Abstract: A protective air barrier air barrier sealant and methods of applying the same, including a high density polyurethane chemistry provided in an amount, volume, and density effective for providing a protective air barrier for an enclosure, wherein the polyurethane material is combined with at least one UV, fire and antimicrobial protectant for providing UV protection to UV-exposed surfaces.

Abstract: Drainage under a deck can be performed by a structure that includes hanging components and corrugated panels. For example, a hanging component can have connected first and second portions, with the first portion being connected to hang from one of the joists and extending downward to where it connects to the second portion, which is below the joist. The second portion can be connected to support of at least one of the panels from above. The upper surfaces of panels are sloped so that drainage occurs from a high part to a low part. The direction of slope and the direction of corrugations are not perpendicular, and can be approximately the same. The hanging components can, for example, be L-shaped brackets, U-shaped, or inverted T-shaped, and can be integrally formed by extrusion of plastic or can be metal. The panels can be corrugated plastic or metal sheets.

Abstract: A window frame insulation assembly and sealing arrangement, comprising an elongated, extruded block of foam material having a first or inner side and a second or outer side. A unitary air fin is co-extruded therewith. The air fin comprises an elongated flange of flexible foam material. The air fin and the elongated block define an elongated receiving-channel that is filled with a foam compression rod there between creating a seal for blocking air and moisture from a building in which said window frame assembly has been placed.

Abstract: A method and system for covering industrial wood plank or wood block floors that can be installed quickly without creating a hazardous environment or hazardous wastes and without the necessity of removing installed equipment. Sand is swept over the wood to fill voids and cracks. Next metal lath is stapled to the wood. A first layer of epoxy is poured onto the metal lath. After this is dry, a second coat of finish epoxy, possibly colored as desired, can be installed on the first epoxy layer. When this dries, the job is done and operations can be restarted. The epoxy material used can be self-leveling for ease of application and the final floor is approximately level. In a particular embodiment, a layer of plastic can be placed over the floor before the lath is installed, and in another embodiment, the second layer of epoxy can be omitted.

Abstract: A moisture barrier device and method for providing a moisture barrier around a stub-up protruding through a concrete slab.

Abstract: A method and related system for providing energy conserving active thermal insulation to a building structure by employing alternately spaced insulated air channels and insulated conductive ply channels. A thin conductive ply conveys the energy by conduction from the airflow into the adjacent conductive ply channels that contain an additional layer of foam which improves the conservation of energy. The conductive ply is placed above and below structural openings which would otherwise restrict airflow. The airflow is drawn from beneath the frost line, exhaust ventilation or sunspace. A math model solution determines the energy necessary to maintain a desired room temperature for each hour of the day which characterizes the thermal resistance. As the ambient temperature fluctuates, the resistance varies, however the energy for 24 hours is used to determine the total apparent resistance. Examples of apparent resistance R-value have been improved beyond any published resistance values to date.

Abstract: The present system and method enables water entering a dwelling or structure to be contained and removed, while preventing evaporation of the water into the interior of the dwelling. Embodiments of the present invention can comprise a waterproofing system comprising a waterproofing form, affixable to a first surface of a wall at a mounting angle, and comprising a vapor barrier retainer for detachably affixing a vapor barrier to the waterproofing form, and a gutter channel, disposed at a pitch angle, and in fluid communication with the first surface of the wall, the vapor barrier, and a collection area, where the pitch angle and the mounting angle are the same angle, and where the pitch angle causes the water to flow through the gutter channel to the collection area for removal.

Abstract: The energy-free refrigeration door of the present application provides a way to control condensation when the door of a refrigeration unit is opened by providing thermal insulation to the door with glass panels which have a low emissivity coating. The door includes a door frame housing and an insulating glass unit comprising inner, middle and outer sheets of glass. A first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the inner and middle sheets of glass forms a first chamber between the inner and middle sheets of glass. A second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the middle and outer sheets of glass forms a second chamber between the middle and outer sheets of glass. A gas, such as krypton, air, or argon is held in the first and second chambers. The outer sheet of glass and inner sheet of glass each have an unexposed surface that faces the middle sheet of glass.

Abstract: The energy-free refrigeration door of the present application provides a way to control condensation when the door of a refrigeration unit is opened by providing thermal insulation, to the door with glass panels which have a low emissivity coating. The door includes a door frame housing and an insulating glass unit comprising inner, middle and outer sheets of glass. A first sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the inner and middle sheets of glass forms a first chamber between the inner and middle sheets of glass. A second sealant assembly disposed around the periphery of the middle and outer sheets of glass forms a second chamber between the middle and outer sheets of glass. A gas, such as krypton, air, or argon is held in the first and second chambers. The outer sheet of glass and inner sheet of glass each have an unexposed surface that faces the middle sheet of glass.

Abstract: Window with an interior pane; and an interior pane system having a frame unit, a pane unit connected to the unit, the pane unit having a pane, the frame unit applicable to a window, the window having an exterior pane, the window having a window opening, the frame unit sized and configured for positioning at the window opening; in some aspects, such a system including the window; and/or, in some aspects, such a system including a window cover connected to the frame. This abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims, 37 C.F.R. 1.72(b).

Abstract: A knockdown structure and assembly method are provided so as to prevent cracking of the sealant, reinforce the junction between sections, and improve the livability of the structure. A structure's body is assembled by using a mortar-powder mixed adhesive to join together a plurality of sections that are made of foam polystyrene and that constitute the parts of a structure having a predetermined shape. The adhesive is applied to cover at least the places where the sections are joined together with a woven inorganic-fiber mesh sheet. A sealant is applied, made by dispersing inorganic fiber and mortar powder in a plastic-type paint, onto the exterior and interior faces of the structure in a predetermined thickness. Onto the sealant of the exterior of the structure is applied, on the exterior of the structure, a paint that is water repellant and can screen out ultraviolet light, and applying, over the sealant of the interior of the structure, a clayey paint made of natural substances.

Abstract: A corner flashing system is provided for sealing the corners of recessed window frames against moisture penetration. In a preferred embodiment, the system comprises first and second double-flap members, a half-cube member, and caulking. The first and second double-flap members, and the half-cube member are preferably made of asphalt or petroleum based material. In another preferred embodiment, the system comprises one double-flap member, a modified half-cube member, and caulking. In another preferred embodiment, the system comprises a single member that combines a double-flap member and a half-cube member, and caulking. In another preferred embodiment, the system comprises a combination member, a double-flap member, and caulking.

Abstract: A stop bead for mounting along a frame or jamb of a window or door of a building to separate the frame or jamb from plaster or stucco material during application of the plaster or stucco material to the building comprises a first side end portion and a second side end portion, the first side portion having a leading edge for engaging the frame or jamb when the stop bead is mounted adjacent to the frame or jamb, a base panel having a front face, a wall formed on the base panel and extending outwardly above the front face of the base panel, the wall having an engaging surface for engaging plaster or stucco and a frame/jamb facing surface that faces the frame or jamb when the stop bead is mounted adjacent to the frame or jamb, and a spacing member formed on the stop bead and extending outwardly away from the frame/jamb facing surface of the wall for spacing the wall a predetermined distance from the frame or jamb when the stop bead is mounted adjacent to the frame or jamb, the spacing member forming the leading

Abstract: Disclosed is a retrofit insulation system and method of installing same for use in existing structures. Included is a multi-layer insulative construction material, comprising at least one layer of drywall having a front side intended to face the interior of a room and a back side which will be adhered to a second layer of material. Generally an adhesive layer selected from the group consisting of spray on adhesive, roll-on adhesive, brush-on adhesive, dipping adhesive, and any combination thereof is used to fasten a second layer of at least one layer of insulation material. This yields an insulative construction material that is capable of being installed over an existing wall to increase the insulative value of the wall.

Abstract: An expansion joint and seal is provided that is adapted for adherence to a wall and floor interface. The joint is operative to seal the interface such that self-leveling materials cannot flow between the wall and the floor. When adhered to the interface, a compressive member may be disposed coincidental to the wall. This compressive member allows for expansion of solidified self-leveling materials relative to the wall. In one arrangement, the joint and seal utilizes a flexible sheet member having a bottom surface that is adapted for adherence to the interface of a wall and floor. A compressible member is attached to the top surface of the flexible sheet member. The bottom surface of the flexible sheet member may also include a peel-away release member that covers an adhesive disposed on the bottom surface.

Abstract: A method for making a sound-insulating load-bearing floor, includes the following steps: applying a sound-insulating material over a load-bearing floor as to form a continuous coating layer; allowing the continuous coating layer to harden; applying a covering floor over said hardened continuous coating layer; wherein the sound-insulating material includes: 40% by weight to 95% by weight, preferably 60% by weight to 90% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the sound-insulating material, of at least one rubber in a subdivided form; 5% by weight to 60% by weight, preferably 10% by weight to 40% by weight, with respect to the total weight of the sound-insulating material, of at least one binding agent including: a first, component including at least one organic compound having at least one acid functional group or a derivative thereof, the first component having a Brookfield viscosity, measured at 23° C., of 0.1 Pa·s to 100 Pa·s, preferably 0.2 Pa·s to 50 Pa·s, more preferably 0.

Abstract: A ballast system for roof membranes includes connected modules filled with loose-fill ballast and adapted to hold a predetermined volume of water for at least a predetermined period of time on the roof to control runoff.

Abstract: A series of alternative related methods for reinforcing an existing lattice frame steel structure, having substantially vertical Hollow Primary Elements, offering the option to choose between improving only compressive load-bearing capacity of said hollow primary elements, or improving both their compressive and the tensile load-bearing capacities. The compressive load-bearing capacity of said primary elements is increased by filling their internal cavities with non-shrink cement-based grout, in a slow and low-pressure procedure, hence ensuring the applicability of the present invention to practically any existing steel structure with hollow primary elements, regardless of their capacity to withstand internal pressure.

Abstract: A system for venting enclosed spaces between a roof and an attic space of a building may comprise an opening in a roof deck; wherein exterior roofing material overlies the roof deck and completely overlies the opening; wherein the roofing material comprises roof material segments; and wherein the roof material segments are in spaces between segments through which air flow can pass.

Abstract: A prefabricated composite wall panel has a desired exterior finish defined by thin finish elements of brick, stone or any other suitable material and is adapted for mounting to the wall structure of a building framework by screws or other suitable fasteners. During panel manufacture thin wall finish elements are positioned at predetermined sites within the mold and aligned by alignment members in a pattern defining grout spaces. A grout placement screed having multiple holes arranged in a desired mortar pattern is positioned on the thin finish elements and pulverulent grout is deposited through the holes of the screed and into spaces between the finish elements.

Abstract: An adapter for facilitating the installation of finished walls around bathing units, such as bathtubs, shower basins, or one-piece shower units, where the bathing units have a vertical water-retaining flange around at least part of their perimeter. The adapter includes an elongated channel and a sealing strip extending down from the channel. The adapter may be applied to the bottom edge of a section of wall board, so that the wall board enters the channel and the sealing strip points down. The wall board can then be secured to a wall adjacent the bathing unit with the sealing strip extending over the flange and abutting against a surface of the bathing unit, such as a tub deck, where it forms a water-resistant seal. The adapter forms a substantially planar surface to which finished walling materials may be applied without requiring the use of furring strips.

Abstract: A modular structure is disclosed for creating a substantially airtight, well insulated building envelope in a multilevel building that reduces air or moisture infiltration. The modular structure comprises a plurality of joists separated by a predetermined distance and aligned along a first direction; a plurality of nailing strips located proximate each of the plurality of joists and aligned along a second direction, which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction; a band joist aligned along a third direction, which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction or the second direction; an exterior sheathing; and a block, wherein at least two of the band joist, the exterior sheathing and the block are configured to form a cavity for receiving an insulating material.

Abstract: A building wall construction for walls having framing members includes an insulating panel having an interior surface and an exterior surface substantially parallel to the interior surface. The interior surface includes three or more substantially linear, substantially parallel, spaced apart recesses. The wall construction also includes a fastener configured to fix the panel relative to a wall framing member.

Abstract: Attach a thermoplastic polymeric foam to multiple spaced apart structural support members of a structure wherein the foam has a resistance to water vapor permeability (mu) that is less than 50, a thermal conductivity that is less than 40 milliwatts per meter*Kelvin, a compressive strength that is greater than 80 kilopascals, and a density of 48 kilograms per cubic meter or less to provide insulation while also providing water vapor-permeability and structural durability to the structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to an improved expansion joint construction and a method for creating an expansion joint between adjacent roadway slabs. The invention relates specifically to the use of an epoxy blend having improved set times that can be applied in cold weather.

Abstract: An anchoring clip system that includes an anchoring clip that has a top flange portion and a base flange that can be connect to a substructure, and a cap member designed to be inserted over a portion of the roof panels so as to secure the roof panels to the anchoring clip. The anchoring clip system can optionally be designed to allow for fluid flow through or on one or more components of the anchoring clip system. The anchoring clip system can optionally include a locking crown that improves the wind uplift resistance of the panels.

Abstract: An anchoring clip system that includes an anchoring clip that has a top flange portion and a base flange that can be connect to a substructure, and a cap member designed to be inserted over a portion of the roof panels so as to secure the roof panels to the anchoring clip. The anchoring clip system can optionally be designed to allow for fluid flow through or on one or more components of the anchoring clip system. The anchoring clip system can optionally include a locking crown that improves the wind uplift resistance of the panels.

Abstract: A foundation system for supporting a manufactured building having a support beam, comprising a ground pan having a planar surface received on a ground surface and a thermally insulative member disposed on the ground pan, which cooperatively define in situ a proximate thermally isolated ground column, with a foundation support connected to the ground pan and to the support beam, the thermally insulative member restricts communication of heat from the proximate thermally isolated ground column below the ground pan for resisting frost heaving. A method of resisting frost heave of a foundation is disclosed.

Abstract: Buildings and walls are commonly constructed with exterior walls composed of specially treated engineered wood panels, cement panels, fiber cement panels, glass-matt-faced gypsum panels, and gypsum/cellulose sheathing panels. The spaces or edges between these exterior panels are sealed using the disclosed dual-tape-core joint treatment system and method of the present invention. After curing, a color matching acrylic-epoxy scratch coat or elastomeric primer followed by a textured finish coat is sprayed, brushed or rolled on the exterior panels.

Abstract: A flashing assembly for reinforcing an interface defined between a roof and a portion of a building wall, either a flat roof or a flat roof with parapet wall. The flashing assembly has a first member configured for securing along the interface between the roof and the building wall and a second member for covering an upper part of the first member. The first member has an inner vertical part adapted for extending along the building wall, a locking flange extending at a right angle to the inner vertical part, and an outer vertical part extending in a substantially parallel orientation to the inner vertical part. In one aspect, the first member has an inclined bottom flange for diverting water away from the building while the top locking flange is secured to the roof. In another aspect, the flashing assembly has a top locking flange that is sealed in a groove formed in a parapet wall above the roof and a securing bottom flange, which is attached to the roof.

Abstract: A wall assembly includes a wall frame, a trough, a moisture transport spacer coupled to the wall frame and providing a substantial barrier to the passage of air and moisture vapor through the wall assembly, a moisture wicking sheet disposed at a bottom of the wall frame and extending from the moisture transport spacer to the trough, and an air seal disposed between the moisture wicking sheet and the bottom of the wall frame. The trough communicates with a dynamic ventilation system configured to remove moisture collected in the trough.

Abstract: A method and a system for reducing energy consumption, preventing excessive humidity and preventing contaminated air. The method includes locating the respective penetrations, applying an insulator sheet across the penetrations and sealing the surface of the sheets around the penetrations. The system includes a set of insulator sheets which prevents or substantially reduces the leakage of treated air from a home or other building through penetrations. Each insulator sheet in the set of insulator sheets in the form of a flexible, impervious cellular sheet with a fire retardant adhesive for sealing the respective sheets around the respective penetrations.

Abstract: The invention is a joint cover assembly for covering a gap adjacent an edge of a panel that covers a sub-surface, and a method of covering such a gap. The assembly includes a molding having a foot, a first arm, and a second arm. The foot is positioned along a longitudinal axis of the molding, and the first arm extends generally perpendicularly to the foot. The second arm may also extend generally perpendicularly to the foot. A tab depends from at least one of the first and second arms. At least one of the tab and the foot engage a track in order to position the assembly over the gap. The method includes the steps of placing the foot in the gap, pressing the respective panel engaging surfaces into contact with respective panels, and configuring at least one of the tab and the foot to cooperate to retain the molding in the gap when the assembly is in an installed condition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device and method to maintain the integrity of a vapor barrier for use with concrete slab on grade construction. In accordance with the present invention an apparatus to repair a punctured concrete slab vapor barrier includes a substantially planar concrete slab vapor barrier patch having a resealable aperture to receive a removable, substantially upright support. The patch is secured to the existing vapor barrier and the concrete is poured and substantially set. The support is removed and the malleable concrete flows, causing the engagement of the resealable aperture, thereby repairing the punctured vapor barrier.

Abstract: A modular crypt structure comprising a frame, a module insert defining a chamber and a closure panel and methods of constructing the same are disclosed. The chamber functions as a crypt module and is adapted to receive bodily remains or portions thereof. The chamber is closed by attaching a closure panel, such as a stone crypt front to the frame, thereby encapsulating bodily remains. The modular crypt structure may comprise a plurality of chambers, thereby providing a plurality of crypt modules, and the frame may comprise a plurality of horizontal bars and a plurality of vertical bars. A method of constructing a modular crypt structure comprises erecting a frame, providing at least one module insert, configuring the insert to define a chamber adapted to receive bodily remains, and closing the crypt module.

Abstract: A rigid self-supporting hollow body (1) having large dimensions and intended for building constructions, wherein the body is of the type including a thin wall (4) having a generally cylindrical shape relative to an axis (5) and two end flanges (6) oriented towards the outside, defining an integral assembly having an inner hollow space (7) with two end openings (8), made of a coating and resistance material containing concrete or the like and reinforced with fibres. The flanges (6) include or define fastening elements (15) that enable, using fastening members (6), the rigid fastening on one and/or the other flanges (6) of the body, of an adjacent flange (6) of a second similar neighbouring body (1) and/or of a blocking wall (3) optionally including one or more openings (3a) so as to build constructions in a modular and flexible manner.

Abstract: Fiber insulation batts suitable for building thermal insulating applications are made using polymer fibers. A mixture of staple fibers and binder fibers are used to make the batt. The batt has a bulk density of 5-15 kg/m3, a thermal conductivity of 30-50 mW/m-K and a lambda*density value of from 250-550. The batts can be made by forming a web of the fibers, and calibrating and heat-setting the web. The web can be formed using pneumatic or mechanical carding processes. In some processes, the batt can be made by forming a stack of multiple plies of the web and calibrating and heat-setting the stack.

Abstract: Flood proofing of buildings built on a slab is provided. Water having a depth less than a selected distance H above the slab is excluded from the building by windows, doors and panels that are sealed to prevent water entry. The panels may be applied over a variety of existing veneer materials or may be used in new construction.

Abstract: A prefabricated insulation panel is disclosed. To improve the insulation of existing buildings by applying materials to the exterior elevation the invention provides a prefabricated insulation panel comprising a layer of insulation material, two layers of render and a layer of reinforcing. The invention also provides a method of prefabricating an insulation panel, a method of insulating a building, and a building insulated with prefabricated insulation panels.

Abstract: A receptor buck and receptor system for securing a window or door frame. The receptor buck includes a longitudinal rack, a surface of the rack that includes an aperture for accepting a first fastener to fasten the rack to a wall opening surface, and another surface that includes another aperture for accepting a second fastener to fasten the window or door frame to the rack. The receptor system includes the rack, the first and second fasteners, and the fasteners extend in generally the same direction.

Abstract: A multilayer insulation with an array of rigid posts is provided. In particular, the posts are comprised of multiple post elements that are interconnected to radiation shields or sheets comprising the layers of the integrated multi-layer insulation structure. The post elements maintain spacing between adjacent sheets, thus maintaining a volume between the sheets. The post elements within a post can be attached to one another to form an integrated post structure. Moreover, neighboring posts can be interconnected to one another by beams. The post elements can also be configured so that, when the IMLI structure is not subjected to atmospheric pressure, the elements within a post are separated from one another to form gaps, thereby reducing heat transfer between layers.

Abstract: Apparatus for inhibiting ingress of radon into a room (20) of a building (1a, 1b), the room is at least in part below ground level, the apparatus comprises a waterproofing structure (10), the waterproofing structure defines with at least one of an adjacent wall, floor and ceiling a cavity (11) therebetween, and the cavity is sealed from the interior space of the room, and the apparatus further comprises at least one of a positive pressure pump (8) to apply positive air pressure into the interior space and suction apparatus (7) which is in communication with the cavity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition of at least one cation of an element selected from Group IIA elements, transition metals, Group IIB elements, Group IIIA elements, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Te, and Po and at least one polyester resin, which can be used as a low VOC binder for the manufacture of fibrous insulation.

Abstract: The subject invention discloses a novel building system of portable light-weight wall panels for commercial and residential construction. The walls panels of the novel system are easy to manufacture in a variety of decorations and colors at a low price. Furthermore, these wall panels may be composed of environmentally friendly materials while providing a high level of insulation to commercial and residential structures. The walls panels of this system are small in size and light weight, making them easy to transport from manufacturers to construction sites. In addition, the small size and weight of these wall panels makes them easy to lift for on-site installation on the interior or exterior of walls with minimal training to installation staff.

Abstract: Devices and associated methods are provided for improving ventilation of insulation material and building construction and renovation. Specifically, the present disclosure includes devices and system(s) to achieve the ventilation of exterior walls and roofs. Components of the system(s) consider shut-down of the ventilation process when it is not necessary, such as in winter, and in the event of fire, where the prevention of vertical and horizontal fire spread is desired.

Abstract: The apparatus and method for sealing at least two surfaces includes a sealing member with an attachment portion fixed to one of the surfaces, and a seal portion connected to the attachment portion. The seal portion of the sealing member includes a deformable segment that may be received and retained by a receiving aperture that is defined by at least one of the surfaces. The receiving aperture may further be defined by at least one engagement member extending from at least one of the surfaces. At least one coating, such as paint, may also be located on a side of the sealing member opposite the surfaces. The seal may be engaged and disengaged without requiring reapplication of the coating. Thus, the present invention provides an effective technique for sealing parts of an object, such as sealing a door, panel, cover or the like to a surrounding structure.

Abstract: A shingle blank is provided including a substrate coated with an asphalt coating and including a first fold region, a second fold region, a third region, a lower edge and an upper edge. The shingle blank has a length. The first fold region extends substantially across the length of the shingle blank. The second fold region extends substantially across the length of the shingle blank and is positioned between the first fold region and the third region. A first perforation line is positioned between the second fold region and the third region. A second perforation line is positioned between the first fold region and the second fold region. The first and second perforation lines are sufficient to facilitate folding of the first fold region and the second fold region on top of the third region to form a three layered stack configured to be applied across a ridge or hip.

Abstract: A construction element of reinforced-concrete panel (1) in which is embedded a reinforcement framework includes at least one main framework layer extending along a tensioned outer face (11) of the element (1) and to which an inner framework (3) is attached for securing to the concrete, extending to the thickness of the element (1), the latter being produced, after the placement of the reinforcement framework, by pouring concrete onto a thin continuous wall (2) forming a sacrificial formwork. The thin wall (2) forming the sacrificial formwork extends along the tensioned face (11) of the element (1) and at the same time forms the main framework layer of the element (1), the nature and thickness of the thin wall (2) being determined so as to withstand the tensile stresses generated by the forces applied to the element (1) without the risk of separation from the concrete.

Abstract: A method of adhering a roofing membrane to a roof surface including providing a roofing membrane including a hygroscopic dusting agent on at least one planar surface of the membrane. A water-borne adhesive is applied to the at least one planar surface of the membrane or the roof surface and the roofing membrane is then mated to the roof surface while the adhesive retains a majority of its original water content.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for attachment of skirting, preferably vinyl skirting, with a manufactured home. The first legs of each of a plurality of clips, preferably L-shaped clips, may be attached with the bottom surface of the outer rim joist of the home. The plurality of L-shaped clips may be positioned along the length of the outer rim joist. The second legs of each of the plurality of L-shaped clips may be positioned downward. The top back skirting rail may be attached to the outer rim joist with the second legs of each of the plurality of L-shaped clips.