Abstract: A synergistic composition comprising a THP salt and a biopenetrant, in which the biopenetrant comprises a polymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a copolymer of an unsaturated carboxylic acid with a sulphonic acid, said polymer or copolymer being terminated by a mono- or diphosphonated unsaturated carboxylic acid group or having such monomers incorporated into the polymer backbone. This composition acts synergistically to enhance the biocidal efficacy of the THP salt against both planktonic (free-swimming) and sessile (attached) bacteria, and also acts synergistically to enhance the efficacy of the THP salt in the dissolution of iron sulphide scale.

Abstract: Two intermediates that have known separate efficacy for preventing scales such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and barite (barium sulfate) were discovered to have a synergistic effect for preventing or inhibiting silicate scaling when used together. Each of these intermediates is ineffective at preventing silicate scaling when used alone; however, when used in combination, they have a synergistic benefit. In one non-limiting embodiment the components include a polyamine phosphonate and a lysine tetra(alkylene)phosphonate.

Abstract: Liquid hydrous laundry treatment agent containing hydrogen peroxide and omega-6 fatty acid, and optionally further ingredients compatible with said components.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and compositions for treating non-trans fats, fatty acids and sunscreen stains with a chelating agent. The invention also relates to methods for reducing the frequency of laundry fires with a chelating agent.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an iron complexing mixture and method of using same wherein beneficial performance and natural gas pipeline cleaning methods are employed. The synergistic improvement of combining two water-soluble metal complexing agents, THPS and IDS, prove to offer advantages in performance over the individual use of either chemical.

Abstract: A hard surface cleaning solution having improved cleaning and descaling properties. The cleaning solution includes the following components: a first organic acid, a second organic acid, a surfactant, a solvent and a diluent. The first organic acid is a carboxylic acid, preferably lactic acid, while the second organic acid is also a carboxylic acid, preferably gluconic acid. The surfactant is selected from the group consisting of amine oxides, preferably lauramine oxide. The solvent may be an alkoxylated alcohol, preferably selected from the propylene glycol ether class of compounds.

Abstract: Glycine is an organic compound that can be used in the making of a synthetic acid that obviates all the drawbacks of strong acids such as hydrochloric acid. The new compound is made by dissolving glycine in water, in a weight ratio of approximately 1:1 to 1:1.5. The solution is mixed until the glycine is essentially fully dissolved in the water. Once dissolution is complete, hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in the solution to produce the new compound, which can be referred to as hydrogen glycine.

Abstract: A composition for dissolving and/or inhibiting deposition of scale on a surface of a system comprises an acidic component, a wetting agent, and a corrosion inhibitor. The composition may further comprise water. The acidic component comprises an alkanesulfonic acid, e.g. methanesulfonic acid (MSA). The wetting agent comprises a surfactant. The corrosion inhibitor comprises an amphoteric surfactant. The alkanesulfonic acid is present in an amount of at least about 50 weight percent (wt %), the surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 30 wt %, and the amphoteric surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0.025 to about 20 wt %, each based on 100 wt % of the alkanesulfonic acid, the surfactant, and the amphoteric surfactant combined. A method of dissolving and/or inhibiting deposition of scale on the surface of the system comprises the step of contacting the surface of the system with the composition.

Abstract: An acidic destaining composition for removing hard water and metal stains is disclosed. The composition comprises an acid in combination with a reducing agent and may preferably be formulated as a solid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least one alkane sulphonic acid, with formula R—SO3H, where R represents a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, comprising 1 to 4 atoms of carbon for removing rust from all types of surface, in particular from metal surfaces, specifically iron, steel and others. The invention also relates to a method for cleaning rust from all types of surfaces using at least one alkane sulphonic acid.

Abstract: A liquid composition comprising 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid and a salt of ethylenediamine disuccinic acid which salt includes a counterion selected from 5 potassium, rubidium, caesium a substituted ammonium ion or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Provided is shelf stable, largely aqueous hard surface treatment composition which comprises at least water, at least one or more peroxygen compounds, and especially preferably wherein compositions comprise (or consist essentially of, or consist of): hydrogen peroxide, a betaine surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a water soluble or water dispersible metal salt, a chelating agent, an inorganic acid constituent, optionally a pH adjusting agent, and optionally one or more further constituents which provide a technical or aesthetic benefit to the inventive composition of which it forms a part. In preferred embodiments, the compositions are viscous, exhibiting a viscosity in the range of about 100-2000 cPs, preferably about 500-1200 cPs when measured at room temperature and exhibits a pH in the range of about 2 to about 4, preferably about 2.5-3.5.

Abstract: A washing- or cleaning agent delivery system for washing- or cleaning agent shaped elements is described. The shaped elements are well suited for spot treatment, for example on textiles but also on hard surfaces. The shaped elements are also suitable for the preparation of washing baths.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and compositions for treating non-trans fats, fatty acids and sunscreen stains with a chelating agent. The invention also relates to methods for reducing the frequency of laundry fires with a chelating agent.

Abstract: A method and composition for removing stubborn stains that includes the application of a mixture comprising alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides, bleach, and water. A major advantage of the method is that the composition solution is strong enough to remove stubborn stains from soft and hard surfaces and restore original appearance and scent to old fabrics, yet sufficiently mild to not damage delicate and colored fabrics or pose a threat to the person treating the stain.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a fungal serine protease enzyme, which said enzyme has serine protease activity and comprises an amino acid sequence of Malbranchea ALKO4122 mature protease as defined in SEQ ID NO:18 or an amino acid sequence having at least 66% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. Also disclosed is an isolated nucleic acid molecule, comprising a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a fungal serine protease enzyme, nucleic acid sequences encoding said protease, a host cell and a process of producing a polypeptide having serine protease activity. Said protease is useful as an enzyme preparation applicable in detergent compositions and for treating fibers, wool, hair, leather, or silk, for treating food or feed, or for any applications involving modification, degradation or removal of proteinaceous material.

Abstract: Disclosed is the use of benzotropolone derivatives of formula (1), wherein R1, R2 and R7 independently from each other are hydrogen; C1-C3alkyl; or COR8; R3 is hydrogen; or COOR9 R4 is hydrogen; or C1-C3alkyl; R5 is hydrogen; hydroxy; C1-C3-alkoxy; or -0-(CO)—R10; R6 is hydrogen; C1-C3alkyl; or COR8; or R5 and R6 together may form a five or six membered ring; or R6 and R7 together form a five or six membered ring; and R8, R9, R10 independently of each other are C1-C30alkyl; for protecting body-care and household products from photolytic and oxidative degradation.

Abstract: A composition is provided for removing protein soil and preventing redeposition of soils onto a surface. The composition includes between about 1% and about 90% by weight sugar, between about 1% and about 80% by weight alkalinity source and between about 15 and about 10% by weight surfactant composition. The sugar may be a saccharide or a non-saccharide based sugar. The composition is substantially free of phosphorus-containing compounds and includes less than about 0.05% by weight alkali earth metal.

Abstract: The use of complex fluoride ions of elements of groups 4, 13, or 14 of the periodic table of the chemical elements (preferably selected from complex fluoride ions of the elements B, Si, Ti, and Zr) in concentrations from 30 t 500 millimoles per liter in process solutions for pickling steel or for bleaching and/or passivating pickled surfaces of stainless steel; a process solution for pickling steel or bleaching and/or passivating pickled surfaces of stainless steel comprising: a) one or more strong acids, b) one or more oxidizing agents in the bleaching/passisvating process, c) complex fluoride ions of elements of groups 4, 13 or 14 of the periodic table of the chemical elements in concentrations from 50 to 500 mmoles per liter; replenisher or concentrate containing a combination of active substances thereof; a process for pickling steel or for brightening and/or passivating of pickled surfaces of stainless steel, wherein the surfaces are brought into contact with such a process solution.

Abstract: A cleaning composition including a poly quaternary functionalized alkyl polyglucoside, a water conditioning agent, an acid source, a solvent, and water. In one embodiment, the cleaning composition is substantially free of alkyl phenol ethoxylates. The cleaning composition is capable of removing soils including up to 20% proteins. The cleaning compositions include a biorenewable, environmentally friendly alternative to nonyl phenol ethoxylates and exhibit superior cleaning of food soils.

Abstract: A cleaning composition including a primarily C12 quaternary functionalized alkyl polyglucoside, a water conditioning agent, an acid source, a solvent, and water. In one embodiment, the cleaning composition is substantially free of alkyl phenol ethoxylates. The cleaning composition is capable of removing soils including up to 20% proteins. The cleaning compositions include a biorenewable, environmentally friendly alternative to nonyl phenol ethoxylates and exhibit superior cleaning of food soils.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least one alkane sulphonic acid, with formula R—SO3H, where R represents a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, comprising 1 to 4 atoms of carbon for removing rust from all types of surface, in particular from metal surfaces, specifically iron, steel and others. The invention also relates to a method for cleaning rust from all types of surfaces using at least one alkane sulphonic acid.

Abstract: Organic residue remover composition useful to remove from very oily type soils to very watery contaminants from various surfaces, obtained by mixing: component (a): at least one water insoluble hydrophobic compound, component (b): at least one water soluble glycol ether, component (c): at least one water insoluble glycol ether, component (d): at least one aromatic alcohol, component (e): at least one surfactant, optionally component (f): at least one hydrotrope, and component (g): water, wherein each component or an ingredient thereof is different from the other components or ingredients thereof in the organic residue remover composition.

Abstract: Low-foaming industrial cleaning compositions comprising water; (A) at least one carboxylic acid; (B) one or more aromatic, water soluble or dispersible, non-ionic surfactants; and optionally, one or more of the following: (C) one or more salts of carboxylic acids selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids that are the same as component (A), different from component (A) and mixtures thereof; and (D) an amount of hydrotrope material sufficient to produce a stable homogeneous solution or dispersion of components (A) through (C) in water; (E) a pH adjuster; (F) one or more polyhydric alcohols; and (G) one or more preservatives.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an iron complexing mixture and method of using same wherein beneficial performance and natural gas pipeline cleaning methods are employed. The synergistic improvement of combining two water-soluble metal complexing agents, THPS and IDS, prove to offer advantages in performance over the individual use of either chemical.

Abstract: A composition for blood-containing soils is provided. The composition is useful in warewashing, hard surface cleaning, laundry, and in cleaning medical, dental, and animal care instruments and implements. A composition of the invention comprises an iron chelant, a reducing agent, and lysing agent. Compositions of the invention may be provided in concentrated form or as ready-to-use solutions and may be provided in liquid, powder, solid, or granulated forms. Optional additional ingredients include but are not limited to surfactants, pH modifiers, viscosity modifiers, water, builders, corrosion inhibitors, threshhold agents, anti-redeposition agents, aesthetic aids, antimicrobial agents, solidification agents, and processing aids. A desirable feature of the invention lies in its ability to clean blood-containing soils at low active concentrations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid detergent composition containing (a) a specific compound having one alkyl group selected from a 2-ethylhexyl group, an isononyl group and an isodecyl group, (b) a surfactant selected from anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants, (c) a hydrophobic organic solvent that is liquid at 20° C., and (d) water in specific ratios.

Abstract: There is provided an alkaline cleaning of aluminum alloy, in which the attained corrosion resistance is equal or superior to the acidic cleaning agent, and which mitigates the disadvantages of the acidic cleaning agent, such as corrosion of plant, processing of the waste liquid, and energy cost, and which attains improved productivity. The cleaning liquid from 0.5 to 40 g/L in total of one or more alkali builders selected from alkali metal hydroxide, alkali metal carbonate, inorganic alkali metal phosphate and alkali metal silicate, from 0.2 to 10 g/L of one or more of organic phosphonic acid and its salt (A), from 0.001 to 2 g/L of one or more metallic ions (B) selected from metallic ions having from 5.0 to 14.0 of stability constant with the organic phosphonic acid and its salt, and from 0.1 to 10 g/L of surfactant. Particularly, the weight ratio of (A):(B) is in a range of from 100:0.05˜20.

Abstract: Compositions comprising disiloxane surfactant compositions comprising a silicone composition comprising a silicone having the formula: MM? where M=R1R2R3SiO1/2; M?=R4R5R6SiO1/2; with R1 selected from the group consisting of branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms and R7, where R7 has the formula: R8R9R10SiR12 with R8, R9, and R10 each independently selected from the group of monovalent hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and monovalent aryl or alkaryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 13 carbon atoms and R12 is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group of from 1 to 6 carbon atom monovalent hydrocarbon radicals or R1, with R4 an alkylpolyalkyleneoxide of the general formula: R13(C2H4O)a(C3H6O)b(C4H8O)cR14 where R13 is a divalent linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having the structure: —CH2—CH(R15)(R16)dO— where R15 is H or methyl; R16 is a divalent al

Abstract: An aqueous, concentrated neutral detergent composition for use in cleaning medical instruments and metal components (parts, tools, utensils, vessels, equipment, and surfaces) having scale control and corrosion inhibition properties when diluted to about 1/40 ounce per gallon to about 1/10 ounce per gallon in potable water. In addition, the concentrate may be applied directly to metal surfaces, such as stainless steel, to remove rust and other stains, without causing any additional corrosion or other damage to the metal surface.

Abstract: An aqueous, concentrated neutral detergent composition for use in cleaning medical instruments and metal components (parts, tools, utensils, vessels, equipment, and surfaces) having scale control and corrosion inhibition properties when diluted to about 1/40 ounce per gallon to about 1/10 ounce per gallon in potable water. In addition, the concentrate may be applied directly to metal surfaces, such as stainless steel, to remove rust and other stains, without causing any additional corrosion or other damage to the metal surface.

Abstract: The invention provides a surface active ingredient composition, which includes a base liquid including water which has dispersed therein in percentages by volume: Sodium Chloride 1 to 3% Magnesium 1 to 2% Calcium 1 to 2% Potassium 1 to 2% Sulphate 1 to 2% Carbon 0.5 to 1% Nitrate 1 to 2% and Phosphate 1 to 2% sodium chloride dissolved in the base liquid; and sodium alkyl ether sulphate dissolved in the base liquid, with the portion of the base liquid to sodium chloride and sodium alkyl ether sulphate being between 1:1:1.5 and 1:1:5. The invention further provides a process for producing same and uses thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are stabilized body care products, household products, textiles and fabrics which comprise certain dialkylhydroxyamine stabilizers, dialkylhydroxylamine stabilizer salts, nitrone stabilizers or amine oxide stabilizers. Dyed products and articles are effectively stabilized against color degradation. The products are for example skin-care products, hair-care products, dentifrices, cosmetics, laundry detergents and fabric softeners, non-detergent based fabric care products, household cleaners and textile-care products.

Abstract: A rust-preventive water-oil separating cleaner composition contacts a part to be cleaned to which an oil attaches. The composition separates the oil from the part, while providing the part with a rust-preventive property, thus forming an oil layer containing the oil.

Abstract: An aqueous tire wheel cleaner composition useful for cleaning automobile tires are provided. The aqueous tire wheel cleaner composition contains an alkylene glycol, a salt of dialkyl sulfosuccinate, and as surfactants ethanol amine and an ethoxylate phosphate ester.

Abstract: An aqueous tire wheel cleaner composition useful for cleaning automobile tires are provided. The aqueous tire wheel cleaner composition contains an alkali and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxycarboxilic acid or a quaternary amine ethoxylate; a salt of an aryl sulfonate, and as surfactants ethanol amine and an ethoxylate phosphate ester.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for masking and subsequent removal of oil, grease, rust and other stains from a variety of rough solid surfaces, including, but not limited to stone, concrete, asphalt, stucco brick, and ceramic. The methods include coating the stains with an opaque or translucent thin film of a composition that makes the stain practically indistinguishable against the background, exposing the coated stain to the elements, such as, sunlight, air, moisture, resulting in spontaneous transformation, degradation and subsequent removal of the stains from the solid surfaces. The compositions include a photocatalyst by itself or the photocatalyst combined with at least one of, a sensitizer, a dopant, a mediator, a co-reagent, a pigment and a binder. The role of a photocatalyst is to produce highly reactive species or radicals and initiate the degradation of a stain upon exposure to elements, such as, sunlight, air and ambient humidity. Artificial light sources can be used instead of sunlight.

Abstract: A hard surface cleaning solution having improved cleaning and descaling properties. In one formulation, the cleaning solution comprises a first organic acid, a second organic acid, a surfactant, a solvent and a diluent. The first organic acid is a carboxylic acid preferably comprising lactic acid, while the second organic acid is a carboxylic acid preferably comprising gluconic acid. The surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sultaines, betaines and amino propionates. The solvent is a an alkoxylated alcohol preferably selected from the propylene glycol ether class of compounds. In a second formulation, the cleaning solution comprises a first organic acid, a surfactant, a solvent and a diluent. The first organic acid is a carboxylic acid preferably comprising lactic acid, while the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sultaines, betaines and amino propionates and the solvent is a an alkoxylated alcohol preferably selected from the propylene glycol ether class of compounds.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for masking and subsequent removal of oil, grease, rust and other stains from a variety of rough solid surfaces, including, but not limited to stone, concrete, asphalt, stucco brick, and ceramic. The methods include coating the stains with an opaque or translucent thin film of a composition that makes the stain practically indistinguishable against the background, exposing the coated stain to the elements, such as, sunlight, air, moisture, resulting in spontaneous transformation, degradation and subsequent removal of the stains from the solid surfaces. The compositions include a photocatalyst by itself or the photocatalyst combined with at least one of, a sensitizer, a dopant, a mediator, a co-reagent, a pigment and a binder. The role of a photocatalyst is to produce highly reactive species or radicals and initiate the degradation of a stain upon exposure to elements, such as, sunlight, air and ambient humidity. Artificial light sources can be used instead of sunlight.

Abstract: A phosphonium compound embedded in a matrix substrate wherein the phosphonium compound is selected from a group consisting of tris (hydroxyorgano) phosphine (THP), a THP+ salt (tetrakis (hydroxyorgano) phosphonium salt) or a condensate of THP and a nitrogen containing compound. The compound may be used to reduce the numbers of micro organisms in industrial systems and may also be used to reduce iron carbonate or iron, lead and zinc scale deposits.

Abstract: A sanitizing applicator for applying a liquid sanitizer to a surface. The sanitizer may be a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based or chlorine-based sanitizer containing positively charged ions at an effective concentration level for killing a predefined percentage of microbes present on the surface. The applicator includes a breakable internal reservoir for retaining a quantity of the sanitizer, and a positively charged nonwoven fabric covering the reservoir. The fabric is constructed using a positively charged binder to bind together the strands of the fabric, and is optionally treated with a positively or neutrally charged surfactant. The positive charge of the fabric prevents the fabric from neutralizing the positively charged ions in the sanitizer when the breakable internal reservoir is broken and the sanitizer is applied to the fabric.

Abstract: A stain removing composition having a mixture of N-methyl pyrrolidinone and at least one solvent from the group consisting of 3-pentanol, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Preferably, the stain removing composition comprises, in percent by weight about 70-90%, N-methyl pyrrolidinone and about 10-30%, in percent by weight, at least one of the solvents from the group described above.

Abstract: Improved hard surface cleaning compositions having an acidic pH provide good removal of soap scum stains. Compositions of the present invention comprise an acidic constituent which comprises either citric acid alone or citric acid in combination with an acid selected from the group consisting of sorbic acid, acetic acid, boric acid, formic acid, maleic acid, adipic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, glycolic acid, and mixtures thereof; at least one anionic surfactant; at least one thickener; at least one scrubbing agent; one or more optional constituents; and the balance water; wherein the aqueous hard surface cleaning composition exhibits a pH of 6.0 or less.

Abstract: The invention relates to a water soluble container which containing concentrate composition useful for hard surface disinfecting and cleaning comprising: (a) at least one cationic surfactant having germicidal properties; (b) at least one non-ionic surfactant; (c) at least one organic solvent having a solubility in water of at least 4% wt.; (d) optionally, at least one alkanolamine; (e) optionally, at least one polyethylene glycol; and (f) optionally, up to about 10% wt. of one or more conventional additives selected from coloring agents, fragrances and fragrance solubilizers, viscosity modifying agents, other surfactants, other antimicrobial/germicidal agents, pH adjusting agents and pH buffers including organic and inorganic salts, optical brighteners, opacifying agents, hydrotropes, antifoaming agents, enzymes, anti-spotting agents, anti-oxidants, preservatives, and anti-corrosion agents; wherein said concentrate composition contains no more than 20% wt. water, and desirably contains less.

Abstract: Surfactant combinations containing: (a) one or more alkyl ether sulfates; (b) at least one quaternary ammonium compound corresponding to formula I: in which EO is ethylene oxide, R and R? are the same or different and represent alkyl groups, n1 is 0–30 n2 is 0–30, and A is a counterion; (c) 0 to 50% of one or more alkyl and/or aryl sulfonates; (d) 0 to 15% of one or more alkyl sulfates; and (e) 0 to 20% of one or more amphoteric surfactants, and water-based cleaning composition containing such surfactant combinations.

Abstract: A restaurant cleaning towel made from a substrate such as a woven, nonwoven, or knit fabric. A sanitizer release polymer composition comprising at least one cationic (or alternatively, nonionic) surfactant is bound to the surface of the towel. Preferably, the cationic surfactant is present in the sanitizer release polymer composition in an amount of about 1 to about 10 weight percent, based on a total weight of the composition. The composition may also include at least one nonionic co-surfactant in combination with the cationic surfactant. The towel also includes a color label on its surface to identify the area of the restaurant in which the cleaning towel is to be utilized. The towel may optionally include an international icon, a tactile label, and/or a label in a plurality of languages identifying the area where the towel is to be utilized.

Abstract: An aqueous solution that has the capacity for removing tarnish and other soil from copper, silver, gold and other noble metals and alloys thereof comprises an acid, thiourea and a transition metal salt. The aqueous material can be used to treat the surfaces of such articles for the purpose of removing tarnish. Such tarnish is removed by the composition and the composition treats the metal surface to retard the re-appearance of tarnish contaminants.

Abstract: Contaminant solubilizing compositions are provided that are suitable for use in a variety of textile applications, including dyeing applications. The contaminant solubilizing compositions generally include at least one C1 to C4 ester of lactic acid, at least one surfactant and at least one solvent. The contaminant solubilizing compositions may be used either alone or within larger textile cleaning compositions to remove contaminants from the surfaces of textile articles or the manufacturing equipment used to process textile articles, including dyeing equipment.

Abstract: An article for sanitizing a surface with a sanitizing solution while maintaining the concentration level of a sanitizer in the sanitizing solution at an effective concentration level. A substrate that absorbs and holds the sanitizing solution is treated with a sanitizer release polymer composition. The substrate may be a woven, nonwoven, or knit fabric, a foam or sponge, or the like. The sanitizer release polymer composition may include a cationic or nonionic surfactant or binder that is operable to maintain the concentration level of the sanitizer at the effective level during prolonged periods of use.

Abstract: Methods, compositions and kits for masking and subsequent removal of oil, grease, rust and other stains from a variety of rough solid surfaces, including, but not limited to stone, concrete, asphalt, stucco brick, and ceramic. The methods include coating the stains with an opaque or translucent thin film of a composition that makes the stain practically indistinguishable against the background, exposing the coated stain to the elements, such as, sunlight, air, moisture, resulting in spontaneous transformation, degradation and subsequent removal of the stains from the solid surfaces. The compositions include a photocatalyst by itself or the photocatalyst combined with at least one of, a sensitizer, a dopant, a mediator, a co-reagent, a pigment and a binder. The role of a photocatalyst is to produce highly reactive species or radicals and initiate the degradation of a stain upon exposure to elements, such as, sunlight, air and ambient humidity. Artificial light sources can be used instead of sunlight.