g

Abstract: Gel compositions comprising a thickener and a surfactant component including an alkoxylated carboxylic acid ester corresponding to general formula (I): wherein R1C(O) represents an aliphatic acyl group, each AlkO independently represents an alkoxylate selected from the group consisting of CH2CH2O, CHCH3CH2O and CH2CHCH3O, n is a number of from 1 to 20, and R2 represents an aliphatic alkyl group, are described. The use of such gel compositions in methods of providing controlled release of cleaning agents to toilets is also described, in addition to the containers used in such methods.

Abstract: Liquid detergent compositions, are disclosed, comprising a surfactant and a builder mainly comprised of a quaternary ammonium salt of a carboxyl-containing polymer, which has good compatibility with surfactants and is capable of providing excellent detergency, especially, against mud dirt in washing clothes. Detergent compositions, are also disclosed, containing an alkoxylated alcohol nonionic surfactant having a specific distribution constant and narrow molecular weight distribution or an anionic surfactant derived therefrom, together with one or more of a quaternary ammonium or organic amine salt of a carboxyl group-containing polymer, a cationic surfactant and a quaternary ammonium or organic amine salt of a low molecular weight polycarboxylic acid, whereby detergency is synergistically enhanced.

Abstract: Fabric care compositions comprising a perfume, methods for using such compositions and systems for their use in a lipophilic fluid treatment process are provided. More particularly, the present invention relates to fabric care compositions and systems comprising a perfume, and methods for using such compositions in the cleaning and treatment of garments with a lipophilic fluid.

Abstract: Methods and compositions to treat fabrics with lipophilic fluid and a rebuild agent are provided by the present invention.

Abstract: A dishwashing detergent composition containing: (a) an alkoxylated carboxylic acid ester; and (b) a surfactant selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are hard surface antimicrobial cleaners and methods for using them. The cleaners include a low concentration of high molecular weight ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer and a carrier. This provides residual benefits on the hard surface such as soil resistance and resistance to bacteria, molds, and biofilms. The cleaners contain other surfactants, and preferably also water and an organic acid.

Abstract: A low-foaming, liquid composition is disclosed. Methods of making and using the low-foaming, liquid composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided as a temperature-up·spontaneous ignition inhibitor for carbonaceous powder which can inhibit carbonaceous powder such as coal and carbon blacks from temperature-up and spontaneous ignition in stacking or during storing is (1) a temperature-up·spontaneous ignition inhibitor for carbonaceous powder comprising at least one substance selected from a radical scavenger and an oxygen scavenger or (2) a temperature-up·spontaneous ignition inhibitor for carbonaceous powder comprising an amine base cationic surfactant having a hydrocarbon group having 4 to 22 carbon atoms and a nonionic surfactant. Further, provided is a temperature-up·spontaneous ignition-inhibiting method for carbonaceous powder, characterized by spraying the above temperature-up·spontaneous ignition inhibitor for carbonaceous powder on carbonaceous powder.

Abstract: An aerosol aqueous cleaning composition having: an effective mineral dissolving amount of an organic acid of at least 5% by weight of the cleaning compositions; an effective amount of a spore forming microbial composition; an effective cleaning amount of a blend of wetting agents, the first wetting agent having a hydrophobic/lipophobic number (HLB) of about 10 and higher and a second wetting agent having an HLB number of about 5 or less; an effective amount of a thickening agent; an effective amount of a propellant and water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid bleaching composition comprising a peroxygen bleach, a zwitterionic betaine surfactant, a sulphonated hydrotrope, and a nonionic surfactant. This composition is suitable to deliver excellent stain removal performance and bleaching performance on various surfaces including fabrics and hard-surfaces, with improved physical stability, especially at low temperatures.

Abstract: The invention concerns an aqueous biocide system comprising: at least one water-soluble or water-dispersible biocidal agent, and at least a polyorganosiloxane with water-soluble or water-dispersible functions. The invention also concerns the use of the system for disinfecting hard surfaces, or a method for disinfecting hard surfaces using the system, with controlled release of the biocide when contacted with an aqueous medium of a hard surface whereon the aqueous medium has been deposited and dried.

Abstract: A system for dry cleaning soils from fabrics comprising densified carbon dioxide and a surfactant in the densified CO2. The densified carbon dioxide is in a temperature range of about −78.5° C. to about 100° C. and a pressure range of about 14.7 to about 10,000 psi. At least 0.1% by volume of a modifier is preferably present. The surfactant has a polysiloxane a branched polyalkylene oxide or a halocarbon group which is a functional CO2-philic moiety connected to a CO2-phobic functional moiety. The surfantant either exhibits an HLB of less than 15 or has a ratio of siloxyl to substituted siloxyl groups of greater than 0.5:1.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to low foaming and/or defoaming cleaning formulations which, comprises a synergistic combination of one or more hydrotropic alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds and at least one nonionic surfactant based on branched alcohols. The nonionic surfactant may be selected from structures having 3 to 12 moles of ethoxylation, but preferably have an average of 3-6 moles of ethoxylation with either narrow or broad range distribution.

Abstract: An effervescent compound is disclosed which includes a liquid ingredient, an effervescent system and optionally a solvent. The solvent may be both hydrophilic and have low solubility with effervescent ingredients. The solvent may include an alcohol, a glycol or a glycol ether, for example, but not limited to, 2-butoxyethanol. The effervescent system used in the effervescent compound may be, for example, but is not limited to, expanded sodium perborate and/or a mixture of any or one or more of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate. The effervescent compound may further include any one, or all, or any combination of the following ingredients: surfactants, bleaching compositions, anti-redeposition agents, binders, lubricants, colors, fragrances, and/or optical brighteners.

Abstract: The invention concerns polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene aliphatic amines according to the general formula: wherein R is a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group of 6-22 carbon atoms, n1 and n2 are each between 1 and 50 and represent the total number of EO groups in each chain and m1 and m2 are each between 1 and 10 and represent the total number of PO groups in each chain, with the proviso that the sums of n1 and n2 and of m1 and m2 are both at least 3, wherein in each chain the EO groups are present in discrete blocks of between 2 and 10 EO groups if that chain contains 2 or more EO groups and wherein in each chain the PO groups are present in discrete blocks of between 1 and 10 PO groups.

Abstract: Described is an aqueous cleaning composition comprising: an effective mineral dissolving amount of an organic acid of at least 5% by weight of the cleaning compositions; an effective amount of a spore forming microbial composition; an effective cleaning amount of a blend of wetting agents, the first wetting agent having a hydrophobic/lipophobic number (HLB) of about 10 and higher and a second wetting agent having an HLB number of about 5 or less; an effective amount of a thickening agent and water. The composition is also available in powder form without the thickening agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid detergent being excellent in detergency for persistent sebum smears such as smears in or on collars and cuffs and for denatured-oil smears in kitchens, etc., and further having a good smell as a detergent. That is, the present invention provides a liquid detergent comprising glycerol ether compounds represented by each of the formulas (1), (2), and (3) and a surfactant, R—O—CH2—CH(OH)CH2X (1), R—O—CH(CH2X)CH2Y (2), and R—O—CH2—CH(Z)CH2W (3), wherein R, X, Y, W and Z are defined in the specification.

Abstract: Non-aqueous, particulate-containing heavy duty liquid laundry detergent compositions that are in the form of a stable suspension of particulate material, essentially including from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight of the detergent composition of an ethoxylated quaternized amine clay material. These compositions preferably include a peroxygen bleaching agent and an organic detergent builder, dispersed in a liquid phase preferably structured with a surfactant. Such compositions provide especially desirable cleaning and bleaching of fabrics laundered therewith and also exhibit especially desirable aesthetics.

Abstract: An all purpose cleaner for hard surfaces comprises an aqueous solution of a secondary alcohol ethoxylate surfactant, an alkylpolyglycoside surfactant, and water, optionally comprising a chelating agent and sufficient pH modification agent to provide an alkaline solution. The ethoxylate surfactants preferably have HLB values of from 12.2 to 14.6, and each surfactant may comprise up to about 5 weight percent of the solution. The solution may be essentially free of organic solvents, such as alkylene glycol or alkylene glycol ethers, or other volatile organic compounds. As a result, the solution may be fragrance free, and, if so desired, colorless. Optionally, however, the cleaning solution may contain fragrances, coloring agents, anti-bacterials, stabilizers, preservatives, and other constituents, including a minor amount of a co-surfactant.

Abstract: A process for removing contaminants from the surface of a substrate comprises contacting the substrate with a cleaning composition comprising at least one mono-, di-, or trialkoxy-substituted perfluoroalkane, perfluorocycloalkane, perfluorocycloalkyl-containing perfluoroalkane, or perfluorocycloalkylene-containing perfluoroalkane compound, the compound optionally containing additional catenary heteroatoms. The compounds exhibit good solvency properties while being environmentally acceptable.

Abstract: A liquid non-aqueous detergent is presented containing a nonionic surfactant, a builder, a bleaching agent, and a cationic stabilizer of formula I, II or III: where the groups R1 independently of one another are C1-6 alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl groups, the groups R2 independently of one another are C8-28 alkyl or alkenyl groups, R3 has the same meaning as R1 or represents (CH2)n—T—R2, R4 has the same meaning as R1 or R2 or represents (CH2)n—T—R2, T represents —CH2—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— and n is an integer of from 0 to 5. The solid bleaching agents in the stabilized non-aqueous liquid detergent retain their activity after prolonged storage.

Abstract: Disclosed are aqueous liquid cleaning compositions, the compositions being free of anionic surfactants and comprising: (a) linear alcohol ethoxylate; (b) amine oxide or betaine; and other, optional components, such as a cationic ammonium compound.

Abstract: A system for dry cleaning soils from fabrics comprising densified carbon dioxide and a surfactant in the densified CO2. The densified carbon dioxide is in a temperature range of about −78.5° C. to about 100° C. and a pressure range of about 14.7 to about 10,000 psi. At least 0.1% by volume of a modifier is preferably present. The surfactant has a polysiloxane, a branched polyalkylene oxide or a halocarbon group which is a functional CO2-philic moiety connected to a CO2-phobic functional moiety. The surfactant either exhibits an HLB of less than 15 or has a ratio of siloxyl to substituted siloxyl groups of greater than 0.5:1.

Abstract: A method for dry-cleaning garments or fabrics in carbon dioxide comprises contacting a garment or fabric article to be cleaned with a liquid dry cleaning composition for a time sufficient to clean the article, said liquid dry-cleaning composition comprising a mixture of carbon dioxide, water, a first surfactant, and a second surfactant, and then separating the article from the liquid dry cleaning composition. The first surfactant comprises a CO2-philic group covalently joined to a hydrophilic group; and the second surfactant comprising a CO2-philic group covalently joined to a lipophilic group. In the alternative, a single surfactant containing all three of a CO2-philic group, a lipophilic group, and a hydrophilic group covalently joined to one another may also be employed. Systems useful for carrying out the foregoing are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for dry-cleaning articles such as fabrics and clothing in carbon dioxide while concurrently applying a sizing agent to the articles comprises contacting an article to be cleaned with a liquid dry cleaning composition for a time sufficient to clean the fabric. The liquid dry-cleaning composition comprises a mixture of carbon dioxide, a surfactant, a sizing agent. An organic co-solvent is preferably included. After the contacting step, the article is separated from the liquid dry cleaning composition. The method is preferably carried out at ambient temperature. Preferred sizing agents are low molecular weight hydrocarbon resins. The surfactant is preferably one that does not contain a CO2-philic group. The organic co-solvent is preferably an alkane and has a flash point above 140° F.

Abstract: A powdery detergent composition having a high detergency and an excellent storage stability (caking resistance), and comprising (a) a chelating agent composed of a compound having an average degree of neutralization in a molecule of 20 to 70%, a molecular weight of 600 or less, the number of carboxyl groups contained in one molecule of 3 to 5, and a constant of a chelating stability with Ca2+ of 6 to 13, (b) an alkali agent composed of a compound a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution or dispersion of which has the maximum pH of 10 or more at 20° C., at least 5 ml of 0.1 N HCl aqueous solution being required to adjust 1 liter of the aqueous solution or the dispersion to pH 9, and (c) a surfactant at specific ratios, respectively.

Abstract: A method for dry-cleaning articles such as fabrics and clothing in carbon dioxide comprises contacting an article to be cleaned with a liquid dry cleaning composition for a time sufficient to clean the fabric. The liquid dry-cleaning composition comprises a mixture of carbon dioxide, a surfactant, and an organic co-solvent. After the contacting step, the article is separated from the liquid dry cleaning composition. The method is preferably carried out at ambient temperature. The surfactant is preferably one that does not contain a CO2-philic group. The organic co-solvent is preferably an alkane and has a flash point above 140° F.

Abstract: A paste-form detergent for use in institutional laundries free from synthetic anionic surfactant of the alkyl benzenesulfonate type containing 5% to 30% by weight of an ethoxylated alcohol corresponding to formula (I): R1—(OC2H2)m—OH   (I) in which R1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing 12 to 14 carbon atoms and m has a value of 1 to 8, 1% to 20% by weight of an ethoxylated alcohol corresponding to formula (II): R2—(OC2H2)n—OH   (II) in which R2 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and n has a value of 3 to 14, with proviso that n is greater than m by at least 1.

Abstract: An improvement is described in all purpose liquid cleaning composition which are especially effective in the removal of oily and greasy soil containing a nonionic surfactant, a liquid crystal suppression additive and water.

Abstract: A solid textile detergent formulation comprises (A) from 1 to 30% by weight of inorganic builders based on carbonates, (B) from 0 to 12% by weight of inorganic builders based on crystalline or amorphous alumosilicates and/or crystalline or amorphous silicates, (C) from 0 to 5% by weight of inorganic builders based on phosphates, (D) from 1 to 40% by weight of one or more glycine-N,N-diacetic acid derivatives I where R is an organic radical and M is hydrogen or a cation, as organic builder component, (E) from 0 to 40% by weight of anionic surfactants and (F) from 0.5 to 50% by weight of nonionic surfactants.

Abstract: The invention relates to a solid textile detergent formulation containing (A) 1-60 wt. % inorganic builders based on crystalline or amorphous aluminosilicates, crystalline or amorphous silicates, carbonates and/or phosphates, (B) 1-40 wt. % of one or several glycin-N, N-diacetic acid derivatives of formula (I), wherein R stands for an organic radical and M means hydrogen or a cation, (C) 0-6 wt. % anionic surfactants with one or several sulphate groups, one or several sulphate groups or one or two carboxylate groups and (D) 0.5-50 wt. % non ionic surfactants.

Abstract: A liquid composition useful for suspending and dispensing a solid particulate comprises carbon dioxide, a surfactant, an organic co-solvent, and the solid particulate to be suspended. The composition may optionally contain water. The composition is useful as a propellant in an aerosol container for spraying the solid particulate from the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a composition suitable for removing proteinaceous material comprising water, an emulsifier, a chelating agent, one or more mineral acids, and a surfactant; wherein: the emulsifier is a polyether nonionic emulsifier or an amine oxide; the chelating agent is an alkylaminophosphonic acid, a hydroxyalkylphosphonic acid, or an alkylphosphonic acid carboxylic acid; the one or more mineral acids are present in an mount such that the pH of the composition is less than about 4.

Abstract: A high-density powdered detergent composition which has a bulk density of 0.6 to 1.2 g/ml and which comprises 0.5 to 30% by weight of (a) a glycine-N,N-diacetic acid derivative, 5 to 45% by weight of (b) a nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of 10.5 to 15.0, 0.5 to 18% by weight of (c) an anionic surfactant and 1 to 30% by weight of (d) an aluminosilicate, each percentage being based on the total weight of the composition, and the weight ratio of the component (b) to the component (c) lying between 90:1 and 60:40. This composition contains both a glycine-N,N-diacetic acid derivative which is a builder excellent in biodegradability and sequestering power and an inorganic builder such as zeolite or crystalline silicate, and exhibits high detergency.

Abstract: A method for dry-cleaning garments or fabrics in carbon dioxide comprises contacting a garment or fabric article to be cleaned with a liquid dry cleaning composition for a time sufficient to clean the article, said liquid dry-cleaning composition comprising a mixture of carbon dioxide, water, a first surfactant, and a second surfactant, and then separating the article from the liquid dry cleaning composition. The first surfactant comprises a CO2-philic group covalently joined to a hydrophilic group; and the second surfactant comprising a CO2-philic group covalently joined to a lipophilic group. In the alternative, a single surfactant containing all three of a CO2-philic group, a lipophilic group, and a hydrophilic group covalently joined to one another may also be employed. Systems useful for carrying out the foregoing are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for dry-cleaning articles such as fabrics and clothing in carbon dioxide comprises contacting an article to be cleaned with a liquid dry cleaning composition for a time sufficient to clean the fabric. The liquid dry-cleaning composition comprises a mixture of carbon dioxide, a surfactant, and an organic co-solvent. After the contacting step, the article is separated from the liquid dry cleaning composition. The method is preferably carried out at ambient temperature. The surfactant is preferably one that does not contain a CO2-philic group. The organic co-solvent is preferably an alkane and has a flash point above 140° F.

Abstract: This invention relates to dry-cleaning systems which include anhydrous dry-cleaning compositions which contain polysulfonic acid, and a bag for the cleaning and containment of soiled fabric articles. In a first embodiment, the dry-cleaning compositions includes organic solvents, polysulfonic acid, and not more than about 10 wt % water. In a second embodiment, the dry-cleaning compositions includes organic solvents and polysulfonic acid, and not more than 1 about wt % water. The invention also relates to methods of using the dry-cleaning system and dry-cleaning composition.

Abstract: A solid surfactant mixture, comprising one or more fatty acid polyhydroxyamides of the formula IRCONR.sup.1 Z (1)in which R is C.sub.7 -C.sub.31 -alkyl or C.sub.7 -C.sub.31 -alkenyl, Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbon group having at least two hydroxyl groups, which may also be alkoxylated, and R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 -alkyl or a group of the formula --(CH.sub.2).sub.x NR.sup.2 R.sup.3 or R.sup.4 O(CH.sub.2).sub.n --, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -hydroxyalkyl, R.sup.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl and x is a number from 1 to 10 and n is a number from 2 to 4, one or more other nonionic surfactants and/or one or more anionic surfactants.

Abstract: A system for dry cleaning soils from fabrics comprising densified carbon dioxide and a surfactant in the densified CO.sub.2. The densified carbon dioxide is in a temperature range of about -78.5.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. and a pressure range of about 14.7 to about 10,000 psi. At least 0.1% by volume of a modifier is preferably present. The surfactant has a polysiloxane, a branched polyalkylene oxide or a halocarbon group which is a functional CO.sub.2 -philic moiety connected to a CO.sub.2 -phobic functional moiety. The surfactant either exhibits an HLB of less than 15 or has a ratio of siloxyl to substituted siloxyl groups of greater than 0.5:1.