Abstract: An umbrella pole protecting device is a protective sleeve for the lower pole section of a pool-side umbrella. In other words, the device is a protective sleeve that covers the lower pole section of an umbrella to prevent potential contact of water. Further, the device includes a gasket for providing a water-proof seal between the sleeve and the pole section of the umbrella. Additionally, a water-resistant coating on the protective sleeve prevents the sleeve from being subjected to water damage. Thus, the present invention is a simple yet effective solution for preventing damage of lower pole section of a pool umbrella.

Abstract: A system for damping vibration of a tower structure at a selected one or more natural frequencies of the tower structure. The system includes a tank assembly with one or more tanks, and a fluid positioned in the tank to a preselected depth above a floor. The tank includes wall(s) defining an average travelling distance of a wave through the fluid initiated by the vibration of the tower structure at the natural frequency. The system includes one or more inserts located on the floor in the tank for damping movement of the fluid. The preselected depth and the average travelling distance are selected so that the fluid is movable at the selected natural frequency and out of phase with the vibration of the tower structure, to dampen the vibration of the tower structure at the selected natural frequency.

Abstract: A bollard assembly includes a bollard post, a ground sleeve configured to receive the bollard post, and a stress control device positioned adjacent to the ground sleeve. The stress control device has a face plate and a plurality of support plates secured to a back surface of the face plate. The support plates are angularly space from one another at equal angles and extend radially inward from the back surface towards the ground sleeve such that the ground sleeve fits between the plurality of support plates.

Abstract: A system for damping vibration of a tower structure at a selected one or more natural frequencies of the tower structure. The system includes a tank assembly with one or more tanks, and a fluid positioned in the tank to a preselected depth above a floor. The tank includes wall(s) defining an average travelling distance of a wave through the fluid initiated by the vibration of the tower structure at the natural frequency. The system includes one or more inserts located on the floor in the tank for damping movement of the fluid. The preselected depth and the average travelling distance are selected so that the fluid is movable at the selected natural frequency and out of phase with the vibration of the tower structure, to dampen the vibration of the tower structure at the selected natural frequency.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pole shield for extending around a pole structure. The pole shield comprises one or more than one sheet of composite material forming a hollow structure having an open first end and an opposed open second end. The sheet or sheets of composite material comprise from about 50% to about 80% by weight of a reinforcement impregnated with about 20% to about 50% of a polyurethane resin composition comprising a combination of a polyol component and a polyisocyanate component. Two or more pole shields may be stacked one on top of the other to form a pole shield structure which extends the height of protection of the pole structure. The pole shield can be used for protecting a pole structure from damage, such as from fire, rain, wind, sand, ice, pests, moisture or electrical. The pole shield may also be used to provide structural support to a pole structure.

Abstract: Provided is a base mechanism of a single prop capable of being unloaded at reduced pressure, including a base bottom plate and two wedge-shaped support blocks, where one of the wedge-shaped support blocks serves as a fixed wedge-shaped support block and is welded onto the base bottom plate, and the other of the wedge-shaped support blocks serves as a movable wedge-shaped support block and is connected to the fixed wedge-shaped support block by using a screw rod and a nut. The present invention can effectively unload the single prop at reduced pressure or remove the single prop in a contracted manner, is of a simple structure, is convenient to operate, has a good use effect, overcomes the technical problem that it is difficult to unload a single prop at reduced pressure in this technical feature, and is widely applicable in this technical field.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pole shield for extending around a pole structure. The pole shield comprises a sheet of composite material forming a hollow structure having an open first end and an opposed open second end. The sheet of composite material comprises from about 0% to about 80% by weight of a reinforcement impregnated with about 20% to about 50% of a polyurethane resin composition comprising a combination of a polyol component and a polyisocyanate component. Two or more pole shields may be stacked one on top of the other to form a pole shield structure which extends the height of protection of the pole structure. The pole shield can be used for protecting a pole structure from damage, such as from fire, rain, wind, sand, ice, pests, moisture or electrical. The pole shield may also be used to provide structural support to a pole structure.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a structure for supporting an access floor panel, which includes a plurality of X-axis beams arranged to be spaced apart in an X-axis direction, each having an X-axis guide groove formed on a center of an upper surface thereof in the X-axis direction, a plurality of Y-axis beams arranged to be spaced apart in a Y-axis direction at the same height as the X-axis beams, each having a Y-axis guide groove formed on a center of an upper surface thereof in the Y-axis direction, a post configured to have a post head and support each of the X-axis beams and an associated one of the Y-axis beams, and a connection bracket configured to fix each of the X-axis beams and an associated one of the Y-axis beams to the post head.

Abstract: A pre-fabricated pole foundation provided employing a cavity to retain pole assembly of different profile, shape, size, and material interchangeably, a tapered structure onto which the pole rests, and recesses in the pole cavity wall enabling foundation hoisting, plumbing and anchoring, whereas the cavity wall is capable to accommodate for electronic devices enclosure and fill material provides structural support to an embedded pole or the embedded pole and foundation.

Abstract: A modular fire prevention flooring system includes a plurality of fire prevention flooring planks. Each plank is generally tubular and forms a drain channel. Fluids spilled onto the upper surface of the flooring system may drain through a plurality of drain holes formed in the upper surface of the planks. The planks may further include a metal filler positioned within the drain channels to stop combustion of burning fluids spilled into the drain channels. The metal filler may break up burning liquids and remove heat therefrom. In some embodiments, a purging fluid may be flowed through the planks to purge any spilled fluids therefrom.

Abstract: Buildings which include rudimentary plumbing can be transported as a set of disassembled modular parts and then assembled on site. The assembled building includes a water reservoir in the roof and a sewage reservoir in the base, so as to enable gravity-based water supply and sewage disposal in the absence of traditional plumbing and sewage infrastructure. Building envelope elements having internal reservoirs, and methods for constructing such building envelope elements are also described.

Abstract: A responsive structural element including an elongate member having a first end and second end and defining a cross-section is provided. The structural element further includes a sensor, secured to the elongate member, for detecting at least one pre-selected indicator. Advantageously, the elongate member is responsive to the pre-selected indicator.

Abstract: A system that facilitates water conservation and energy savings for a residential dwelling or home is provided. The system will increase the efficiency with which water is consumed by implementing a reclamation system for reusing water for selected tasks. Energy savings are enabled by utilizing unique insulating materials that allow the climate of the interior of a home to be controlled in a more affordable manner as less fuel/energy is required to heat/cool the home's interior.

Abstract: A building fire escape system, comprising an auxiliary descending device, the auxiliary descending device being a sliding pole (6) or a spiral chute (6?), and at least one refuge chamber, the refuge chamber being a fireproof spatial structure integrated with the building. The inside of the refuge chamber is divided into a first space (2) and a second space (3) by fire partitions (1, 4). The first space (2) communicates with the interior space of the building. The second space (3) communicates with the exterior space of the building. The fire partition (4) is provided with a fireproof door (11) connecting the first space with the second space. Any two neighboring refuge chambers are interconnected. The fire partition is provided with an observation window (12). The first space and the second space are provided with an air supply pipe (14) and an air exhaust pipe (15). Disposed at the top of the refuge chamber is a water tank (16) connected to the fire main pipe (17).

Abstract: A modular fire prevention flooring system includes a plurality of fire prevention flooring planks. Each plank is generally tubular and forms a drain channel. Fluids spilled onto the upper surface of the flooring system may drain through a plurality of drain holes formed in the upper surface of the planks. The planks may further include a metal filler positioned within the drain channels to stop combustion of burning fluids spilled into the drain channels. The metal filler may break up burning liquids and remove heat therefrom. In some embodiments, a purging fluid may be flowed through the planks to purge any spilled fluids therefrom.

Abstract: Provided are a fireproof door and a fireproof door frame. The fireproof door includes a water receiving part, a groove, a water expansion substance, an intake port, and a plurality of supply holes. The water receiving part holds water therein. The groove is formed along an edge of the fireproof door. The water expansion substance is inserted into the groove along the edge and expands when absorbing water to seal a gap between a door frame and the fireproof door. The intake port is disposed at a lower portion to supply water into the water receiving part. The plurality of supply holes is disposed along the groove between the water receiving part and the water expansion substance to supply water held in the water receiving part through the intake port to the water expansion substance.

Abstract: A storage reservoir wall system having one or more wall units, a wall unit having a wall first side, a wall second side, a wall first end having a first end mounting attachment, a wall second and having a second end mounting attachment, a wall top, a wall bottom, one or more hollow reservoir chambers constructed from a material that is non-permeable, and one or more liquid access apertures in one or more of the wall first side, wall second side, wall first end, wall second end, wall top, or wall bottom, said liquid access aperture fluidly connecting to the hollow reservoir chamber.

Abstract: Provided are a fireproof door and a fireproof door frame. The fireproof door includes a water receiving part, a groove, a water expansion substance, an intake port, and a plurality of supply holes. The water receiving part holds water therein. The groove is formed along an edge of the fireproof door. The water expansion substance is inserted into the groove along the edge and expands when absorbing water to seal a gap between a door frame and the fireproof door. The intake port is disposed at a lower portion to supply water into the water receiving part. The plurality of supply holes is disposed along the groove between the water receiving part and the water expansion substance to supply water held in the water receiving part through the intake port to the water expansion substance.

Abstract: A dry refuge for a group of people in the event of a large fire front like a bushfire is a chamber with a roof, walls and doors made of a steel outer shell, a non-metal inner shell to accommodate people and a multi-layer ceramic fibre insulation layer between the shells capable of withstanding 1100° C. difference in temperature. When the refuge is mobile in order to accompany firefighters into a fire zone, it is built as an insulated water tank with entry hatches for personnel and a quick release water valve for dumping water from the inner shell. The tanks may be on road going trailers in order to be transportable by the authorities to where they are needed. An air portable version is transportable by helicopter. All may have smoke proof seals on hatches and doors and internal air supply, sight glasses to view the outside, interior lighting and a radio.

Abstract: A rain collecting wall system comprising a plurality of interlocking wall components each with a chamber for storing water; sets of teeth disposed on either side of the wall components, the sets of teeth allow the wall components to be arranged to form a structure wherein the first set of teeth of a first wall component engages the second set of teeth of a second wall component; an aperture disposed in each set of teeth adapted to receive an anchor for supporting the wall component in an upright position; structural supports for helping the wall components resist bowing; at least one water access point disposed; and a mounting system for attaching building materials or shelving systems to the wall components.

Abstract: A double-walled panel for building includes a main body defining an inner space and two opposite open sides, and being internally provided with spacing boards to divide the inner space into a plurality of chambers respectively having two opposite open ends; a working liquid being filled in at least one of the chambers; and at least two sealing covers being respectively provided on one surface facing toward the main body with insert portions for sealing the two open ends of each of the chambers. The double-walled panel may be used as a ceiling panel or a partition wall. The working liquid filled in the chambers not only helps in lowering indoor temperature in normal use conditions, but also helps in extinguishing fire when the building is on fire. The working liquid can also serve as drinking water for those who are trapped in a collapsed building during a disaster.

Abstract: The present invention describes systems and methods which provide a moisture barrier that douses or diffuses buoyant burning debris, particularly hot embers, from a bush and/or brush fire (e.g., wildfires). By strategic placement of the devices and/or apparatus as disclosed, a method of preventing the destruction of dwellings and roof-containing structures by exploiting heat convection is provided.

Abstract: A periodically shieldable solar structure (10) comprises a cavity formed between a pair of light transmitting members (12). A foam insulation/shading system (14) is provided for periodically filling the cavity with degradable foam. The foam insulation/shading system (14) comprises a series of foam generators (28) mounted within the cavity and distributed therealong to provide multiple foam generating points therewithin. The foam generators (28) are operatively coupled to a source of pressurized air and a source of foaming solution.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fire protection system consisting of a first fire protection barrier in the form of a fire protection glass pane provided with preferably monolithic glass panels (1), and a device (2) for spraying water in the form of a water spray haze (7), in front of the fire protection glass pane. The inventive fire protection system ensures, in the event of a fire, that an additional transparent fire protection barrier is provided, that heat and smoke in the room (4) swept through by the fire mix together, and that exposed escape routes, inter alia, are thus protected from dangerous heat radiation (9). The inventive fire protection system can be used in very different fields of application, e.g. for interior glass panes or screens.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method, apparatus, and system to conserve resources, particularly rain water, by providing for water storage within building walls and other structural components. The building water storage allows reuse of water at that location that in the past has generally flowed to storm drains as runoff. Besides allowing reuse, another advantageous effect is that the structure may become a well insulated unit.

Abstract: A wall panel 100 has an elongate hollow body portion 102 having a storage cavity 103 provided therein for retaining water. The body portion 102 has a rectangular cross-section defined by an inner wall 104 and an outer wall 106 held in spaced apart relation by two side walls 108a and 108b. Each side wall 108 is adapted to be joined to the side wall 108 of an adjacent wall panel 100? so as to form a wall tank 110 for a building. Each wall panel 100 thus forms a structural component of the wall 110, which is sufficiently strong to support a roof structure 112 thereon. The side walls 108 are provided with an opening 120 therein, adapted to align with a matching opening 120? in the side wall 108? of an adjacent wall panel 100?, to permit the communication of water from the cavity 103 in one wall panel to the cavity 103? in the adjacent wall panel. The storage cavity 103 is bounded at the top by a lid 132 and at the bottom by a base tray 130.

Abstract: A container for forming a wall structure providing a container for forming a wall structure including one or more neighboring containers, the container providing a body including a cavity for storing liquid therein; an inlet, in fluid communication with the cavity, for receiving liquid within the cavity; an outlet, in fluid communication with the cavity, for transferring, to one of the one or more neighboring containers, the liquid received within the cavity; and a connecting arrangement connectable with a respective connecting arrangement of one of the one or more neighboring containers.

Abstract: The heat dissipating beam is an I-beam with heavy-duty conduits placed in the upper left and lower right hand corners. These conduits would be clamped in place and would be linked together via suitable fittings when the beams are structurally arranged. The conduits would be tied into a common riser to a roof-mounted water storage tank, which would hold water or another fluid with heat dissipation qualities. A pump would also be attached to the water tank for replacing the fluid after a fire or similar incident in which deployment of the fluid into the beams would be necessary. When the conduits are filled with water, or another suitable liquid, the beam would be able to withstand exposure to a greater degree of heat before weakening and failing.

Abstract: A shade assembly including reflective shade panels suspended above a roof or along an exterior wall of a building. The assembly also includes a shade box, such as one including an assembly of upright support posts and attached cables to which dark or reflective water-absorbent shade panels are attached. The shade box covers a rooftop fixture. The shade box can also include a water distribution system which dispenses water substantially onto the dark shade panels when they are included in the shade box. The shade assembly may also be used in a method for cooling the exterior surface of a building. The shade assembly may be used in a method of obtaining government economic incentives for energy efficiency such as emission reduction credits. A shade assembly including reflective shade panels suspended above a structure on or near the ground, such as a parking lot.

Abstract: A vibration control apparatus using a water tank, which is installed at the uppermost floor of a tall building, the water tank being formed at the inner wall surface thereof with horizontal protrusions. In order to improve a vibration attenuation rate in a horizontal direction within the water tank, the water tank is installed with vertical wire meshes therein, and the horizontal protrusions serve to improve a vibration attenuation rate in a vertical direction.

Abstract: A storage tank (100) with a pre-insulated outer tank (110) has been described, and a method for building such. For building a wall (112) of an outertank (110), a formwork (90) is erected with an inner partition (92) to which PVC-foam plates (10) have been attached, which at their inner surface (2) are provided with a coating (3) provided with gravel (4). Subsequently, concrete (94) is poured into the inner formwork space (93), which concrete attaches firmly to the gravel sticking out of the coating. On a floor (111), a coating layer (121) is applied, over which a layer of PVC-foam plates (122) is applied. Subsequently, a secondary monolithic coating layer (123) is sprayed over those PVC-foam plates (122) and onto the inner surface of the coated PVC-plates 10 of the wall (112).

Abstract: Fire protection devices and related methods for isolating building structures from an external fire are disclosed. The fire protection device includes a rolled fire-resistant protective cover having dimensions large enough to cover the building structure. The protective cover is then stored in a storage bag storing the protective cover and being disposed on a inclined top surface of the building structure. The device includes means for releasing the rolled protective cover from the storage bag so that, upon release from the storage bag, the protective cover can roll down the inclined top surface by gravity.

Abstract: A building having columns supported on footings, and a flat roof supported on the columns. The roof contains a pool of water. Bolts are embedded in each footing. The columns are mounted on leveling plates which are vertically, adjustably mounted on the bolts. The roof is leveled by adjustment of the leveling plates.

Abstract: A building perimeter fire suppressing system for preventing brush and forest fires from engulfing building structure. The building perimeter fire suppressing system includes a water source; and also includes a plurality of pipelines having a plurality of water outlets being spaced therealong and being connected to the water source and being adapted to be disposed underground and on exteriors of building structures; and further includes valve assemblies being attached to the pipelines with each of the valve assemblies including a housing having a respective pipeline being disposed therethrough with a valve member being removably disposed inline of a respective pipeline; and also includes valve actuators being connected to the valve assemblies.

Abstract: Roofing tiles and associated methods are used in the construction of multi-functional roofs. Tiles are fit together to define an internal cavity which can be sealed to maintain a gas, liquid and/or other material therein. Filling materials include such things as fire retardants, colored materials, heatable liquid or other materials to provide different functional aspects for a roof made from the tiles.

Abstract: Vertical and horizontal beams in a building are hollow and are filled with at least one container, such as a sack, a ball, or a liner, filled with a heat sink, such as water. In a vertical column, the weight of the containers rests on the foundation and is not carried by the beams. When a fire vaporizes the water inside vertical columns, it is replaced by water falling from higher up in the column.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the structure and a method of constructing of a swimming pool grating. The swimming pool has straight and curved edges and a gutter is constructed in the deck of the pool close to the edge including the curves. The grating is made of a multiple of grate bars which extend along the direction of the pool edge including the curves. The multiple grate bars are assembled in a longitudinal direction as well in a lateral direction according to the dimensions of the gutter. Once assembled into a grating in an elevated position, holes are drilled through all of the assembled grate bars in a lateral direction to the edge of the pool and rods are placed through the drilled holes and are fastened therein against any movement in any direction. Thereafter, the thus assembled grating is lowered into the gutter of the pool to be substantially flush with the surface of the pool deck and the level of the water in the pool.

Abstract: A waste water collection arrangement for combining the waste water discharge of several different plumbing fixtures includes a water receiving trap having a chamber in which water is received to provide a gas-tight seal. At least two inlet assemblies deliver waste water to the chamber and at least one outlet assembly discharges water from the chamber. The chamber has a lid part through which the inlet assemblies pass at least substantially perpendicular to the lid part. The inlet assemblies are mounted on the lid part so as to be movable as required to desired positions for connection to waste water conduits. The chamber is essentially isolated from the ambient air.

Abstract: A fire suppression method and apparatus has a wall bracket which is installable to one side of a wall. The wall bracket is configured with a plurality of openings such that multiple locations for the sprinkler head may be used and the precise installation of the sprinkler head within the wall can be accomplished with a wide variety of wall constructions and sprinkler heads. The wall bracket is attachable to support members, such as wall studs, within the wall and is laterally movable between them in a generally horizontal direction. A pair of wall clips are used to secure the wall bracket to the wall studs. A pipe clamp is provided which is insertable within the bracket to retain a pipe nipple within it. The pipe nipple is adjustable relative to the wall surface to move it inwardly and outwardly relative to the wall. In this fashion, the horizontal location of the sprinkler head can be adjusted depending upon the depth of the wall and the style of sprinkler head used.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the structure and a method of constructing of a swimming pool grating. The swimming pool has straight and curved edges and a gutter is constructed in the deck of the pool close to the edge including the curves. The grating is made of a multiple of grate bars which extend along the direction of the pool edge including the curves. The multiple grate bars are assembled in a longitudinal direction as well in a lateral direction according to the dimensions of the gutter. Once assembled into a grating in an elevated position, holes are drilled through all of the assembled grate bars in a lateral direction to the edge of the pool and rods are placed through the drilled holes and are fastened therein against any movement in any direction. Thereafter, the thus assembled grating is lowered into the gutter of the pool to be substantially flush with the surface of the pool deck and the level of the water in the pool.

Abstract: A fire protection system employs a plurality of radio frequency transmitter temperature sensors remotely located around a building to be protected, one or more sprinkler heads coupled to a water supply line and mounted on the roof of the building to provide sprinkler coverage of the building and a perimeter area surrounding the building, and control circuitry responsive to a radio frequency signal transmited by one or more of the remotely located temperature sensors when a temperature exceeding a threshold temperature of the sensors is sensed thereby to initiate the flow of water to the one or more sprinkler heads for a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A roof-mounted shade assembly for reducing solar heat gain includes an array of fabric panels that are tightly stretched between upright support posts in an operative position overlying and spaced from the roof of a building structure. Several spray nozzles periodically discharge water spray in the form of mist or fog into the space between the fabric panels and the building roof. The fabric panels become saturated with water spray, and fog/mist water droplets are in heat transfer contact with the roof surface and with the wet fabric panels. Thermal energy from the building structure is transferred to the surrounding atmosphere by convection and evaporative cooling as wind currents sweep across the wet fabric panels and the wet roof surface. The water-absorbent fabric panels simultaneously screen direct solar radiation and function as a thermal wick for transferring heat energy from the building structure.

Abstract: A fire suppression sprinkler system and method for installing a sprinkler system in new and existing buildings. The system includes a manifold that supplies fire-suppression fluid to a set of wall-mounted sprinkler heads via flexible sprinkler head conduits through an unobstructed path. The installation and retrofit methods include determining the location of the sprinkler head, installing the manifold, making sure that there is an unobstructed path between the manifold and the sprinkler head location, running the conduit through the path by snaking it where necessary through the wall to which the sprinkler head is mounted, connecting the conduit to the manifold and sprinkler head, and then mounting the sprinkler head.

Abstract: A roof mounted fire protection system adapted for use in association with a house positioned upon a yard, the house having a pitched roof with an apex and a side wall, the apparatus comprising: a horizontal roof pipe and a vertical side pipe, the horizontal roof pipe being coupled along the apex of the roof, the vertical side pipe having an upper end and a lower end and affixed to the side wall of the house, the upper end of the vertical side pipe being coupled to the horizontal pipe; a plurality of upwardly directed sprinkler heads, each sprinkler head being formed in a generally conical configuration and coupled to the horizontal roof pipe; a pump including an intake port and an output port, the intake port being coupled to a water source, the output port being coupled to the lower end of the vertical pipe; and an activation device operatively coupled to the pump, the activation device enabling a user to activate the pump to supply water to the sprinkler heads when required.

Abstract: A hydrostatic anti-vibration system includes a main tank provided on a construction to be suppressed from vibrating and having a main tank body of substantially flat rectangular configuration. Hollow vertical extensions extend upwardly from peripheral edge portions of the main tank body and are filled with a working liquid at a predetermined level with upper air chambers maintained thereabove. Ducts communicate the upper air chambers of the hollow vertical extensions. Intermediate tank portions are disposed at the intermediate portions of respective ducts and contain a vibration suppressing liquid. A pivotal plate is disposed in each of the intermediate tank portions to separate the interior space of the intermediate tank portion into a pair of chambers respectively connected to corresponding portions of the duct. The plate pivots in response to flow pressure of the vibration suppressing liquid. A damping mechanism provides a resistance against displacement of the pivotal plate.

Abstract: A monument assembly contaiing a monument attached to a base. The base is in the shape of an open container, and its walls (and the walls of the monument) are each from about 0.5 to about 1.0 inches thick and are comprised of at least about 90 weight percent of ceramic material. The monument is an integral assembly containing an interior chamber; it contains a device for charging water to the interior chamber, a device for removing water from the interior chamber, and at least one device for for removably attaching the monument to the base.

Abstract: A duct system contains a narrow, liquid tight conduit filled with cold water which can be used to prevent fires in the ducts of chimneys, high rise buildings, restaurants and the like. If a fire starts in a duct, the wall of the duct heats up very slowly because of its proximity to the thin walled conduit containing the cold water (which gets warmer as the fire builds momentum). If the fire persists and the heat of the outer wall rises to a designated temperature (e.g. 200 degrees Fahrenheit), a valve opens and the heated water (the originally cold water) is flushed out and fresh cold water is brought in, further impeding the fire's progress. The fire will likely burn itself out without ever igniting any combustibles outside the duct walls. The flushed out water can be sprayed onto the roof of the building to prevent any burning fly ash from starting a fire on the roof.

Abstract: Cooling liquid flowing through cooling-liquid passages cools in heat-transmission manner an inner layer on an inner surface of an impermeable intermediate layer and is directed through a piping to an interface between the intermediate and outer layers, whereby the porous outer layer is cooled by latent heat generated by evaporation of the cooling liquid infiltrated into the porous outer layer.

Abstract: Cooling liquid flowing through cooling-liquid passages cools in heat-transmission manner an inner layer on an inner surface of an impermeable intermediate layer and is directed through a piping to an interface between the intermediate and outer layers, whereby the porous outer layer is cooled by latent heat generated by evaporation of the cooling liquid infiltrated into the porous outer layer.

Abstract: A roofing system for a structure having a roof deck with upstanding edges about the perimeter of the roof deck, includes a waterproof membrane on the roof deck and extending from edge-to-edge. A reservoir is defined by the waterproof membrane and edges and may contain a liquid therein, but some embodiments may operate without the reservoir. At least one insulating panel is provided above the liquid reservoir and covers the waterproof membrane on the roof deck from edge-to-edge. A pump has an inlet within the reservoir and an outlet communicating with the surrounding environment for selectively spraying liquid from the reservoir or other source onto the external surface of the panel to cool the liquid in the reservoir. Drains in the panel provide communications between the external surface of the panel and the reservoir for permitting drainage of liquid on the external surface into the reservoir.