Abstract: The present invention provides a tin-free, room temperature curable silicone elastomer composition, wherein the uncured composition is a putty. The silicone elastomer composition comprises a) an end-capped base polymer, wherein the base polymer comprises a polysiloxane or mixture of polysiloxanes, and wherein the end-capped base polymer comprises terminal di-(C1-4)alkoxy silyl groups; b) at least one amorphous filler; c) 15.1 to 60 parts by weight of at least one spherical filler for each 100 parts by weight of base polymer; and d) a curing catalyst consisting of one or more selected from the group consisting of organic titanates and organic zirconates. The terminal dialkoxy silyl groups of the base polymer can be dimethoxy silyl groups. The at least one amorphous filler can be selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, fumed alumina, carbon black, precipitated silica, precipitated calcium carbonate, surface-treated calcium carbonate and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wearable article continuous in a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction comprising an elastic belt region, a crotch region, a waist opening and two leg openings; the elastic belt region is a laminate comprising an inner sheet made of nonwoven fiber, and an outer sheet made of nonwoven fiber, and a plurality of elastic bodies configured to stretch the elastic belt region in the transverse direction, the crotch region comprises an outer cover layer at the most garment facing side, the outer cover layer being the same material as the outer sheet; wherein the outer sheet has a Compression Work of more than about 550 gfmm, a Compression Average Rigidity of less than about 500 gf/mm3, a Surface Roughness Wavelength of more than about 1.7 mm, and a Glossiness of less than about 5.3, the Compression Work, the Compression Average Rigidity, the Surface Roughness Wavelength and the Glossiness according to the measurements herein.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing a molded body by the selective laser sintering of a sinter powder (SP). The sinter powder (SP) contains at least one polyamide (P) and 5 to 50 wt %, preferably 10 to 50 wt %, of at least one aluminum silicate. The at least one aluminum silicate has a D50 value in the range of 2.5 to 4.5 ?m. The present invention also relates to molded bodies obtainable by means of the method according to the invention.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor includes a capacitor element, a case, and a sealing member. The case has an opening and houses the capacitor element. The sealing member seals the opening. The sealing member includes an elastic member that is fit in the opening. The elastic member includes a polymer component and a particle component. The polymer component includes at least butyl rubber. The particle component includes at least particles of kaolin. An average particle size of the particles of kaolin is less than or equal to 4 ?m.

Abstract: A vehicle tire rubber composite material, raw materials of the vehicle tire rubber composite material comprise the following components by weight: 30-40 weight distributions of solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, 35-55 weight distributions of rare earth butadiene rubber, 10-30 weight distributions of phenyl modified natural rubber, 5-14 weight distributions of polyurethane elastomer, 3-9 weight distributions of acetylene carbon black, 2-5 weight distributions of multifunctional abrasion-resistant flame retardant Cu@HNT@MoS2-PZE, 3-6 weight distributions of elastic fiber, 1-3 weight distributions of heat stabilizer, 2-3 weight distributions of silane coupling agent, 1-2.5 weight distributions of anti-scorching agent, 1-2.5 weight distributions of turpentine oil, and 4-6 weight distributions of accelerator.

Abstract: A water resistant sealing material suitable as a gasket or valve seal is described. The sealing material comprises modified chemically exfoliated vermiculite (CEV) in a proportion of 30-70% w/w sealing material and a filler in a proportion of 70-30% w/w sealing material, and optionally other additives in a proportion of 0-10% w/w sealing material. The modified CEV comprises water resistance enhancing monovalent cations. The sealing material is particularly useful to provide improved water resistance in gaskets and valve seals.

Abstract: Use of twin screw extrusion to further enhance the uniformity of crosslinked rubber dispersion in thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) to improve elastic properties of TPVs is disclosed. Most specifically, this invention employs intermeshing twin screw extruders to further homogenize dynamically vulcanized rubber dispersions in TPVs so that their particle size dispersion index (PSDI), or the ratio of weight average equivalent dispersion particle diameter to number average equivalent dispersion particle diameter, can be lowered to less than 1.6 or 1.57 with corresponding elastic property improvements by having lower hysteresis, higher elongation to break, and higher retractive force. TPV products having lower PSDI and improved elastic properties, and apparatus for conducting the disclosed method, are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for producing layered structures that include a conductive polymeric layer and a dielectric polymeric layer. The dielectric polymeric layer can be formed by curing a first volume of a dielectric polymeric material. A second volume of the dielectric polymeric material is doped with conductive particulates to yield a conductive polymeric material, which is then partially cured and solvated to create a conductive polymeric paste. The paste is applied to a surface of the dielectric polymeric layer, dried, and cured to form a conductive polymeric layer on the pre-strained dielectric polymeric layer yielding a layered structure that includes the conductive polymeric layer and the dielectric polymeric layer. A pre-strain is induced in the dielectric polymeric material by contacting a chemical thereto that causes swelling therein.

Abstract: Antioxidant polymer foams and uses thereof are described herein. These foams are synthesized using a Carboni-Lindsey reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine with a polymer having alkenyl functional groups. The foams feature dihydropyridazine functional groups which can be oxidized to consume surrounding reactive oxidizing chemicals and are consequently antioxidant.

Abstract: Thermally conductive materials comprising an olefin block composite and a thermally conductive filler, where the thermally conductive filler is present in an amount sufficient to increase the thermal conductivity of the olefin block composite relative to the olefin block composite in its neat state. Such thermally conductive materials can be used in various articles of manufacture, such as a thermal interface material or a molded heat dissipation component.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for forming a long-chain branched polymer and a long-chain branched polymer resulting from the process. The process comprises reacting (a) a polyolefin base polymer with (b) a coupling agent comprising a polymeric coupling agent, optionally blended with a molecular coupling agent, the polymeric coupling agent being a modified polyolefin having a reactive coupling group at one or more terminal ends of the modified polyolefin chain, to couple the polyolefin base polymer (a) with the coupling agent (b) to form a long-chain branched polymer having a long-chain branching and/or higher surface energy relative to the polyolefin base polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer-clay composite material comprising clay nanoparticles and a polymer, and wherein (a) the polymer comprises phosphate and/or phosphonate ligands; or (b) the polymer-clay composite further comprises linker molecules comprising a phosphate or phosphonate ligand, wherein the linker molecules are arranged to be anchored to the polymer. The invention further relates to organoclays, BMP-clay composite material. Uses, treatments, and manufacturer of the material are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a ternary mixture consisting of at least one homopolymer or copolymer of (meth)acrylic acid, partially or completely neutralized with sodium, with potassium, with lithium and/or with an amine, at least one solution of silicate or metasilicate chosen from the group consisting of a sodium silicate of formula Na2O.nSiO2 (with n varying between 1 and 4), sodium metasilicate Na2SiO3, a potassium silicate K2O.nSiO2 (with n varying between 1 and 4), potassium metasilicate K2SiO3 and a mixture of these compounds, and at least one base, as dispersion and/or grinding aid agents of kaolin in aqueous suspension.

Abstract: [Object] To provide lubricating thermoplastic resin compositions that can give formed articles exhibiting excellent lubricating properties and surface appearance and maintaining the lubricating properties permanently. [Solution] The lubricating thermoplastic resin composition includes an acid-modified copolymer (A) of a monomer mixture including an aromatic vinyl and a vinyl cyanide, the copolymer having a carboxyl group in the molecular chain, and a functionalized lubricant (B) having, in the molecule, a functional group (B1) capable of reacting with the carboxyl group and a lubricating segment (B2) having lubricating properties. The composition may further include a graft copolymer (C) and/or an additional thermoplastic resin (D) other than the acid-modified copolymer (A).

Abstract: The invention provides a prepreg that can give a fiber-reinforced composite material exhibiting stable and excellent interlaminar fracture toughness and impact resistance under wide molding conditions. The prepreg includes at least a reinforcement fiber [A], a thermosetting resin [B], and the following component [C] wherein 90% or more of the material [C] is present inside a region of the prepreg that extends from any surface of the prepreg to a prepreg site having, from the surface, a depth of 20% of the thickness of the prepreg. The component [C] satisfies requirements that (i) the storage elastic modulus G? of the material constituting the particles is more than 1 MPa, and 70 MPa or less at 180° C., and that (ii) the ratio of the storage elastic modulus G? of the material constituting the particles at 160° C. to the storage elastic modulus G? of the material at 200° C. ranges from 1 to 5; and is insoluble in the thermosetting resin [B].

Abstract: Liquid rubber compositions are particularly formulated for use in repair or modification of various household items, hand tools, garden tools, cooking or eating utensils, sports equipment, motor vehicles, appliances, etc. The compositions may be applied by brushing, dipping, or coating. Once cured, the composition forms a durable, breathable, weatherproof barrier that is resistant to rain, snow, sun, wind, air moisture, UV degradation, and natural weathering over a wide temperature range. The composition contains a polyether having silane terminal groups, a mineral filler, a fluid carrier, a crosslinker, fumed silica and a catalyst in specific amounts. It can also contain a colorant.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inorganic film comprising an inorganic laminar compound and a resin, characterized in that when an image observed with a transmission electron microscope of a cross section of the inorganic film including the thickness direction of the film is subjected to image processing to classify into 256 levels of shade on the gray scale, and subsequently, at each of arbitrary five or more points of the image-processed observed image, a straight line is drawn parallel with the thickness direction of the inorganic film from one surface of the inorganic film to the other surface, and then linear analysis is performed along each of the straight lines, the average value of standard deviations of degrees relative to the degree of each shade determined from the results of the linear analysis is 15 or less.

Abstract: A method of producing a spray-dried, hydrous kaolin clay is disclosed that includes mixing a hydrous kaolin clay with water, an ammonium polyacrylate or polyacrylic acid, ammonium hydroxide, and a propanolamine selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, or mixtures thereof, to produce a viscosity stable dispersed slurry, and spray drying the slurry to produce the spray-dried, hydrous, kaolin clay. A spray-dried, hydrous kaolin clay is also disclosed.

Abstract: A polyamide resin composition comprising defined amounts of flake graphite, carbon fibers, and polyhydric alcohol. A polyamide resin composition comprising a polyamide resin and, as a property imparting component, at least one member selected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a nitrogen compound, and a silicon compound, wherein a defined amount of the dicarboxylic acid units of the polyamide resin are oxalic acid. A polyamide resin composition comprising a polyamide resin and a defined amount of metal oxide particles, wherein the metal oxide particles contain those having a particle size of 70 ?m or more in an amount of 10 to 50% by mass and those having a particle size of 20 ?m or less in an amount of 1 to 50% by mass, based on the total mass of the metal oxide particles.

Abstract: A polymer film that includes a polymeric substrate having a first side and a second side; a back-side coating on the first side of the substrate, the back-side coating formed from at least an ionomer, an acrylic emulsion, and at least one inorganic material, said inorganic material comprising a majority of particles have a mean largest dimension in the range of 0.2 ?m to 25 ?m; and a polymeric surface layer in contact with the second side of the polymeric substrate is described. Articles, such as labels, and methods of making films and labels are also described.

Abstract: Compositions of biobased polymer blends of polymers and a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer are described. In certain embodiments, the copolymer is a multiphase copolymer blend having one phase a glass transition temperature of about ?5° C. to about ?50° C. Methods of making the compositions of the invention are also described. Also articles, films and laminates made from the compositions are described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes to produce nanocomposites. In particular, the invention relates to solution processes using organic solvents and mixtures of solvents to produce polymeric nanocomposites.

Abstract: Provided is a resin composite material having a high modulus of elasticity. The resin composite material comprises a thermoplastic resin, exfoliated graphite, and an inorganic filler different from the exfoliated graphite.

Abstract: A method for preparing a coffee polyol includes: (a) extracting coffee oil from coffee grounds; (b) modifying the coffee oil to obtain an epoxidized coffee oil; and (c) reacting an alcohol with the epoxidized coffee oil to obtain a coffee polyol. A polyurethane dispersive solution is prepared from a prepolymer composition that includes: a coffee polyol prepared from the abovementioned method; an isocyanate; and a solvent. A foam-based material is made from a foaming composition that includes a coffee polyol prepared from the abovementioned method. A polyurethane material is made from a polyurethane composition that includes a coffee polyol prepared from the abovementioned method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composite powder, preparation and use thereof. The composite powder according to the present invention is prepared by intimately mixing an irradiated or non-irradiated rubber latex with a slurry of inorganic particles in a ratio corresponding to that of rubber particles to inorganic particles in the composite powder according to the present invention, and then drying the resultant mixture. The composite powder according to the present invention comprises agglomerates composed of powdery rubber particles and inorganic particles, with inorganic particles being uniformly distributed either inside the agglomerats or both inside the agglomerates and on the surfaces thereof. The composite powder according to the present invention can be easily dispersed in plastic matrixes and thus can be compounded with plastics to produce toughened plastics and thermoplastic elastomers.

Abstract: In some variations, this disclosure provides compositions for reducing fluid permeability through a polymer membrane, the composition comprising a polymer (e.g., bromobutyl rubber) and mineral particles (e.g., kaolin particles) including fine particles with particle sizes between about 0.05 ?m and about 1 ?m and coarse particles with particle sizes between about 3 ?m and about 20 ?m. Applications for these improved-barrier polymers include tire innerliners, paint and paper coatings, films, adhesives, liners, paints, and hoses, for example. Methods of making and use these polymers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A composition capable of increased impermeability against the passage of ionic liquids therethrough can include a clay mixed with an anionic and cationic polymer. Such compositions can be provided in geosynthetic liners to provide a hydraulic barrier in aggressive leachate environments.

Abstract: A nitrile copolymer latex composition containing a latex of a nitrile copolymer rubber (A) having ?,?-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units in 10 to 75 wt %, conjugated diene monomer units in 5 to 89.9 wt %, and cationic monomer units and/or monomer units able to form cations in 0.1 to 20 wt %, an inorganic filler (B) having an aspect ratio of 30 to 2,000, and a plasticizer (C) having an SP value by the HOY method of 8 to 10.2 (cal/cm3)1/2, wherein a content of said plasticizer (C) is 0.1 to 200 parts by weight with respect to said nitrile copolymer rubber (A) as 100 parts by weight is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are blended latex dispersions which can be used as binders in paper coating compositions. Such latex dispersions comprise a first copolymer of a vinyl ester of an alkanoic acid having from 1 to 13 carbon atoms and ethylene; and a second copolymer of (i) styrene and butadiene, (ii) styrene, butadiene and acrylonitrile, or (iii) styrene and an acrylic monomer, wherein the first and second copolymers are colloidally dispersed in an aqueous medium comprising a surfactant. The paper coating compositions containing latex dispersion binders of this type preferably exhibit especially desirable coating strength as quantified by the Dry Pick Values which such compositions provide.

Abstract: A dispersion having a cationic zeta potential for use as a base coating on a sheet of paper or paperboard as a primer for a functional barrier top coating, wherein the composition comprises an anionic pigment containing mixture comprising one or more anionic pigments in an amount of at least about 20% dry weight of the mixture, and one or more polyamine-epihalohydrin cationic wet strength resin.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based copolymer dispersion which is excellent in long-term storage stability and in film-forming properties even when subjected to low-temperature or short-time drying or applied to give thick coats and can give coatings showing high gas barrier performance. The prevent invention is an aqueous ethylene/vinyl alcohol-based copolymer dispersion, which comprises: (A) an ethylene/vinyl alcohol-based copolymer with an ethylene content of 15-65 mole percent and a degree of saponification of not lower than 80 mole percent, (B) a base-neutralized ethylene/?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid-based copolymer and (C) a polyvinyl alcohol with a degree of saponification of 75-100 mole percent and a degree of polymerization of 100-3500, the content of the polyvinyl alcohol (C) being 0.5-100 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the ethylene/vinyl alcohol-based copolymer (A).

Abstract: An essentially biobased and optionally biodegradable, thermoformable composition containing a) as thermoformable resin at least one poly-L-lactide with less than 1 mol % of D-lactoyl units (PLLA) or at least one poly-L-lactide with 1-5 mol % of D-lactoyl units (PLA) and b) a nucleating combination of ?) 1 to 10% Wt. of at least one poly-D-lactide with less than 1 mol % of L-lactoyl-units (PDLA) or of 0.5 to 5% Wt. of PLLA/PDLA or PLA/PDLA stereocomplex crystallites, ?) 0.1 to 25% Wt. of an inorganic nucleating agent, and ?) 0.1 to 30% Wt. of at least an inorganic filler with lamellar structure, and thermoformed, essentially biobased and optionally biodegradable containers formed of the inventive compositions.

Abstract: A barrier coating composition may include an alcohol-based binder and an inorganic particulate. The barrier coating composition may be used in various ways, including in paper products including the barrier composition, methods of preparing the paper products, articles, particularly food grade packaging formed from the paper products, and packaged products, particularly packaged foodstuffs including the packaging.

Abstract: Disclosed is a biodegradable sheet prepared from biodegradable material comprising a gas barrier material, wherein the gas barrier material may be a nanoclay and/or polyvinyl alcohol.

Abstract: Paper coating compositions contain specific polyethers which are obtained by reacting a diglycidyl ether with a water soluble polyol containing at least one polyoxyethylene chain acting as deflocculants, water retention agents and gloss enhancers.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and composition for binding of a particulate or fibrous substrate, in particular natural particles or fibres such as for example wood particles and fibers, but also other natural fibers such as straw, flax, grass, straw, hemp, bagasse and bamboo. The current invention describes the composition of a cheap binder that can bind particles and fibers in a fast way, resulting in substrates that have the required mechanical properties. The binder has a good sustainability so that the end product also has an improved sustainability profile. Furthermore, the new binder composition will make the resulting substrates (composite materials) flame retardant.

Abstract: Portable electronic device housings comprising polyamide compositions comprising fibrous reinforcing agents having non-circular cross sections.

Abstract: The present invention relates to reinforced polyamide molding materials which can be prepared from a polyamide blend and, for example, by compounding with cut fibers or continuous filaments on twin-screw extruders and have mechanical properties which are usually not compatible with one another, namely a combination of exceptionally high rigidity and strength and at the same time good toughness. Furthermore, a high heat distortion temperature (HDT) is achieved according to the invention. The thermoplastic polyamide molding materials according to the invention are suitable for the production of moldings or other semifinished products or finished articles, which can be produced, for example, by extrusion, injection molding, direct methods or direct compounding, in which the compounded polyamide molding material is processed directly by injection molding, or other deformation techniques.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing soundproofing composite, and a soundproofing composite manufactured by the aforementioned method, the method comprising preparing a mixture by dissolving PP resin and nanoclay in a solvent; and volatilizing the solvent from the mixture. According to the present invention, the composite is manufactured by dissolving PP resin and nanoclay, to thereby realize great stiffness and soundproofing properties.

Abstract: A method for producing a modified smectite or smectite-containing substance including treating a non-activated smectite or substance with a water soluble activating agent and polymer in a two stage process, the first stage including adding 0-3.0% of the activating agent and 0.05-1.0% of the polymer, by weight, and in a second stage adding 0-5.0% of the activating agent 0.3-5% of the polymer, by weight, to the mixture of the first stage, wherein at least a part of the polymer is added as a dry solid and the water in the first stage is at least 20% by weight and at most 50% by weight in the second stage.

Abstract: Composition and method for making a flexible packaging film having highly loaded with at least one inorganic filler. A blown HDPE film comprising at least 50% by weight inorganic filler is oriented in the machine direction to increase yield and tensile strength, and reduce gauge variation to improve print qualities.

Abstract: A nano-clay material that exhibits improved compatibility with polymers is described. The nano-clay material may be mixed with polymers to produce a nano-clay polymer nanocomposite material including reduced levels of clay loading. Methods for making the nano-clay nanocomposite material and articles of manufacture from the nanocomposite material are also described.

Abstract: A coating composition has excellent application workability, facilitates thick coating, rarely causes cracks at an initial drying stage, and provides a dried film having excellent tensile properties and adhesiveness. The composition contains an aggregate and an emulsion with a polymer particle dispersed in an aqueous medium. The polymer particle includes 40% to 98% of a unit formed by polymerizing an alkyl(meth)acrylate monomer, the alkyl group having 4 to 14 carbon atoms, 0.1% to 5% of a unit formed by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, 1% to 20% of a unit formed by polymerizing a vinyl monomer having a cyano group, 1% to 20% of a unit formed by polymerizing a reaction product of a (meth)acrylic acid and a monofunctional epoxy compound, and 0% to 50% of a unit formed by copolymerizing at least one of the above monomers with another monomer.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a water vapor barrier film having good flexibility, good moisture resistance, and high mechanical strength. A further object of the present invention is to provide a dispersion for water vapor barrier films which is intended to be used to produce the water vapor barrier film, a method for producing the water vapor barrier film, a solar cell back sheet incorporating the water vapor barrier film, and a solar cell incorporating the water vapor barrier film or the solar cell back sheet. The present invention provided a water vapor barrier film containing: phyllosilicate mineral; and a synthetic resin, wherein the phyllosilicate mineral includes a non-swelling clay mineral and a swelling clay mineral, the phyllosilicate mineral is present in an amount of not less than 30% by weight and not more than 90% by weight of the total weight of the water vapor barrier film, and the water vapor barrier film has a water vapor permeability, measured at 40° C.

Abstract: A resin composition comprising an ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer and metakaolin, wherein the ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer comprises structural units derived from ethylene and structural units derived from an unsaturated ester and the content of the structural units derived from the unsaturated ester is 20 to 35% by weight where the total content of the structural units derived from ethylene and the structural units derived from the unsaturated ester is taken as 100% by weight, and the resin composition comprises 0.001 to 5 parts by weight of the metakaolin per 100 parts by weight of the ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flame retardant polyamide resin composition, and more particularly, a flame retardant polyamide resin composition having improved flame retardancy and further having improved strength, heat resistance, moisture absorption resistance, dimensional stability, and the like by including a polyamide nanocomposite in which an organized layered clay compound is contained by in-situ polymerization, a filler, and a phosphorus-based flame retardant. The composition has high economic efficiency because the composition is lighter and has a lower production cost than flame retardant materials in the related art.

Abstract: A functionalized polyolefin having one or more pyridazine moieties is disclosed herein. A method to produce the functionalized polyolefin is also disclosed. A composition including the functionalized polyolefin is also disclosed.

Abstract: Polymers, paper coating compositions, and coated paper.

Abstract: The present invention provides siliceous-based polyurea compositions, obtainable by reacting isocyanates, alkali silicates and hydratable aluminosilicates. Moreover, the present invention provides a process for the manufacture of these compositions, comprising the steps of mixing a hydratable aluminosilicate with an aqueous silicate and reacting this mixture with a polyisocyanate and/or a polyisocyanate prepolymer, optionally in the presence of a polyol and/or with the inclusion of an inert filler. Finally, the present invention provides the use of these compositions in the fields of aviation, automotive assemblies, construction, consumer products, fire protection, furniture components, insulation, shipbuilding and/or windmill construction. The compositions obtainable according to the present invention are lightweight, high load bearing, flame retarding materials.

Abstract: In a process for preparing a polyamide based on dicarboxylic acids and diamines in an extruder, a solid mixture comprising a monomer mixture composed of 50 mol % of dicarboxylic acid mixture composed of from 60 to 88 % by weight of terephthalic acid and from 12 to 40% by weight of isophthalic acid, in which up to 20% by weight of the dicarboxylic acid mixture may also be replaced by other dicarboxylic acids, and 50 mol % of hexamethylenediamine which may be up to 20% by weight replaced by other C2-30-diamines, in a corotatory twin-screw extruder for a residence time of from 10 seconds to 30 minutes, is heated to a temperature in the range from 150 to 400° C. while removing steam and if appropriate diamines through venting orifices.