Abstract: An improved process for preparing acrylate esters, methacrylate esters, polyester acrylates or polyester methacrylates by reacting acrylic or methacrylic acid with a monohydroxy containing compound or a polyhydroxy containing compound in the presence of a catalyst and polymerization inhibitor in a reaction vessel, in the presence or absence of a solvent, under microwave energy as a heating source. Advantages of using microwave energy in place of conventional thermal heating include higher temperatures coupled with shorter residence times, reduced production costs, increased capacity, lower energy costs, effective use of raw materials, and solventless processing which is environmentally friendly.

Abstract: Process for forming a selectively colored polymeric layer, or a three-dimensional article made of polymeric layers, wherein a photocurable, photocolorable composition is irradiated with a low dose of light to cure and a different, preferably higher, dose of light to color. The process is particularly useful for preparing selectively colored ornamental and industrial articles and models of plant and animal parts, especially medical models.

Abstract: An object comprised of a curable material and formed by stereolithography or another three-dimensional prototyping method, in which the object has undergone initial curing, is subjected to post-curing by ionizing radiation, such as an electron beam having a predetermined beam output energy, which is applied in a predetermined dosage and at a predetermined dose rate. The post-cured object exhibits a property profile which is superior to that which existed prior to the ionizing radiation post-curing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a microwave curable adhesive comprising a polymer composition (e.g., a thermoplastic or thermoset polymer) and first and second microwave susceptible components. The first and second microwave susceptible components have a respective preselected size, preselected shape or preselected conductivity or combination thereof. These properties are selected to provide a multi-modal distribution of first and second microwave susceptible components and to increase microwave adsorption within said polymer composition.

Abstract: A photosensitive recording material comprising an alicyclic, solvent-soluble, thermosetting epoxy oligomer capable of cationic polymerization, the oligomer being of a specified structure, an aliphatic monomer having at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond, the monomer being liquid at normal temperature and pressure, having a boiling point of 100.degree. C. or above at normal pressure and being capable of radical polymerization, a photoinitiator selected from the group consisting of i) a first photoinitiator capable of simultaneously generating a radical species that activates radical polymerization and a Br.o slashed.nsted acid or Lewis acid that activates cationic polymerization, upon exposure to actinic radiation, and ii) a second photoinitiator comprised of a radical polymerization photoinitiator capable of generating a radical species that activates radical polymerization upon exposure to actinic radiation and a cationic polymerization photoinitiator capable of generating a Br.o slashed.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed for curing polymeric materials including dental composites. Preferably, modulated light is used to control the formation of polymer chains in the polymeric material so that a cured polymeric material that has the desired physical characteristics for its intended function. Formation of short chain and long chain polymers from monomers in the polymeric material is initiated and controlled by using a light source with a wavelength suitable for one or more initiators found in the polymeric material.

Abstract: An object with a homogeneous matted surface is provided which can be carried out in a simple manner and at low cost. The surface of the object has a thin skin layer produced by UV polymerization at a wavelength of at most 200 nm, and a core or carrier layer, beneath the skin layer, is produced by polymerization with UV radiation of a wavelength of at least 220 nm or by electron beams. A method for producing the matted surface is also provided, wherein a film made of an organic material that can be polymerized by UV radiation or electron beams is applied to a substrate; the film is irradiated with UV radiation of a wavelength of at most 200 nm, with the production of the skin layer at the surface, in which the organic material is at least partially polymerized; and the core area of the film, beneath the skin layer, is irradiated with UV radiation having a wavelength above 220 nm or by electron beams.

Abstract: A photosensitive resin composition comprising a high polymer binder, a monomer, a photopolymerization initiator generating a radical on exposure to visible light of a wavelength of 400 to 700 nm such as triazine compounds, titanocene compounds, or acridine compounds, an optically-activated acid generating agent generating an acid on exposure to light of a wavelength of 200 to 380 nm, and a color former developing a color in the presence of an acid, and a method manufacturing a printing master plate comprising the steps of exposing a photosensitive printing plate which has a laminated layer made from a photosensitive resin composition thereon to visible light of wavelength in the range of 400 to 600 nm selectively in an imagewise configuration in order to harden the resin composition layer, developing the photosensitive printing plate, and further exposing the developed plate to light of a wavelength in the range 200 to 380 nm.

Abstract: Method for curing UV-curable silicone compositions, characterized by the formation of cured silicone, having a low-tack surface that is harder than the interior, by exposing an ultraviolet-curable silicone composition to ultraviolet radiation at a ratio of the exposure dose for wavelengths of 200 to 280 nm (excluding 280 nm) to the exposure dose for wavelengths of 280 to 400 nm of 0.5 to 10.0.

Abstract: A photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording used for recording an interference fringe produced by the interference of laser beams or lights having excellent coherence as a fringe having a different refractive index, the composition comprising:(a) a radical polymerizable compound having a 9,9-diarylfluorene skeleton, which is liquid at a normal temperature;(b) a compound having compatibility with the component (a), which is selected from the group consisting of a cationic polymerizable compound, a radical polymerizable compound having no 9,9-diarylfluorene skeleton and a plasticizer; and(c) a radical photopolymerization initiator which is sensitive to laser beam having a specific wavelength or light having a specific wavelength and excellent coherence to polymerize the component (a);wherein an average refractive index of the component (a) is larger than that of the component (b).

Abstract: Polyoxymethylene articles having a surface printable with an ultraviolet-curing ink are obtained by molding a polyoxymethylene and treating the molded article by ultraviolet irradiation, corona discharge, or electron-beam radiation until the surface has an X-ray photoelectron spectrum in which the ratio of the ?C--O!.sub.n bond peak at 302 eV to the C--C bond peak at 305 eV, i.e., the ?C--O!.sub.n bond peak/C--C bond peak ratio, is at least 2.5.

Abstract: An energy-polymerizable composition derived from ingredients comprising: a cyanate ester monomer or oligomer comprising an organic radical bonded through aromatic carbon atoms to at least two --OCN groups; a low molecular weight polyalkylene glycol; and an organometallic compound in which at least one carbon atom of an organic group is bonded to a metal atom. The composition can be cured by at least one of thermal energy, radiation, and accelerated particles, to produce a cured, homogeneous composition.

Abstract: A photosensitive recording medium comprises a composition containing a radical-polymerizable monomer, a cationic-polymerizable monomer, a radical polymerization initiator, and a cationic-polymerization initiator as main constituents. A method of producing a hologram comprises a first step of preparing the photosensitive recording medium; a second step of exposing the medium to an interference pattern of radiation rays; and a third step of exposing the entire region of the medium to light; and optionally a fourth step of heating the entire of the medium.

Abstract: A process is provided comprising crosslinking of a derivative of a linear alternating copolymer of carbon monoxide and one or more olefinically unsaturated compounds, which copolymer has a ratio of weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight of more than 1, and which derivative is obtainable by treating the linear alternating copolymer with formaldehyde and/or a precursor of formaldehyde, a thermoset resin obtainable by such process and a coating based on such thermoset resin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording which is used for recording an interference fringe produced by a laser beam or a light having excellent coherence, as fringes having different refractive index. The composition comprising:(a) a cationic polymerizable compound which is liquid at ambient temperature;(b) a radical polymerizable compound;(c) a radical photopolymerization initiator composition sensitized by a laser beam or a light having excellent coherence which has a specific wavelength to polymerize the ingredient (b); and(d) a cationic photopolymerization initiator composition which shows low photosensitivity to the light having a specific wavelength and is sensitized by a light having the other wavelength to polymerize the ingredient (a), wherein an average refractive index of the ingredient (a) is smaller than that of the ingredient (b). A process for producing the photosensitive composition is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing a UV-curable coating material comprising the steps of effecting a hydrolysis reaction of (a-1) 40 to 90 parts by weight of colloidal silica, and (a-2) 60 to 10 parts by weight of a hydrolyzate of an alkoxy silane compound containing not less than 50% by weight of a compound of the formula (I) ##STR1## replacing the dispersion medium of the colloidal silica with a nonpolar solvent when the amount of dehydration is in the range of 50 to 90% of theoretical value; and effecting a further condensation reaction while maintaining in the state of 30 to 90% by weight of solid components in the presence of the nonpolar solvent.A coating composition containing the UV-curable coating material can form an anti-abrasion-coating film having excellent abrasion resistance, surface smoothness, thermal resistance, chemical resistance, durability, weather resistance and adhesion to the substrate.

Abstract: The epoxidation of alkyds containing anhydrides or diacids with cycloaliphatic unsaturation results in epoxy resins which cure rapidly in UV light to produce uniform films without the use of flow modifiers. The fatty acid portion of the alkyd functions as an internal plasticizer. Crosslinking occurs through oxirane rings in both the anhydride and fatty acid moieties of the alkyd to produce hard, but not brittle films. Excellent water resistance is obtained without thermal post curing.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of photopolymerizable compositions, wherein the photopolymerizable compositions can be photopolymerized by the irradiation of emission lines of differing wavelength from a UV/VIS laser light source, and contain a photopolymerizable compound and at least two photoinitiators, by adjusting the sensitivity to radiation. The ratio between the concentrations of the individual photoinitiators is so adjusted that the composition has virtually the same optical density for the radiation of the different emission lines at which the photoinitiators are effective.

Abstract: A formulation for a resilient gasket coating which is curable by ultraviolet radiation without emitting fumes into the surrounding environment. Different portions of the coating are cured by successive exposure to two different wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation during a continuous in-line process. The first wavelength cures an inner portion of the coating and bonds the coating to the substrate. The second wavelength cures a coating surface. The formulation permits ultraviolet curing of thicker pigmented coatings than have been previously known.

Abstract: Fluorinated silylated aromatic compounds, their intermediates, methods of use in treating diseases associated with deficiencies of cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system and methods for their preparation are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition and a method for producing the same. The pressure-sensitive adhesive composition is produced by the combination of at least one free-radically photopolymerizable monomer and at least one cationically polymerizable monomer and a suitable photoinitiation system consisting of at least one salt of a cationic organometallic complex, an optional additional free-radical initiator and the application of sufficient energy to photopolymerize same.

Abstract: A system for the solid phase polymerization of polymers comprising a crystallizer, and wherein cold amorphous polymer is introduced to the crystallizer. A source of infrared radiation is associated with the crystallizer, and the polymer is heated by applying infrared radiation thereto. The degree of heating is controlled so that the polymer reaches the crystallization or polymerization temperature without exceeding the polymer melting point.

Abstract: The invention relates to photopolymerizable dental compositions of ethylenically unsaturated monomers and/or polymers thereof which are curable in two curing steps. Besides being comprised of fillers, said compositions also contain a photoinitiator component I having a light absorption maximum of <450 nm and a molar extinction of the light absorption of <10 at wavelengths of 470 nm or higher, and a photoinitiator component II having a molar extinction of the light absorption of >20 at least at one wavelength of at least >450 nm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a pressure-sensitive adhesive composition and a method for producing the same. The pressure-sensitive adhesive composition is produced by the combination of at least one free-radically photopolymerizable monomer and at least one set of polyurethane precursors, and a suitable photoinitiation system consisting of at least one salt of a cationic organometallic complex, an additional free-radical photo initiator and the application of sufficient energy to photopolymerize same by sequential exposure to visible electromagnetic radiation and then to ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording which is used for recording an interference fringe produced by a laser beam or a light having excellent coherence, as fringes having different refractive index. The composition comprising:(a) a cationic polymerizable compound which is liquid at ambient temperature;(b) a radical polymerizable compound;(c) a radical photopolymerization initiator composition sensitized by a laser beam or a light having excellent coherence which has a specific wavelength to polymerize the ingredient (b); and(d) a cationic photopolymerization initiator composition which shows low photosensitivity to the light having a specific wavelength and is sensitized by a light having the other wavelength to polymerize the ingredient (a), wherein an average refractive index of the ingredient (a) is smaller than that of the ingredient (b). A process for producing the photosensitive composition is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coating composition comprising(A) 5 to 60 parts by weight, on a solid basis, of colloidal silica,(B) 5 to 70 parts by weight of a hydrolyzate and/or hydrolyzed and partially condensed product of a compound of the general formula ##STR1## (C) 10 to 80 parts by weight of a polyfunctional monomer containing a monomer of the general formula ##STR2## and (D) 0.01 to 5 parts by weight of a photopolymerization initiator containing a compound of the general formula ##STR3## provided that the combined amount of components (A), (B), (C) and (D) is 100 parts by weight.This coating composition can be cured in air by exposure to ultraviolet light, and the resulting cured film is excellent in various properties (such as abrasion resistance) and adhesion to the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process by which dissolved oxygen is effectively removed from a photosensitive resin layer of a photosensitive resin plate. The process comprises preliminarily exposing the photosensitive resin to light to quench oxygen dissolved in said photosensitive resin layer before conducting a main exposure. The photosensitive resin layer is prepared from a photosensitive resin composition which comprises:(a) a polymer binder,(b) a radically polymerizable monomer,(c) a sensitizing dye, and(d) a photopolymerization initiator which is excited by a light of a different wave length from a light exciting the sensitizing dye.The preliminary exposure is conducted with a light only exciting the sensitizing dye and the main exposure is conducted with a light exciting the photopolymerization initiator.

Abstract: A tough polymeric mixture comprises the polymerized product of admixture I or II, whereinadmixture I comprises 5 to 45 weight percent of a first monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said first monomer being at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer, and 95 to 55 weight percent of a second monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said second monomer being at least one set of polyurethane precursors, andadmixture II comprises 5 to 45 weight percent of a first monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said first monomer being at least one set of polyurethane precursors, and 95 to 55 weight percent of a second monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said second monomer being at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer,said polymeric mixture having been prepared by a process involving two sequential actinic radiations of wavelength ranges centered around .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.2, respectively, wherein .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.

Abstract: A Photohardenable composition consisting essentially of a free radical polymerizable compound, an electron donating coinitiator, and a benzospiropyran, wherein the benzospiropyran undergoes ring opening to form a merocyanine upon exposure to a actinic radiation or heat and exposure to a second 296 radiation causes the composition to harden.

Abstract: A rigid three-dimensional preform is made by moving a plurality of webs of fibrous reinforcement material superposed and coplanar to a cutter, the webs being coated with an electromagnetic energy-curable binder and pressed together. Prior to cutting a blank in a two-dimensional development of the three-dimensional preform from the webs, the webs are tacked together at spaced local zones by locally curing the binder at those zones by locally applying the appropriate electromagnetic radiation (microwave, ultraviolet, electron) so that the webs travel as one to the cutter. After cutting of the blank, the blank is loaded into a mold to replicate the three-dimensional shape of the preform and the remainder of the binder is cured in the mold by the application of the appropriate electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: Glass fiber mats are made for subsequent use in preforming for an RTM or SRIM molding process, for example, such that the binder applied to the mat has two distinct curing stages. In the first stage, a partial cure is provided by visible light upon a free radical generation in response to a photoinitiator mixed in the binder in an exact ratio to give a predictable increase in viscosity to that of a semi-solid so that the fibers are sufficiently bound for subsequent handling, but not sufficient to complete a cure, while leaving a second stage ready for a final cure which is achieved by the use of a cationic-type second photoinitiator which is sensitive to ultraviolet light. During the second curing stage, the mat is formed into a three-dimensional shape of a desired end product and cured with ultraviolet radiation while still in the mold, to obtain a rigid three-dimensional preform structure.

Abstract: In-situ development of an ultraviolet absorber is provided by a compound such as a hydroxy-phenyl-triazole containing a group which protects the absorber during actinically activated polymerization by light at first frequency. After polymerization the protective group is removed by actinic reaction at a second frequency lower than the first frequency. The protective group is formed by replacing the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group with an acyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms or an acryloxy group of the formula: ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is either an alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms or --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2.

Abstract: A tough polymeric mixture comprises the polymerized product of admixture I or II, whereinadmixture I comprises 5 to 45 weight percent of a first monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said first monomer being at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer, and 95 to 55 weight percent of a second monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said second monomer being at least one set of polyurethane precursors, andadmixture II comprises 5 to 45 weight percent of a first monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said first monomer being at least one set of polyurethane precursors, and 95 to 55 weight percent of a second monomer and a photoinitiator therefor, said second monomer being at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer,said polymeric mixture having been prepared by a process involving two sequential actinic radiations of wavelengths ranges centered around .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.2, respectively, wherein .lambda..sub.1 and .lambda..sub.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the production of an image which comprises(i) applying to a substrate a layer of a liquid composition comprising(A) a cationically polymerizable residue(B) a radiation-activated polymerization initator for (A)(C) a radiation-curable residue that is different from (A) and optionally(D) a radiation activated initiator for the cure of (C),(ii) subjecting the composition to actinic radiation having a wavelength at which initiator (B) is activated but at which the residue (C) and/or initiator (D) is not substantially activated, followed by heating, if necessary, so that (A) is polymerized and the layer of liquid composition is solidified, but remains curable,(iii) subjecting the solidified layer in a predetermined pattern to actinic radiation having a wavelength that is different from that of the radiation used in stage (ii) and at which the radiation-curable residue (C) and/or the initiator (D) is activated, such that in the exposed areas (C) is substantially cured, and(iv) re

Abstract: Acrylate-based pressure-sensitive adhesives are produced by a process in which a liquid, polymerizable monomer composition containing at least one acrylate monomer is placed in a closed reaction vessel, deaerated and the monomer(s) are polymerized by exposure to ionizing radiation such as gamma irradiation. The process allows for the direct production of low-solvent or solventless acrylate-based adhesives suitable for application by hot-melt techniques.

Abstract: A process for preparing particulate water-soluble cationic acrylic polymers having a high molecular weight, an excellent water solubility and a uniform particle size with a good productivity by adding a combined photoinitiator system of an azoguanyl compound and other usual photoinitiator to an aqueous monomer solution containing a cationic vinyl monomer, irradiating the aqueous monomer solution in the form of a thin layer on a moving support with ultraviolet rays in at least two stages, and finely dividing the produced aqueous polymer gel in a wet state by a roller cutter and then by a vertical cutter.

Abstract: A new polycarbonate copolymer resin is formed by internal generation of stabilizers bound to the polymer chain. Irradiation of a solid piece or a deoxygenated solution of the resin at a first frequency below 300 nm generates 2 to 8 mol percent of phenyl salicylate groups which are rearranged to dihydroxybenzophenone groups by irradiating the resin under oxygen excluding conditions at a second frequency from 300 to 320 nm.

Abstract: A composite ribbon suitable for winding into coils, comprising an acrylate resin film destined to be used as an intermediate layer in safety glass panels, interposed between two thin protective films, is produced by means of a continuous process of polymerization induced by light radiation, using the two protective films themselves as a polymerization cell.

Abstract: Novel photopolymerizable compositions are provided which comprise a dye sensitizer, a linear polyethylenimine as a polymerization initiator and a free radical polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated monomer.In the preferred embodiments, the linear polyethylenimine is used in combination with lithium acrylate.

Abstract: Novel photopolymerizable compositions are provided which comprise a dye sensitizer, a branched polyethylenimine as a polymerization initiator and a free radical polymerizable ethylenic unsaturated monomer.In the preferred embodiments, the branched polyethylenimine is used in combination with lithium acrylate. This combination provides dry coatings which may be stored for extended periods prior to being activated for imaging, and which produce volume holograms of very high resolution and diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: Disclosed is a photopolymerizable vehicle and method for the selective photopolymerization of said vehicle by the application of a plurality of different selected wavelengths of energy wherein any single wavelength of energy is inadequate for effecting said photopolymerization. The method comprises sequentially applying a plurality of different selected wavelengths of energy to said vehicle whereby polymerization is effected at the intersection of said wavelengths of energy.