Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect and/or microorganism controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect and/or microorganism controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: A bird deterrent apparatus has a base for attaching to a surface and a post attached thereto and extending therefrom in a generally vertical direction when attached to a top of a pole. A plurality of moveable fingers are attached to the post and each of the attached fingers extend at a downward angle and away from the post so that a bird landing on one of the plurality of movable fingers will cause the movable fingers to move and prevent the bird from perching thereon. A plurality of fingers are spaced around the post and may be flexible metal members, or alternatively, may be a plurality of rigid rods each forming a pair of fingers by the rod extending through a bore in the post and being bent downward on each side of the post so that a pair of fingers are attached and swing in seesaw fashion so that a bird landing on the one finger of a pair will move it downward while moving the opposite attached finger upward.

Abstract: A method for preventing the invasion of dwelling houses etc by ants, by luring the ants to locations near the house, where food is provided for them. The food dispenser consists of a round body which contains a floor section which holds an ant food.

Abstract: An animal guard with a multitude of rotatable elements that can be securely mounted on a generally vertical or horizontal structure is disclosed. The rotatable elements may be of varying shapes and are designed to provide an unsteady footing for animals attempting to cross the object to continue travel along the structure. In accordance with one embodiment, the animal guard is configured to surround a vertically-extending structure. A series of hollow rotatable elements, or “spinners”, are provided with a hole formed at opposing longitudinal ends. The spinners are bifurcated into two generally equal halves that attach together. A guard plate is mounted to surround the structure and has a series of cross arm brackets which extend through the end holes of the spinners to serve as end axles for rotation and to position the spinners around the circumference of the structure. A support means secures the location of the guard plate and spinners and couples the guard plate to the structure.

Abstract: A bird deterrent apparatus has a base for attaching to a surface and a post attached thereto and extending therefrom in a generally vertical direction when attached to a top of a pole. A plurality of moveable fingers are attached to the post and each of the attached fingers extend at a downward angle and away from the post so that a bird landing on one of the plurality of movable fingers will cause the movable fingers to move and prevent the bird from perching thereon. A plurality of fingers are spaced around the post and may be flexible metal members, or alternatively, may be a plurality of rigid rods each forming a pair of fingers by the rod extending through a bore in the post and being bent downward on each side of the post so that a pair of fingers are attached and swing in seesaw fashion so that a bird landing on the one finger of a pair will move it downward while moving the opposite attached finger upward.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a flashing system for a chimney-bonnet positioned on a chimney of a building structure. The flashing system includes at least one flashing member including at least an abutting portion and a flange portion. The abutting portion is formed to extend from the flange portion and is formed and configured to be positioned between a bottom portion of the chimney-bonnet and a surface of the chimney. The flange portion is formed to extend outwardly downward from the abutting portion and is formed and configured to direct moisture away from the surface of the chimney.

Abstract: A method of deterring to waterfowl trespass onto a real estate property, particularly a property bordering onto a body of water inhabited by geese, and an effective barrier for doing so, is disclosed. The barrier consists in its simplest form as a pair of lines suspended above a property surface, one line at 3 to 10 inches high, a second line at 8 to 30 inches high, with a separation between lines of at least 5 inches. The lines are suspended by means of an array of posts. Preferably, a dispenser for feeding a line from a spool and also for retracting the line is mounted on one of the posts. The barrier is optimally removable, including means for retracting the line and for conveniently removing the posts from receptacles in the property surface. Thus, a property owner or user is allowed full recreational access to the property without the problem of goose droppings on the protected property.

Abstract: A tile for a pitched roof. The tile includes a body that overlies the pitched roof and a plurality of protrusions that stick outwardly from the body and function as heat sinks that sluff-off heat and impede thermal energy from being transmitted to the pitched roof. The body includes a lower portion that is made of a thermal insulating material and an upper portion that is a metallic plate. The metallic plate extends past the lower portion of the body so as to form an overhang that defines an undercut. The undercut of one tile receives a portion of a next lowest tile, and in so doing, interlocks the one tile and the next lowest tile, and in so doing, allows the metallic plate of the one tile to directly contact, and be continuous with, the metallic plate of the next lowest tile for improved heat transfer.

Abstract: A system for sealing the gaps that occur along the perimeter of a building envelope, particularly along with installation of an exterior finish system channel, or screed, as occurs in the installation and application of stucco. It is common to have gaps occur between the channel, base plate, and foundation of the building envelope. The system utilizes a foam sealing element in combination with the channel, caulking, a fiberglass netting that is installed along the bottom of the channel and the face of the foundation, and, an adhesive sealant that seals and adheres the fiberglass netting to the foundation. The system includes several embodiments for use in either new construction or as an aftermarket product.

Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: A technique is provided for keeping rodents and other pests out of warehouses and other buildings. A pest control device or guard is provided which is attached or fixed near the bottom surface of a garage door. The pest control device can adjust to uneven ground surfaces so that a fence or guard is provided to prevent pests, such as rats from entering buildings. The pest control device may be comprised of first, second, and third brackets which are connected together and can be mounted to a garage door. The brackets may be L-shaped. A plurality of pins is connected to the first, second, and third brackets so that each of the plurality of pins can move with respect to the first, second, and third brackets.

Abstract: A non-lethal method and devices for dispersing nuisance birds from a preselected area. Such nuisance birds disrupt many activities such as the steady flow of safely moving aircraft on runways and adjacent thereto, growing crops on farm land, playing golf and the use of the interior of large open buildings. The present method utilizes a series of bright light sources which are positioned adjacent the area from which the birds are to be dispersed. The light sources are activated to produce one or more beams of bright light which are moved in such a manner to produce a pattern of bright light in the vicinity of the birds to be dispersed. This action causes the birds to become sufficiently startled and disoriented so as to disperse these nuisance birds from the area to be cleared.

Abstract: An animal guard with a multitude of rotatable elements that can be securely mounted on a generally vertical or horizontal structure is disclosed. The rotatable elements may be of varying shapes and are designed to provide an unsteady footing for animals attempting to cross the object to continue travel along the structure. In accordance with one embodiment, the animal guard is configured to surround a vertically-extending structure. A series of hollow rotatable elements, or “spinners”, are provided with a hole formed at opposing longitudinal ends. The spinners are bifurcated into two generally equal halves that attach together. A guard plate is mounted to surround the structure and has a series of cross arm brackets which extend through the end holes of the spinners to serve as end axles for rotation and to position the spinners around the circumference of the structure. A support means secures the location of the guard plate and spinners and couples the guard plate to the structure.

Abstract: A subsurface pesticide injection system for use in combination with a structure having a footing formed in a base soil, a stem wall formed on the footing and defining a perimeter of the structure, a fill material disposed on the base soil within the perimeter of the stem wall, and a concrete slab formed on the fill material is provided. The concrete slab has openings extending therethrough. The subsurface pesticide injection and fluid extraction system comprising includes a tubular conduit disposed within the fill material of the structure such that portions of the tubular conduit are disposed adjacent the openings of the concrete slab. The tubular conduit has a sidewall, a first end, a second end, and a plurality of tortuous pores extending through the sidewall of the tubular conduit.

Abstract: A method of reinforcing the holding strength of an anchoring element embedded in a concrete slab, wherein, prior to casting the concrete slab around the anchoring element, the anchoring element is coated with a mortar that is made up of a resin mixed with sand and cement.

Abstract: A barrier against arthropods crawling along a surface comprises a soft pliable polymer collar portion adapted for tight and substantially continuous receipt against a surface. A mounting portion secures the collar to the surface and serves to preventing relative motion between the collar and the surface. A generally continuous flared skirt member extends from the collar and is comprised of a soft pliable polymer having a arthropod-deterring ingredient molded therein. The skirt defines an unobstructed access opening opposite the collar. The opening is defined by an end of the generally continuous skirt.

Abstract: A modular deflection device for securing to buildings to prevent birds, particularly pigeons, from roosting. The deflection device has a plurality of base rails arranged parallel and forming a web of modules divided by break points. The device includes a plurality of the modules, each having bent metal pins anchored thereto. The ends of the pins extend upwardly and outwardly, acting as spaced deflection elements to prevent birds from roosting over the deflection device. Preferably, one pin end extends perpendicularly upwards, while the other pin end extends outwardly at about 30° from vertical. The modules are separable at the break points for quickly fitting to a length of a building feature such as a ledge or molding.

Abstract: This invention concerns an apparatus to assist in the installation of certain spring clips such as those embodied in an Electrostatic Animal Guard. The apparatus structure is primarily a series of offset tines by which the clip can be held. In addition to these tines is a slidable bar that further holds the clip. Movement of the bar alters the apparatus's relative hold on the clip allowing for seating and release of the clip when the bar is in one position, and preventing the seating and release of the clip when in another position.

Abstract: The present invention is a device for use to install and remove animal guards from bushings, surge arresters and insulators on electrical equipment. The device attaches one end to the receiving end of an animal guard and the opposite end to a telescope stick, hot stick or other suitable sick to support device. This device may be used to install animal guard devices while remaining at ground elevation or at an evaluation above the ground.

Abstract: An apparatus for the protection of exposed structures, in particular cables, poles, pipes, and towers from destructive interactions with external threats, including: various animals (including man), plants, and machines as well as from general environmental hazards. The protective configurable sheath apparatus may be optimized for a specific candidate (type of animal, plant, environmental hazard, machine) or for a range of candidates. A configurable sheath fully or partially encompasses the exposed structure to be protected. The sheath may be attached in a variety of ways and is typically designed so that it is removable or upgradable. Thus, the sheath can be employed on a temporary basis or it can be replaced/modified as is needed. This versatile configurable sheath permits customization of commercially-available, mass-produced structures as well as retrofitting installed structures. Sheath base materials may serve multiple functions.

Abstract: An electric cattle guard formed of first and second elongated mats, said second mat received in an upper face of the first mat. Both mats are formed of a flexible insulating material with the second mat interspersed with electrically conductive particles, fibers or a mixture thereof in an amount sufficient to apply a high voltage, low energy shock to an animal making contact with the second elongated mat when it energized. A conductive strip adapted to make electrical contact with an electric fence energizer is provided at one or both ends of the second elongated mat.

Abstract: A holder for isolating an article from a surface is comprised of a receiving member for retaining an article in a position removed from a surface. A crawling arthropod-deterring component is applied at least adjacent to lower periphery of the receiving member. A base situated below the receiving member supports and stabilizes the receiving member and distributes a load applied by the retained article.

Abstract: A holder for isolating an article from a surface is comprised of a receiving member for retaining an article in a position removed from a surface. A crawling arthropod-deterring component is applied at least adjacent to lower periphery of the receiving member. A base situated below the receiving member supports and stabilizes the receiving member and distributes a load applied by the retained article.

Abstract: A holder for isolating an article from a surface is comprised of a receiving member for retaining an article in a position removed from a surface. A crawling arthropod-deterring component is applied at least adjacent to lower periphery of the receiving member. A base situated below the receiving member supports and stabilizes the receiving member and distributes a load applied by the retained article.

Abstract: A method is provided for dispersing pigeons from a building structure in which the pigeons roost. The method utilizes a horizontally oriented light beam. The light beam is positioned two to six inches above the surface on which the pigeons roost. The beam, when it is normal to a pigeon's eye and strikes the eye, causes the pigeon discomfort and makes it fly away from the building structure. The beam is utilized for at least three consecutive days.

Abstract: An animal guard with a multitude of rotatable elements that can be securely mounted on a generally vertical or horizontal structure is disclosed. The rotatable elements may be of varying shapes and are designed to provide an unsteady footing for animals attempting to cross the object to continue travel along the structure. In accordance with one embodiment, the animal guard is configured to surround a vertically-extending structure. A series of hollow rotatable elements, or “spinners”, are provided with a hole formed at opposing longitudinal ends. The spinners are bifurcated into two generally equal halves that attach together. A guard plate is mounted to surround the structure and has a series of cross arm brackets which extend through the end holes of the spinners to serve as end axles for rotation and to position the spinners around the circumference of the structure. A support means secures the location of the guard plate and spinners and couples the guard plate to the structure.

Abstract: A holder for isolating an article from a surface is comprised of a receiving member for retaining an article in a position removed from a surface. A crawling arthropod-deterring component is applied at least adjacent to lower periphery of the receiving member. A base situated below the receiving member supports and stabilizes the receiving member and distributes a load applied by the retained article.

Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: A waterfowl repelling mechanism is an elongated rectangular member that has a C-shaped member connected at one end. The other end of the elongated rectangular member has a slot disposed therein. The C-shaped member partially surrounds a rounded railing of a marine craft with the elongated member extending upward. A narrow diameter flexible material is positioned between successively mounted repelling mechanisms, drawn tight and secured. A land fowl repelling mechanism is mounted onto a flat structure. The repelling mechanism is an elongated rectangular member that has a first end. The first end has an aperture disposed therein. The elongated rectangular member has a second end oppositely spaced from the first end. A mounting platform is connected to the elongated rectangular member's second end. The platform is mounted to the flat structure and a flexible material is threaded between successively mounted elongated rectangular members's apertures and secured thereto.

Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: Devices and methods for protecting weepholes in brick veneer structures against insects and other pests while still allowing drainage and for helping prevent mortar portions and other objects from blocking the weepholes. A weephole device is described that includes a substantially vertical spacer portion having a pair of side walls that are maintained in a spaced relation to one another to define a gap for the passage of water or other fluids. The spacer portion is shaped and sized to be inserted into a weephole space between a pair of bricks. A tray is affixed to the spacer portion and includes a substantially horizontally disposed tray portion that is shaped and sized to capture falling mortar portions or other objects that might block the weephole were they to fall behind it within the air gap between the brick veneer wall and the structural inner wall. The rear edge of the tray portion has an edge that is intended to contact the inner wall when the weephole device is emplaced.

Abstract: A barrier against arthropods crawling along a surface comprises a soft pliable polymer collar portion adapted for tight and substantially continuous receipt against a surface. A mounting portion secures the collar to the surface and serves to preventing relative motion between the collar and the surface. A generally continuous flared skirt member extends from the collar and is comprised of a soft pliable polymer having a arthropod-deterring ingredient molded therein. The skirt defines an unobstructed access opening opposite the collar. The opening is defined by an end of the generally continuous skirt.

Abstract: A barrier against arthropods crawling along a surface comprises a soft pliable polymer collar portion adapted for tight and substantially continuous receipt against a surface. A mounting portion secures the collar to the surface and serves to preventing relative motion between the collar and the surface. A generally continuous flared skirt member extends from the collar and is comprised of a soft pliable polymer having a arthropod-deterring ingredient molded therein. The skirt defines an unobstructed access opening opposite the collar. The opening is defined by an end of the generally continuous skirt.

Abstract: A system for sealing the gaps that occur along the perimeter of a building envelope, particularly along with installation of an exterior finish system channel, or screed, as occurs in the installation and application of stucco. It is common to have gaps occur between the channel, base plate, and foundation of the building envelope. The system utilizes a foam sealing element in combination with the channel, caulking, a fiberglass netting that is installed along the bottom of the channel and the face of the foundation, and, an adhesive sealant that seals and adheres the fiberglass netting to the foundation. The system includes several embodiments for use in either new construction or as an aftermarket product.

Abstract: A barrier against arthropods crawling along a surface comprises a soft pliable polymer collar portion adapted for tight and substantially continuous receipt against a surface. A mounting portion secures the collar to the surface and serves to preventing relative motion between the collar and the surface. A generally continuous flared skirt member extends from the collar and is comprised of a soft pliable polymer having a arthropod-deterring ingredient molded therein. The skirt defines an unobstructed access opening opposite the collar. The opening is defined by an end of the generally continuous skirt.

Abstract: An apparatus for deterring flying animals and method for making the same. The apparatus is made from a planar base plate in which one or more tangs are formed. A wire is removably attached to at least one of the tangs, the wire having a first portion that has a component that is not planar with the base plate and a second portion that can be captured by the tang. The first and second portions of the wire are attached at one end of the second portion. The wire can also have a third portion, also attached to the second portion, at the other end of the second portion. The tangs in the base plate can be linear, zigzag, or have any other configuration. If the tangs have a zigzag configuration, the base plate is preferably sinuous. The third portion of the wire can have three subportions, although the third portion is coplanar. The three subportions are at angles to one another.

Abstract: A prefabricated barrier for providing protection to subterranean walls and other structural members against both penetration by water and by termites, are disclosed. The barrier has a tacky and waterproof compound, preferably an asphaltic compound, protected by a release liner which is peeled from the web immediately prior to installing the web on building surfaces. A layer of stainless steel mesh is used to inhibit passage of termites. The invention comprises a protective release liner (preferably polyester), a first layer of tacky film, stainless steel mesh, a second layer of tacky waterproof compound, and a second release liner (preferably polyethylene). The double release liner embodiment is symmetrical, and can therefore be installed with either side against the surface to be protected.

Abstract: The intrusion of insects into a home or similar building is controlled by utilizing insect and/or microorganism controlling plastic materials in the construction of the building. The insect and/or microorganism controlling plastic building materials are manufactured by first blending one or more plastic resins with one or more insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agents to form a blended plastic resin/insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agent material. The blended plastic resin/insect and/or microorganism controlling chemical agent material is then utilized to manufacture plastic films, sheets, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, insulating foams, flooring materials, wall covering materials, and the like utilizing conventional manufacturing techniques.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a line barrier system and method of installing such a system which includes, a plurality of modular supports having a base for mounting to the structure, with the supports having at least one projecting member extending in a fixed position from said base; a fastener for mounting said plurality of modular supports to the structure; and, at least one generally translucent line fixedly attached to said projecting member on more than one of said plurality of modular supports to provide a line barrier between the bird and the structure.

Abstract: An anti-perching device provided with elongated, laterally spaced, substantially vertical legs adapted to slip over construction frame members, elongated continuous side members extending upwardly therefrom at an angle to obscure the upper horizontal surfaces of the frame members and preclude perching thereon, an elongated continuous upper surface peak configuration extending along the length thereof and shaped to preclude the presentation of a horizontal surface for perching, and an integral stop mechanism for consistent vertical positioning of the device on the frame members.

Abstract: A post base has an upwardly-tapering portion. The base is designed to be at least partially buried in the ground.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a self-closing bracket (20) for use in mounting an object, such as a perch guard, on elevated structures, such as power lines. The self-closing bracket (20) has an upper member (24) and a lower member (28). The lower member (28) is rotatably connected to the upper member (24) and has a closure member (60) that extends into the interior of the bracket (20) when the bracket (20) is in an open position. As the bracket (20) is moved towards the object to be clamped, the lower member (28) pivots relative to the upper member (24) as the closure member (60) engages the object to be clamped, thereby urging the bracket (20) to an at least partially closed position.

Abstract: A bird-scaring device for scaring birds without injuring the birds or without using loud noises. The bird-scaring device includes an air dispensing device. An actuator for actuating the air compressor is operationally coupled to the air compressor. A tubular membrane is elongate and has a first end, a second end and peripheral wall extending therebetween. The first end is selectively fluidly coupled to the air dispensing device such that the air dispensing device may inflate the tubular membrane. The peripheral wall of the tubular membrane has a plurality of elongate wires therein. Each of the wires is resiliently flexible. Each of the wires is coiled such that the tubular membrane is in a coiled orientation when it is not inflated. The air compressor forces air into the tubular membrane such that the tubular membrane is selectively inflated into an extended orientation.

Abstract: A method for deterring arboreal animals from climbing and reaching a bird feeder nesting box or elevated plant holder, supported atop a post set within the ground, includes the steps of providing a freestanding, non-rotatable hollow, longitudinally extending body and inserting the post supporting the bird feeder, nesting box or elevated plant holder conjunctionally therein. Alternatively, the bird feeder, nesting box or elevated plant holder may be directly supported atop the freestanding, non-rotatable, longitudinally extending body. The free standing, non-rotatable longitudinally extending body extends up from the ground, and is made of a minimal height and width, whereupon the arboreal animal will slide down the free standing, non-rotatable hollow, longitudinally extending body to a position where the arboreal animal is out of a jumping range to reach said bird feeder, nesting box or elevated plant.

Abstract: This invention relates to an animal barrier device comprising a cylinder, preferably hollow, with a longitudinal hole traversing its length. The device can be used for mounting on a bird feeder support cable to deter animal passage. The device includes a cylinder, having a central hole for mounting on a cable.

Abstract: A barrier implement intended for obstructing a route of travel of crawling arthropods along a passageway comprises a sheet configured to circumscribe a passageway along which arthropods crawl. A dimension of the sheet is sized or molded relative to said passageway. An arthropod deterring component associated with said sheet for deterring said crawling arthropods and impeding their route of travel along said passageway.

Abstract: A device for preventing rats from climbing, characterized in that the device made of deformable plate (1), such as metal plate, comprises a plurality of adjacently arranged deformable plates (3) and a fixing part (2) for fixing the plurality of deformable plates to a pipe/rod (10) or other desired body which climbing rats is to be prevented. Each of the deformable plates has sharp teeth and/or protrusions at its edges and has an end connected to the fixing part. It is possible for the user to deform and extend the deformable plates in various directions by using tools, so as to form sharp construction around the contour of the pipe/rod (10), thereby preventing rats from climbing. Moreover, the fixing part is provided with a punched structure, through which fixing members such as screw, rope and steel sheet can penetrate for fixing the device or for connecting the device to other device.

Abstract: A weep hole insect barrier is provided for existing and new construction that prevents insects from crawling into cavity walls in a typical house through weep holes. For existing construction, the insect barrier has a flap hinged to a frame. The frame is then secured to the outside of an existing weep hole. The flap contains a screen which prevents insects from crawling in while allowing moisture to escape from the cavity walls. For new construction, the insect barrier also has a flap hinged to a frame, but the frame has two portions, a first portion containing having a flap and a second portion containing a fixed screen. In this embodiment the frame can be secured within the weep hole.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a protection device is provided for restricting an object from sliding along an edge formed by a pair of surfaces of a structure. The protection device includes an obstruction fixture having a mounting surface and a body projecting away from the mounting surface, and a fastener securing the mounting surface to at least one of the surfaces of the structure. The obstruction fixture is positioned on the structure with the body positioned sufficiently close to the edge such that the object sliding along the edge will contact the body.