Abstract: Systems for reinforcement of structural elements such as piles, posts, pillars, and pipes are disclosed. The present invention features reinforced structural elements. The reinforced structural elements may include a sleeve structure positioned around a length of the structural element such that there is a chamber between the structural element and the sleeve structure. This chamber may be filled with concrete or another core filler material so as to reinforce the structural element. The sleeve structures of the present invention may be formed by the assembly of multiple staggered segmented layers of coupled reinforcing shells such as rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible fiber-reinforced shells.

Abstract: An arrangement for making a field repair on a multi-part pole having upper and lower walls joined together by a flanged connection, wherein the welds on the flanged connection are beginning to show signs of failure. The arrangement includes a bracket having a substantially “U”-shaped central portion which spans the flanged connection, and upper and lower elongated portions extending from the central portion, lying flush against and secured to the upper and lower walls of the pole, respectively.

Abstract: A balcony railing anchor arrangement for a balcony that has a wooden support and a wooden deck on the wooden support. A first metal plate on the wooden deck has threaded holes, and a moisture barrier covers the wooden deck. A lag bolt extends downward from the metal plate through the wooden deck and secured in the wooden support to secure the metal plate onto the wooden deck and the wooden support. Threaded studs extend upward from the holes in the first metal plate. Concrete can be poured on the moisture barrier and the first metal plate and a second metal plate with a post for a railing on the balcony can be mounted atop the concrete by aligning holes in the second metal plate with the studs.

Abstract: A method of reinforcing a structural element is disclosed. The method comprises positioning a first rigid fiber-reinforced shell extending between first and second edges partially about an external surface of the structural element to leave an exposed portion of the structural element. The method also comprises positioning a second rigid fiber-reinforced shell extending between first and second edges about the exposed portion of the structural element such the first edge of the second rigid fiber-reinforced shell adjacent the first edge of the first rigid fiber-reinforced shell to give a first seam and the second edge of the second rigid fiber-reinforced shell is adjacent the second edge of the first rigid fiber-reinforced shell to give a second seam. Finally, the method includes adhering the first and second rigid fiber-reinforced shells to the structural element. A reinforced structural element produced by the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Devices, apparatus, kits, systems and methods for protecting sides of wood, plastic or metal posts from damage with easily attachable plastic panels. The panels can provide marking surfaces for addresses on mailbox posts, as well as a surface for applying desirable colors and indicia designs thereon. The panels can each have one side edge with a C shape with open socket, and an opposite side edge with an arrow tip and catch. The panels can attach to one another by having orienting and positioning the arrow tip and catch on top of and into the open socket of the C shape edge. Alternatively, the panels can attach to one another by pushing the side edge with the arrow tip and catch sideways into the open socket of the C shape side edge so that arrow tip and catch snap within the socket of C shape side edge. Plural panels can be attached about a base of a post such as a rectangular or circular cross-section mailbox post or fence post or deck post, and the like.

Abstract: A method and an article of manufacture are presented for reinforcing and/or repairing columns, towers, pylons, and the like, constructed from various materials including concrete, masonry, wood, plastics, and the like. One or more tensile bearing bands/rebars of material, such as fibrous material, are longitudinally/axially adhered or attached to the structure followed by wrapping of a semi-flexible or a semi-rigid sheet of material, at a relatively small distance, around the column. Subsequently filler material is poured in the cavity created between the wrapped sheet material and the column. Optionally, multiple layers of various material sheets, each sheet having substantially the same or different properties, may be wrapped around or be attached to the primary wrapped sheet. Appropriately chosen reinforcement bands/rebars, reinforcement sheets, and filler material can provide any desired additional tensile, compressive, shear and flexural strength to the column.

Abstract: The present apparatus and method relates in general to sealing a hole in a floor with a precast plug. A precast plug is created by pouring a wet aggregate mix into a form mold and thereafter inserting a pre bent rod into the uncured mixture, positioning it such that the center of the rod rests in the center of the form mold and the ends of the rod extend outward near the top of the form mold. The mix is then cured. The precast plug may then be transported to the hole that it is destined to fix. Grooves may be carved on either side of the hole to accommodate the rod's ends. The interior of the hole and the exterior of the plug may then be covered with a sealant, after which the plug may be inserted into the hole. Once the sealant cures, the hole is fully repaired.

Abstract: A pole splint, generally for use with a broken wooden utility pole, which can provide for a strong repair at a pole breakpoint and which uses relatively little manpower and equipment to install, even under difficult conditions. The splint generally comprises two panels which are designed to be interconnected with elongated connectors. The connectors will generally interact with one of the panels through the use of a nut and washer, and may connect with the other panel through a nut and washer or via a chain formed of chain links.

Abstract: A post sleeve includes a reinforced concrete body preformed around a liner that defines a cavity extending longitudinally within the body, sized to receive a post. Standoff ribs run lengthwise within the cavity and extend inward from inner walls of the cavity. A post in the cavity is supported laterally by the standoff ribs. Drain channels between the ribs permit water to flow past the post and exit the cavity via a lower aperture. A drain tube is coupled to the lower aperture, and extends downward where it is covered with gravel at the bottom of a post hole. Concrete is poured around the post sleeve in the hole. The cavity is adaptable to receive posts of varying sizes, and at various depths. A collar closes a space between the post and the top of the cavity, permitting air circulation within the cavity while shedding water and substantially preventing insects from entering the cavity.

Abstract: A fabricated stone apparatus is provided. A plurality of stone sheets are affixed together to form a fabricated stone structure having a substantially hollow interior portion, wherein each of the plurality of stone sheets is substantially planar, and wherein a side edge of one of the plurality of stone sheets engages with a side edge of another of the plurality of stone sheets. A cover plate is positioned at an end of the fabricated stone structure, wherein the cover plate is connected to a top edge of at least a portion of the plurality of stone sheets, wherein the top edge is positioned substantially perpendicular to at least one of the side edges. At least one fastener is connected between at least two of the plurality of stone sheets, wherein the at least one fastener is positioned remotely from the cover plate.

Abstract: A landscaping post guard comprising a base, a lower collar and an upper collar is disclosed. The base comprises a side wall having an upper lip, a tray extending inwardly from the side wall below the upper lip, a central opening, and a raised lip around said central opening. The lower collar fits inside of the side wall, below the tray. The upper collar fits inside of said raised lip around said central opening. A guard comprising a planar sheet that connects a raised peripheral rim to a central upwardly extending wall is also disclosed. Tabs extend inwardly from an upper portion of the inner wall and a slit extends from the raised peripheral rim to the central wall. A spike band may be secured to the peripheral rim.

Abstract: A metal post reinforcement arrangement adapted to be clamped about a broken section of a metal post, including two opposing brackets wherein when a bolt fixes one bracket to the other about the metal post the bolt divides the broken section into upper and lower portions so as to provide support and/or structural integrity when the reinforcement arrangement is clamped about the broken section and wherein each bracket has a substantially semi circular cross-sectional configuration along said bracket length that includes a longitudinal central segment terminating on opposed sides with internally directed curved edges with corresponding upwardly extended rounded shoulders that provide substantially triangular dimples on the internal side of the bracket, and wherein a peripheral flange stems out from a rounded dip from each substantially triangular dimple such that said brackets are adapted to be fixed around metal posts having different shapes.

Abstract: An apparatus for reinforcing an upstanding utility/meter pole having a worn top includes an elongate brace adapted to bear against the pole near a top end of the pole. A washer plate is disposed in overlying relation to the elongate brace. A front support is secured to an opposite side of the pole by an elongate bolt that extends diametrically through the pole and is engaged by a nut to secure the brace and front support in sandwiching relation to the pole. A second embodiment reinforces a cross arm of a pole and a third embodiment ensleeves a pole at its uppermost end in a cylindrical body that serves as a prosthesis for a disintegrating pole top.

Abstract: The invention describes a flange assistant for connecting adjacent tower sections, whereby each tower section comprises a tower section shell, a tower section flange, and a radius transition between the tower section shell and the tower section flange; wherein the flange assistant comprises an extension formed to complement the radius transition such that the flange assistant extends into a transition zone of a tower section. A tower section is disclosed for connecting adjacent tower sections, each comprising a tower section shell, a tower section flange, and a radius transition over a transition zone between the shell and flange, wherein the tower section connecting arrangement comprises at least one flange assistant and a number of fasteners to connect together the flanges and the flange assistants.

Abstract: Structures and protocols are presented for providing enhanced assembly tolerances (for thermal or manufacturing variations, e.g.) in constructing gazebos or other standalone decking systems, decks adjoining a house or other primary structure, or other such structures for walkways or human occupancy.

Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus for maintaining the orientation of a tower-mounted device in use with a tower structure. The apparatus includes an adjustable vertical mount member positioned within a tower structure. Several adjustable rods move the vertical adjustable vertical mount member by adjusting their position relative to the tower. Movement of the adjustable vertical mount member in one direction causes an extended section of the adjustable vertical mount member to move in the opposite direction. This has the effect of adjusting the orientation of any device attached to the extended section.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a solar array column cap that includes a main body extending between a left side and a right side to define a channel, the channel configured to at least partially receive a vertical column of a solar array support structure such that the main body surrounds the vertical column. The main body further includes a left flange extending radially outwardly from the left side of the channel and right flange extending radially outwardly from the right side of the channel. Further, the main body includes an left upper flap extending from a top edge of the left flange, and a right upper flap extending from a top edge of the right flange, the right upper flap and left upper flap being co-planar.

Abstract: A pole splint, generally for use with a broken wooden utility pole, which can provide for a strong repair at a pole breakpoint and which uses relatively little manpower and equipment to install, even under difficult conditions. The splint generally comprises two panels which are designed to be interconnected with elongated connectors. The connectors will generally interact with one of the panels through the use of a nut and washer, and may connect with the other panel through a nut and washer or via a chain formed of chain links.

Abstract: A buckling restrained brace comprises a core member, core restrainer member sections and a jacket member. The core member has two opposite ends. The core restrainer member sections are configured to be arranged around the core member. The jacket member comprises fiber reinforced polymers configured to be wrapped around the core restrainer member sections and core member to couple the core restrainer member sections to the core member such that the core restrainer member sections and jacket member cooperate to provide greater resistance to buckling of the core member when the brace is subjected to compression. In some implementations, the brace has a weight less than about 50% of a weight of a conventional buckling restrained brace of similar length and having a steel core and mortar-filled tubular core restrainer member of comparable cross-sectional areas, respectively.

Abstract: A sleeve for a post that is generally rectangular in horizontal cross-section, may have two or three panels, may have perforation which allow portions of one or more panels to be removed, may incorporate retroreflective materials, may have holes, bushings, and/or adhesive layers to facilitate attaching the sleeve to a post, may have top-bottom and side-to-side connectors to facilitate connecting the top of one sleeve to the bottom of another or the edge of one sleeve to an edge of another, may be accompanied by spacers to allow the sleeve to be connected to posts of different size and geometry.

Abstract: A cap cover for boards made from a polymer or a wood/polymer composite. Caps having a top surface and lips extending downward from the leading edge forming a generally U-shaped lip. to be installed over the trimmed deck board have downwardly extending leading edges forming a generally U-shaped cap for installation over the top surface and both side surfaces of the deck boards. The system includes a board trimming and shaping rotary saw tool. The protective board caps are fastened to the deck boards in one of three ways. The protective caps may include means of attachment such as laterally extending barbs or teeth which snap by the bottom lateral edges of the trimmed deck boards and catch on the edges. The caps may also be used to cover fencing boards or any other wood member exposed to sun, rain, or snow to protect the wood from rotting.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for decreasing rot and insect damage to in-ground wood increases the effective life of the wood. A waterproof collar has an upper margin that defines a seal against the wood and the collar surrounds the wood from a point above the ground level to a predetermined location below the ground level. The collar defines a barrier that prevents microbes and insects from gaining access to the wood over the most important portion of the wood in terms of structural integrity, the critical decay zone.

Abstract: A sealing arrangement for a pole assembly having a tubular base, a tubular upper mast of smaller diameter, and a cladding. An end of the upper mast is inserted within an end of the base and a portion of the base overlaps the upper mast and is fastened thereto, with the cladding surrounding the base. The sealing arrangement comprises a transition ring and a seal assembly. The transition ring surrounds a portion of the base, upper mast and cladding. The transition ring having an internal downwardly facing surface, and the seal assembly is disposed within said transition ring to seal between the external surface of the upper mast and the transition ring. The seal assembly comprising a sealing plate and a seal disposed between the downwardly facing surface and the sealing plate, and the sealing action of the seal assembly is actuated by the sealing plate squeezing said seal.

Abstract: A protection system for a structural element is provided. The protection system employs a shield assembly comprising two parts formed of one or more materials configured to provide protection from a threat, such as a blast, projectiles, cutting, or a fire. At least one bracket assembly attaches to the structural element. The shield assembly is hingedly attached to the bracket assembly, so that the two parts of the shield assembly can be moved away from the structural element while remaining attached to the structural element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tower part for a wind turbine including at least one wall segment and at least one aperture segment including at least one aperture. The wall segment and the aperture segment are connected and the aperture segment is of a substantially uniform thickness and is thicker than the thickness of the wall segment. The invention further related to an aperture cover system for covering at least one aperture in a tower part for a wind turbine including cover plates and attachments for attaching the system to the tower part, wherein the attachments do not affect the fatigue limit of the tower part. Finally, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a wind turbine tower part and uses thereof.

Abstract: A method for supporting and securing structural members, such as girders, to remediated pilings utilizes a pipe segment and cap plate positioned on the planed top section of the piling and welded to the pipe segment. Structural member supports, such as girder brackets or lally type jacks, are secured to the cap plate. The girder is positioned on the structural member supports and is secured thereto. By this method the girder is solidly and effectively supported by a fully formed, reinforced piling.

Abstract: A mast is erected to support a load. At least one stay cable supports the mast. The stay cable is oriented to the mast within a radial distance of the blade from the mast. The stay cable is stressed to support the mast while the wind drives the blade without collision of the stay cable.

Abstract: A modular fibre reinforced plastic flange for a structural composite beam which comprises a body formed of a plurality of elongate elements arranged in an array, wherein the dimensions of the body are substantially determined by the number and arrangement of the elongate elements in the array, and a skin member at least partially surrounding the array. Also, a structural composite beam comprising the modular fibre reinforced plastic flange and a shear web connected to the skin member of the modular flange. A method of making the modular flange and beams, and a kit of parts for making the modular flange are also disclosed.

Abstract: A modular fibre reinforced plastic flange for a structural composite beam which comprises a body formed of a plurality of elongate elements arranged in an array, wherein the dimensions of the body are substantially determined by the number and arrangement of the elongate elements in the array, and a skin member at least partially surrounding the array. Also, a structural composite beam comprising the modular fibre reinforced plastic flange and a shear web connected to the skin member of the modular flange. A method of making the modular flange and beams, and a kit of parts for making the modular flange are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for decreasing rot and insect damage to in-ground wood increases the effective life of the wood. A waterproof collar has an upper margin that defines a seal against the wood and the collar surrounds the wood from a point above the ground level to a predetermined location below the ground level. The collar defines a barrier that prevents microbes and insects from gaining access to the wood over the most important portion of the wood in terms of structural integrity, the critical decay zone.

Abstract: A protective bumper device for attachment to an upright member, the device including a flexible base having a first surface for receipt against an upright member and an opposing second surface carries at least one elongated bumper member having a first end and a second end. An aperture extends through the elongated bumper member from the first end to the second end. A strap member extends through the aperture a first end and a second end extending beyond the ends of the elongated bumper member. A fastening mechanism including an engagement element and a complemental engagement element is attached to the ends of the strap member for releasable engagement.

Abstract: A device with a base member with a tubular socket attached orthogonal to a first attachment beam and the first attachment beam has a generally rectangular cross section shape. An insert member of an attachment member is inserted in the tubular socket and a second attachment beam is attached orthogonal to the insert member for each beam to be positioned opposed and spaced apart to abut opposite sides of a pole when the socket is positioned on the top of a pole. The first and second attachment beams may have fastening loops attached for attaching cables diagonally between a loop at one of the lower ends of each attachment beam and a loop adjacent the socket or the insert member. Cable adjustment brackets with tightening bolts may be attached to the outside surface of each attachment beam for each cable end attachment for use to tension the cables.

Abstract: A post sleeve provides a substantially permanent base for supporting a post for a fence or sign, and from which one post can be removed and replaced with another post. The sleeve includes a concrete body that is poured on site, using a sleeve core prepositioned in the post hole, and around which wet concrete is poured. After the concrete is cured, the core is removed, leaving a post sleeve cavity configured to receive a post. The core can be rigid, or can include a flexible shell and stiffener. A preformed post sleeve top can be attached to the sleeve core and positioned therewith in the post hole, to become a permanent part of the post sleeve, once the concrete cures. A drain is attached to the core, and remains in the sleeve when the core is removed, and can be a percolation chamber, or passage extending below the sleeve.

Abstract: A two piece, non-conductive cover for covering the conductive base of a horizontal post attached to a utility pole. The cover comprises a first section and a second section. The first section overlaps the second section. The two sections cooperate to define a cavity that encases the conductive end of the horizontal post base fitting. The two sections also cooperate to define a pair of opposed arms that define a space configured and dimensioned to extend partially around a utility pole. Attachment apparatus for attaching the arms to the pole can include, but are not limited to, bolts lag screws, screws, nails, straps or any other apparatus that serves to secure the cover to the utility pole.

Abstract: An environmentally friendly fiberglass utility pole that comes in three sections that are telescoped one around the other to provide a strong, wind and bending resistant structure. Each of the three sections has alternating protruding and intruding surfaces that are slip fit together to provide maximum strength while conserving material. Additionally, each of the three sections preferably are different lengths such that maximum reinforcement is provided along the center of the length of the pole, without requiring excessive material (or weight) at the top end of the pole.

Abstract: A mast is erected to support a load. At least one stay cable supports the mast. The stay cable has an end and an opposite end. The end of the stay cable attaches to an upper region of the mast. The opposite end of the stay cable anchors at earth. The stay cable is oriented at an angle not exceeding ten degrees.

Abstract: In a flange to adapt a wind power generator to a pre-stressed concrete tower, the flange includes an annular tapered pre-stressed concrete shell having a bulging which inwardly protrudes toward a central axis of the flange, and a steel component to be embedded within the pre-stressed concrete shell. The bulging includes a horizontal flat surface for settling the steel component. The steel component includes an annular tapered body having an upper and lower end, a plurality of vertical and radially extended fins joined to an external face of the steel component, a connecting ring joined to the body upper end and including a plurality of holes for introducing bolts to join the wind power generator, and an annular base joined to the body lower end, which is settled on the bulging.

Abstract: A mast is erected to support a load. At least one stay cable supports the mast. The stay cable has an end and an opposite end. The end of the stay cable attaches to an upper region of the mast. The opposite end of the stay cable anchors at earth. The stay cable is oriented at an angle not exceeding ten degrees.

Abstract: A casing member for assembly with an opposed identical casing member to encase a post includes an elongate body portion having spaced apart first and second side edges extending lengthwise of the body portion. First and second connectors are adjacent the first and second side edges respectively, and extend lengthwise therealong. The first connector includes a first tongue protruding from the body portion along a tongue axis. The second connector includes a groove bounded at least partially by spaced apart first and groove second sidewalls joined to the body portion. The first groove has a groove axis parallel to both the groove sidewalls and the tongue axis. The first tongue is inter-engageable with the first groove of the opposed identical casing member and the first groove is inter-engageable with the first tongue of the opposed casing member so as to secure the two casing members together about the post.

Abstract: A seal head used on a side beam of a vehicle carrier includes a main plane covering the front surface of the side beam, a side plane connected to the main plane to cover the inclined surface of the side beam, a first baffle plane and a second baffle plane covering the edges of the side beam, and the main plane, side plane, first baffle plane and second baffle plane form a semi-enclosed cavity for receiving the side beam. The baffle planes can be fixed against the corresponding edges of the side beam to achieve reliable fixed positions and connections, increasing the shock resistance rigidity and strength of the front surface of the side beam and easy installation and disassembly for seal head. The main plane, the side plane and the baffle plane are in an integrally molded piece to improve the rigidity and strength of side beam.

Abstract: A column assembly includes a shaft, a capital, an opening formed in the capital, and a retaining member. The capital has a lower surface and a substantially planar upper surface. The opening is sized to receive the shaft therethrough, and extends from the lower surface to the upper surface. A channel is formed in a surrounding wall of the opening. The length of the channel may, for instance, extend at least partially around the perimeter of the opening. Regardless, the retaining member advantageously holds the capital at a fixed vertical position along the shaft by engaging the channel and the shaft. The retaining member may be a resilient member (e.g., foam) that seats within the channel and frictionally engages the outer surface of the shaft. Alternatively, the retaining member may be a spring member that mounts onto the upper end of the shaft and engages the channel.

Abstract: A cover for posts, bollards, and the like, includes an integral or attached cigarette receptacle. A sleeve for covering a post includes an open bottom, a closed top, and an outer sidewall, and a cigarette receptacle attached to the sidewall of the sleeve. The sleeve is preferably cylindrical. The sleeve has a height in the range of two to 10 feet and an inner diameter in the range of 2 to 10 inches. The sleeve may be plastic, and may feature a hemispherically shaped top. The cigarette receptacle may be temporarily or permanently attached to the sidewall of the sleeve. The cigarette receptacle preferably includes a lower portion and an upper, removable cap. The cigarette receptacle may be plastic with an inner, non-flammable liner, or may be composed of metal. The cigarette receptacle preferably includes a small hole into which cigarettes are placed.

Abstract: A modular fibre reinforced plastic flange for a structural composite beam which comprises a body formed of a plurality of elongate elements arranged in an array, wherein the dimensions of the body are substantially determined by the number and arrangement of the elongate elements in the array, and a skin member at least partially surrounding the array. Also, a structural composite beam comprising the modular fibre reinforced plastic flange and a shear web connected to the skin member of the modular flange. A method of making the modular flange and beams, and a kit of parts for making the modular flange are also disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for decreasing rot and insect damage to in-ground wood increases the effective life of the wood. The combination of a waterproof sleeve that covers the in-ground portion of the wood, and a collar surrounding the wood above the ground, defines a barrier system that prevents microbes and insects from gaining access to the wood and prevents leaching of chemical preservatives and the like from the wood into the soil.

Abstract: A shielding device for protecting decks from rotting includes an upper member, a pair of opposing main body sidewalls, an upper grip, and a side tab. The main body sidewalls may include a first portion and a second portion terminating with a drip edge. The upper grip may protrude from the bottom of the upper member, and the side tab may protrude from the inner portion of at least one of the main body sidewalls.

Abstract: A deck preservation system is disclosed. In at least one embodiment, a deck board includes: an elongated one-piece deck board cap top cover for a deck board, adapted for a secure coupling to a board top surface of the deck board to cover the board top surface; a first cap side integrally formed with the deck board top cover and extended downwardly and adapted for a secure coupling to a board side of the deck board; a second cap side integrally formed with the deck board cap top cover and extended downwardly and adapted for a secure coupling to a board side of the deck board; wherein the first cap side and the second cap side are opposed to one another; and an inverted channel profile integrally formed and defined by the deck board top cover and first and second cap sides to cover and protect the deck board.

Abstract: An expandable stud bracket for attachment to a 2×4, 2×6, or 4×4 board for construction of a temporary structure of support is disclosed. An embodiment of the bracket includes a receiving portion for securing the bracket to a stud, an adjustable portion opposite the receiving portion and having an extendable rod, an engagement plate attached to an end of the rod and an anchor attached to an end of the rod opposite the engagement plate and for limiting extension of the rod from the bracket, and a locking mechanism attached to the rod for preventing retraction. Optionally, a detachable foot portion may be used as part of the entire disclosed expansion system. Preferably, the extendable rod is threaded and the locking mechanism comprises a nut which can be tightened using a lever. The bracket may also accommodate angled surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention is a structural beam having at least one composite core within a hollow beam of metal or polymeric material, i.e. a jacket, and a layer of elastomeric material between the composite core and the inner walls of the metal or polymeric jacket. This structural beam also may be fitted with brackets or holes at its ends and points along its length to allow attachment to other structural elements. The present beam provides a synergism between the properties of its composite core and the metal or polymeric jacket, and is particularly useful where a high strength to weight ratio is required.

Abstract: An apparatus for repairing the rail of a split-rail fence having a broken tapered end portion. The apparatus has elongate, hollow sleeve with a base portion and a tapered end portion. The base portion and end portion have a shape that compliments the shape of the central base portion and tapered end portion of the rail, respectively, and have interior cross-sectional dimensions that are larger than the exterior cross-sectional dimensions of the central base portion and tapered end portion of the rail, respectively. The sleeve can slide over and encase the tapered end and at least a portion of the central base portion of the rail. The apparatus preferably includes means for fastening the base portion of the sleeve to the base portion of the rail.

Abstract: A method for retrofitting a reinforced concrete column by compressing a reinforcing plate including a steel plate using an external pressure is provided. The reinforcing plate is compressed to double-layer or more, that is, multi-layer in due order, on the reinforced concrete column. Accordingly, since a workability of the retrofit is excellent and since the reinforcing plate is easily compressed on the surface of the reinforced concrete column by a small lateral pressure, sufficiently the reinforced concrete column could be reinforced. Besides, a compressive strength of the reinforced concrete column could be increased. In addition, the flexibility of the reinforcing plate and the energy absorption force of the reinforcing plate could be increased.