Abstract: A process for the production of methanol comprises feeding a hydrocarbon feedstock to a partial oxidation reactor to produce a synthesis gas comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; subjecting the synthesis gas to methanol synthesis to produce a methanol product stream and a tail gas stream; separating the tail gas stream into at least two streams comprising a purge stream and a recycle stream, the recycle stream comprising a substantial portion of the tail gas stream; and, recycling the recycle stream to the partial oxidation reactor.

Abstract: A process and a system are disclosed for producing methanol from synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is a stream containing H2, CO, and CO2 that is created using a nitrogen containing oxidant stream, such as air. The synthesis gas is then reacted through a conventional reactor system to create methanol. Unreacted synthesis gas is recycled back through the reactor system. The disclosed methanol production process can be mounted and operated on a seagoing vessel.

Abstract: The invention provides a process to prepare a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product from a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane and optional higher carbon number hydrocarbons comprising the steps of: (a) pre-reforming the hydrocarbon mixture adiabatically, (b) heating the gaseous mixture obtained in step (a) to a temperature greater than 650° C., (c) performing a non-catalyzed partial oxidation by contacting the heated mixture of step (b) yielding a reactor effluent having a temperature of between 1100 and 1500° C.

Abstract: A multi-stage process for the production of hydrocarbon products from syngas, each stage of the process comprising one or more syngas conversion reactors in which syngas is partially converted into hydrocarbon products at conversion conditions, each conversion reactor having a syngas entry stream system which system combines two or more entry streams of syngas and which system delivers the combined syngas to the syngas conversion reactor, the syngas entry system combining at least one entry stream of syngas being a syngas stream obtained in a partial oxidation process (for the first stage) or an exit stream of syngas from the previous stage, together with a reformed syngas (for all stages except the first stage), with another syngas stream being a recycle stream from the conversion reactor and a syngas exit stream system which discharges an exit stream of syngas from the reactor, the exit stream partly being used as the recycle stream to the syngas entry system as mentioned above, and, in the case that there

Abstract: A process for hydrogenation of carbon oxides comprising contacting a gas mixture containing carbon oxides and of hydrogen with a catalyst comprising bimetallic iron-nickel or iron-cobalt alloys as the active catalytic material supported on a carrier of an oxide. The carrier is preferably formed to have a surface area greater than 20 m2/g.

Abstract: A process for synthesising methanol comprises the steps of: (i) reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock and separating water to generate a make-up gas comprising hydrogen and carbon oxides, the make-up gas mixture having a stoichiometric number, R, R=([H2]?[CO2])/([CO2]+[CO]) of less than 2.0, (ii) combining the make up gas with an unreacted synthesis gas to form a synthesis gas mixture, (iii) passing the synthesis gas through a bed of methanol synthesis catalyst to generate a product stream, (iv) cooling the product stream to recover a crude methanol stream from the unreacted synthesis gas, (v) removing a portion of the unreacted synthesis gas as a purge gas, and (vi) feeding the remaining unreacted synthesis gas to step (ii), wherein hydrogen is recovered from a portion of the purge gas and the make up gas, and the recovered hydrogen is included in the synthesis gas mixture.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of dimethyl ether by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether comprising contacting a stream of synthesis gas comprising carbon dioxide with one or more catalysts active in the formation of methanol and the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether, to form a product mixture comprising the components dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide and unconverted synthesis gas, washing the product mixture comprising carbon dioxide and unconverted synthesis gas in a first scrubbing zone with a first solvent rich in dimethyl ether and subsequently washing the effluent from the first scrubbing zone in a second scrubbing zone with a second solvent rich in methanol to form a vapour stream comprising unconverted synthesis gas stream with reduced content of carbon dioxide, transferring the vapour stream comprising unconverted synthesis gas stream with reduced carbon dioxide content for further processing to dimethyl ether.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis three-phase suspension bed reactor (“suspension bed” also called “slurry bed”) and its supplemental systems, may include: 1) structure and dimension design of F-T synthesis reactor, 2) a gas distributor located at the bottom of the reactor, 3) structure and arrangement of a heat exchanger members inside the reactor, 4) a liquid-solid filtration separation device inside reactor, 5) a flow guidance device inside reactor, 6) a condensate flux and separation member located in the gas phase space at the top of reactor, 7) a pressure stabilizer, a cleaning system for the separation device; an online cleaning system for the gas distributor; an ancillary system for slurry deposition and a pre-condensate and mist separation system located at the outlet of upper reactor. This reactor is suitable for industrial scale application of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for forming mixed alcohols containing methanol and ethanol. The mixed alcohol can then be used as a feedstock for an oxygenate-to-olefin reaction system for conversion thereof to ethylene, propylene, and the like. In addition, the olefins produced by the oxygenate-to-olefin reaction can then be used as monomers for a polymerization of olefin-containing polymers and/or oligomers.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention are characterized by degasifying a portion of a gas and slurry mixture in a three-phase slurry process and lowering the solids content of the degassed slurry portion to below about 20 wt %. The degassed and lowered solids content slurry portion is then introduced into a fines separation device for separation and removal of fines. The foregoing procedure has been found to increase the effectiveness of the fines separation device.

Abstract: This disclosure discusses integrating syngas streams with refinery hydrotreators, synthetic hydrocarbon gas to liquid (GTL) processes, and power generation units (such as combined cycle units) to efficiently use hydrogen contained in the syngas produced from heavy hydrocarbons (pet coke, residues, oil, etc.). Membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption is used to separate components of syngas and feed them to refineries, GTL units, and power/steam generation units. Hydrogen-rich refinery purge is used to raise the H2/CO ratio of syngas. A hydrogen-enriched syngas is produced with an H2/CO ratio favorable for the production on synthetic hydrocarbons (greater than about 1.5 to about 2.0 or higher). Pure hydrogen is also produced in a PSA unit, to further raise the H2/CO ratio of the syngas and provide hydrogen feed for refinery hydrotreators and synthetic hydrocarbon units (such as methanol units).

Abstract: A process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process comprises a step a) for generating a synthesis gas, a step b) for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, a step c) for condensing the gaseous effluent obtained during step b), a step d) for separating the effluent condensed during step c) to obtain a gaseous effluent enriched in carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and a step e) for recycling at least a portion of the enriched gaseous effluent obtained during step d) to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis step b), characterized in that: 1) two molar ratio of concentrations, A1 and A2, are determined between the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide (H2/Co), A1 being the value of said ratio in the supply to the synthesis step b), and A2 being the value of said ratio in any one of the gaseous effluents obtained during steps b) to e); 2) comparing ratios A1 and A2; and 3) adjusting the concentrations of hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide in the synthesis gas to keep the difference between the two ratios A1 and

Abstract: A process for the synthesis of hydrocarbons in a three phase reactor comprising the steps of: (i) introducing synthesis gas into the reactor; (ii) causing the synthesis gas to be contacted with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst; and (iii) removing products from the reactor, wherein step (i) comprises introducing some or all of the synthesis gas into the reactor at or near the bottom of the reactor; and step (ii) comprises contacting the synthesis gas with a catalyst structure immobilised within the reactor, wherein the catalyst structure comprises one or more porous catalyst elements fixable within the reactor, each of said porous catalyst elements being at least 1 cm3, preferably at least 10 cm3, in size and wherein the open volume within each porous catalyst element is at least 60% (with reference to the volume of the porous catalyst elements) and each porous catalyst element includes a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst material.

Abstract: A process for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants includes feeding at a low level a gaseous reactants feed comprising at least CO and H2 into an expanded slurry bed of solid non-shifting hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid, the expanded slurry bed having an aspect ratio of less than 5. The gaseous reactants and any recycled gas are allowed to react with a per pass CO plus H2 conversion of at least 60% as they pass upwardly through the slurry bed at a gas velocity of at least 35 cm/s, thereby to form liquid and, optionally, gaseous products, and with the gaseous reactants and any recycled gas and any gaseous product assisting in maintaining the solid catalyst particles in suspension in the suspension liquid, and with the liquid product forming together with the suspension liquid, a liquid phase of the slurry bed.

Abstract: A method of producing synthesis gas for methanol synthesis that comprises the steps of: (a) obtaining a hydrogen stream that has greater than 5 mol % methane from an external process; (b) feeding into a reforming reactor: (i) a feed gas that comprises methane, (ii) water in a specified amount, (iii) oxygen in a specified amount, and (iv) the hydrogen stream in a specified amount; (c) reacting the feed gas, water, oxygen and the hydrogen stream in the reactor; and (d) withdrawing from the reactor the synthesis gas that is at a specific temperature, has less than 3 mol % methane, and has a stoichiometric number of from 1.9 to 2.3.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of carbon disulfide comprising the following steps: (a) reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen sulfide to form carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen; (b) contacting the carbonyl sulfide formed in step (a) with a catalyst effective for disproportionating carbonyl sulfide into carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method of producing a catalyst for use in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. The method comprises the steps of: impregnating a catalyst support material with an active cobalt catalyst component to form a catalyst precursor; and calcining the catalyst precursor in an atmosphere of a dry calcining gas.

Abstract: A hydroformylation process for the production of alcohols comprising reacting, in a reactor system comprising one or more feed streams, a reaction environment and an output stream, a feedstock composition comprising a compound having at least one olefinic carbon-to-carbon bond with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of an organophosphine modified cobalt hydroformylation catalyst, wherein the hydroformylation process is carried out in the reaction environment which comprises at least two reaction zones, comprising a first reaction zone, a second reaction zone and, optionally, one or more later reaction zones, wherein the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide entering the first reaction zone is in the range of from 0.5 to 1.65, and wherein water is added into the reactor system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for conducting a hydrocracking or a hydrotreating process in a microchannel reactor. This invention also relates to a process and apparatus for flowing a vapor and liquid into a plurality of microchannels in a microchannel processing unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing reagents for a chemical reaction by introducing a fuel containing hydrocarbons into a flash distillation process wherein the fuel is separated into a first component having a lower average molecular weight and a second component having a higher average molecular weight. The first component is then reformed to produce synthesis gas wherein the synthesis gas is reacted catalytically to produce the desire reagent.

Abstract: A filter system for use in a three-phase slurry reactor is provided. The filter system comprises one or more bundles of a plurality of filter elements for separating liquid from a mixture of liquid and solids contained in the reactor. Each filter bundle is connected to a product transfer conduit transporting separated liquid to a location outside of and downstream from the reactor. The transfer conduit is provided with means for backflushing the filter bundle and guard filter means.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing normally gaseous, normally liquid and optionally normally solid hydrocarbons during a production cycle (i.e. between regenerations or between start-up with freshly loaded catalyst and the first regeneration) by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas in a multiple reactor arrangement comprising at least two parallel operating reactors containing a catalyst capable of converting synthesis gas to hydrocarbons, and each reactor having a different relative reaction rate, wherein synthesis gas is distributed to each reactor at a feed rate proportional to the relative reaction rate in the respective reactor.

Abstract: A method and system is provided for controlling the amount of fines in a three-phase slurry bubble reactor. The method comprises introducing a portion of the slurry into a hydrocyclone adapted to recover in excess of 98 wt % of the coarse catalyst in the underflow stream of the hydrocyclone and to provide an overflow stream containing catalyst fines. The underflow stream is returned to the slurry column while the fines-containing overflow stream is transferred for disposal or further treatment. By providing the hydrocyclone with an underflow stream opening that is greater than the overflow stream opening, slurries containing high solids loading fines are efficiently separated from coarse solids, thereby effectively controlling the fines content in the slurry column.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and means for separating slurry liquid from catalyst in a three-phase slurry process. The embodiments of the invention are characterized by conducting the three-phase process under conditions to provide an upper region in the slurry that contains a catalyst concentration of about 20 wt % or less and a lower region with a catalyst concentration higher than about 20 wt %. A portion of the slurry in this upper region is degassed and passed to liquid-solid separation devices for recovery of liquid product.

Abstract: A process to prepare a paraffinic hydrocarbon from a solid carbonaceous feedstock, preferably coal by performing the following steps, (a) feeding an oxygen comprising gas and the carbonaceous feedstock to a burner positioned horizontal and firing into a reactor vessel, (b) performing a partial oxidation of the carbonaceous feedstock in said burner to obtain a stream of hot synthesis gas which flows upwardly relative to the burner and a liquid slag which flows downwardly relative to the burner, (c) cooling the hot synthesis gas by first cooling the gas to a temperature of between 500 and 900° C. by injecting a gaseous or liquid cooling medium into the synthesis gas and subsequently second cooling the gas in to below 500° C.

Abstract: A new approach to the production of coke. In this process multiple optimized value streams are produced from a coke facility located at mine mouth or locally at an existing plant. As part of the process, lower cost Indiana/Illinois Basin-type coals are blended with conventional metallurgical coals. The blending process is optimized to meet coke quality requirements and simultaneously to obtain a pyrolysis gas composition suitable for production of ancillary products including liquid transportation fuels, fertilizer, hydrogen, and electricity. By using lower cost Indiana/Illinois Basin coal it is possible to reduce net coal costs. This process provides a new direction and approach for the production of coke in the future that optimizes value over multiple product streams while reducing both business and technological risk.

Abstract: An apparatus for steam reforming of hydrocarbons comprises a heat exchange reformer having disposed within a plurality of vertical catalyst-filled tubes, through which a gas mixture comprising hydrocarbon and steam may be passed, and to which heat may be transferred by means of a heat exchange medium flowing around the external tube surfaces, wherein heat exchange adapting means are provided within the reformer so that the tubes have a zone of lower heat exchange extending from the bottom of the catalyst up to 25% of the catalyst depth with no heat exchange enhancement means provided in that zone. A process for steam reforming of hydrocarbons employs this apparatus.

Abstract: A synthesis gas is produced from a carbon-containing starting material such as a coal; a CO-containing gas is separated from the resultant synthesis gas, whereby obtaining a gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen; a methanol- and/or dimethyl ether-containing gas is produced from the resultant gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen; meanwhile, a H2-containing gas is produced from the CO-containing gas and the H2O-containing gas separated from the lower-paraffin-containing gas by a shift reaction; a lower-paraffin-containing gas containing propane or butane as a main component of hydrocarbons contained therein is produced from the methanol- and/or dimethyl ether-containing gas and the H2-containing gas; and a H2O-containing gas is separated from the resultant lower-paraffin-containing gas, whereby obtaining a liquefied petroleum gas.

Abstract: There is disclosed in embodiments catalysts produced by a two-stage loading of a zeolite carrier with an aqueous solution of a cobalt compound, with drying in an air current after each loading. Methods using the catalysts to produce synfuel are disclosed.

Abstract: A system for separating liquids from solids comprising an immobilization unit comprising an immobilization vessel containing a bed of magnetizable material and a magnet configured to produce a magnetic field within the immobilization vessel, wherein the immobilization vessel further comprises an immobilization vessel outlet and an immobilization vessel inlet for a fluid comprising liquid and metal-containing particles.

Abstract: A process and system for producing hydrocarbon compounds or fuels that recycle products of hydrocarbon compound combustion—carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, or both, and water. The energy for recycling is electricity derived from preferably not fossil based fuels, like from nuclear fuels or from renewable energy. The process comprises electrolysing water, and then using hydrogen to reduce externally supplied carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, then using so produced carbon monoxide together with any externally supplied carbon monoxide and hydrogen in Fischer-Tropsch reactors, with upstream upgrading to desired specification fuels—for example, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and others. Energy released in some of these processes is used by other processes. Using adiabatic temperature changes and isothermal pressure changes for gas processing and separation, large amounts of required energy are internally recycled using electric and heat distribution lines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing methanol from a methane source by oxidizing methane under conditions sufficient to a mixture of methanol and formaldehyde while minimizing the formation of formic acid and carbon dioxide. The oxidation step is followed by treatment step in which formaldehyde is converted into methanol and formic acid which itself can further be converted into methanol via catalytic hydrogenation of intermediately formed methyl formate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method to start a steady state process for producing normally gaseous, normally liquid and optionally normally solid hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, which method comprises the steps of: (i) providing an activated catalyst in tubes of a fixed bed reactor, preferably a multitubular fixed bed reactor, the catalyst being suitable to convert synthesis gas to normally gaseous, normally liquid and optionally normally solid hydrocarbons; (ii) contacting the activated catalyst with a liquid to obtain a wetted activated catalyst; (iii) contacting the wetted activated catalyst with synthesis gas and catalytically converting the synthesis gas at an elevated temperature and pressure to obtain the normally gaseous, normally liquid and optionally normally solid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of producing an alumina-supported catalyst for use in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, which comprises: calcining an initial ?-alumina support material at a temperature of at least 550° C. to produce a modified alumina support material; impregnating the modified alumina support material with a source cobalt; calcining the impregnated support material at a temperature of 700° C. to 1200° C., and activating the catalyst.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates to a process for conducting a chemical reaction between at least one liquid reactant and at least one gaseous reactant in a process microchannel containing at least one catalyst, the catalyst comprising a solid phase catalyst or a homogeneous catalyst immobilized on a solid. In one embodiment, the process microchannel comprises a processing zone containing one or more structures for disrupting fluid flow and a reaction zone containing one or more structures for contacting and/or supporting the catalyst, the one or more structures for contacting and/or supporting the catalyst containing openings to permit the reactants to flow through the one or more structures and contact the catalyst.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a method for treating a natural gas containing ethane, comprising the following stages: (a) extraction of at least one part of the ethane from the natural gas; (b) reforming of at least one part of the extracted ethane into a synthesis gas; (c) methanation of the synthesis gas into a methane-rich gas; and (d) mixing of the methane-rich gas with the natural gas. Installation for implementing this method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for removing carbon monoxide from a hydrogenous gas stream by reacting the carbon monoxide with hydrogen to give methane and water in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. In this process, the catalyst is present in the form of a thin-layer catalyst on a support material. The invention further relates to an apparatus for carrying out the process.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of detergents containing a relatively low amount of isoparaffins, involving separating a hydrocarbonaceous product stream from a Fischer-Tropsch process using a cobalt based catalyst and producing normally liquid and normally solid hydrocarbons into a light fraction boiling below an intermediate fraction having detergent hydrocarbons, an intermediate boiling fraction having detergent hydrocarbons and a heavy fraction boiling above the intermediate boiling fraction having detergent hydrocarbons, followed by conversion of the detergent hydrocarbons present in the intermediate boiling fraction into detergents, the Fischer-Tropsch process being carried out at a relatively high pressure.

Abstract: A technique of cooling of a reactor with a fixed catalytic bed for exothermic catalytic syntheses, such as the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis of liquid fuels by selective hydrogenation of the monoxide of carbon (CO) by the hydrogen (H2), includes mixing of these two gases being called “synthesis gas” or “syngas”, and is characterized by the fact that the heat of such synthesis is taken away by a heat medium of non-fossil origin and having a high boiling point in comparison with water and that at least a part of the resultant vapors of such boiling heat medium is extracted from the reactor to feed, as a carbonaceous matter, another reactor, called “reformer”, in which this vapor is converted into syngas to feed the aforesaid reactor of exothermic synthesis.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a process for the synthesis of hydrocarbons based on a synthesis gas type feedstock in which said synthesis gas is brought into contact with a catalyst in a reactor under Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions and in which the partial pressure of water is controlled in order to keep it below a critical value ppH2O-limit defined by the formula: ppH2Olimit=exp(?7751/dp·T)·Ps(T) where T is the reaction temperature in K, dp is the average diameter of the catalyst pores in nm, determined by nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BJH method), Ps(T) is the saturating water vapour pressure at temperature T, in bar.

Abstract: A magnetic separator vessel (1) for separating magnetic particles from non-magnetic fluid includes a separation chamber having an interior and exterior wall, a top and bottom portion; a magnet (3) having first and second poles (2) positioned adjacent to the exterior wall, wherein the first pole is substantially diametrically opposed to the second pole; a inlet port (5) is directed into the top portion of the separation chamber, wherein the inlet port (5) is positioned adjacent to one of the first and second poles (2), wherein the inlet port (5) is adapted to transfer a mixture into the separation chamber; an underflow port (6) in communication with the bottom portion, wherein the underflow port (6) is adapted to receive the magnetic particles; and an overflow port (9) in communication with the separation chamber, wherein the overflow port (9) is adapted to receive the non-magnetic fluid.

Abstract: Methods and reagents for labeling synthesis of organohalides by transition metal mediated carbonylation reactions using carbon-isotope labeled carbon monoxide are provided. The resultant carbon-isotope labeled organohalides are useful as radiopharmaceuticals, especially for use as precursors in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Associated PET tracers and kits for PET studies are also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to a high temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT) hydrocarbon synthesis process comprising the conversion of a feed of H2 and at least one carbon oxide to hydrocarbons containing at least 30% on a mass basis hydrocarbons with five or more carbon atoms (hereinafter referred to as C5+ compounds). The conversion is carried out in the presence of an alkali-promoted iron hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst, and the process is characterised therein that the reaction mixture formed during the conversion contains less than 0.02 mol alkali per 100 g iron, and that the H2:carbon oxide molar ratio in the feed of H2 and carbon oxide is at least 2.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of propylene and ethylene comprises subjecting a gaseous mixture of a dilution gas and a paraffinic feedstock boiling in the gas oil range and having an iso paraffin to normal paraffin ratio of between 2 and 5 to a thermal conversion step.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of producing methanol includes reacting a heated hydrocarbon-containing gas and an oxygen-containing gas in a reactor; to provide a product stream comprising methanol; and transferring heat from the product stream to the hydrocarbon-containing gas to heat the hydrocarbon containing gas. After removing methanol and CO2 from the product stream, unprocessed hydrocarbons are mixed with the hydrocarbon containing gas fro reprocessing through the reactor.

Abstract: A process and system for producing hydrocarbon compounds or fuels that recycle products of hydrocarbon compound combustion—carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, or both, and water. The energy for recycling is electricity derived from preferably not fossil based fuels, like from nuclear fuels or from renewable energy. The process comprises electrolyzing water, and then using hydrogen to reduce externally supplied carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, then using so produced carbon monoxide together with any externally supplied carbon monoxide and hydrogen in Fischer-Tropsch reactors, with upstream upgrading to desired specification fuels—for example, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and others. Energy released in some of these processes is used by other processes. Using adiabatic temperature changes and isothermal pressure changes for gas processing and separation, large amounts of required energy are internally recycled using electric and heat distribution lines.

Abstract: A process is provided to make ethylene and propylene from a carbonaceous feedstock. The process comprises preparing a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen from a feedstock. A Fischer Tropsch synthesis is then performed on the gaseous mixture to obtain a Fischer Tropsch product along with unconverted carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The Fischer Tropsch product in admixture with the unconverted carbon monoxide and hydrogen from the previous step is then subjected to terminal cracking to form ethylene and propylene.

Abstract: The liquid fuel synthesizing apparatus (1) for efficient synthesis of liquid fuel from biomass, such as plant for a raw material, comprised of reactors (2) with a catalyst incorporated therein, coolers (3) for cooling of synthesized gaseous matter and extracting of liquid fuel, and temperature adjustment means (7) for regulating by heat exchange any unreacted gas after recovery of liquid fuel to reaction temperature suitable for liquid fuel gas synthesis, wherein the reactors, the coolers and the temperature adjustment means are arranged multistage inline-straightly along gas flow. The temperature adjustment means (7) and the reactors (2) are disposed in the constant temperature room (8) in parallel. The coolers (3) are disposed apart from the constant temperature rooms (8).

Abstract: The invention provides methods and apparatus for selectively producing ethanol from syngas. As disclosed herein, syngas derived from cellulosic biomass (or other sources) can be catalytically converted into methanol, which in turn can be catalytically converted into acetic acid or acetates. Finally, the acetic acid or acetates can be reduced to ethanol according to several variations. In some embodiments, yields of ethanol from biomass can exceed 100 gallons per dry ton of biomass.

Abstract: A catalyst composition and a process of using a catalyst composition for preparing high molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as polymethylene, from a fluid containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide are disclosed. The catalyst composition contains ruthenium and a treated silica support component. The treated silica support component is prepared by a process including contacting a silica support component, such as silicon dioxide, and a treating agent, such as a silicon-containing compound.