Abstract: Compositions and methods for improving the characteristics of foundry cores which includes adding to the foundry aggregate mixture one or more biphenyl compounds.

Abstract: A hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive comprising a) from about 15% to about 30% by weight of a linear styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene copolymer having a styrene content from about 15% to about 35% by weight and a coupling efficiency of less than about 75%; b) from about 20% to about 50% by weight of a tackifying resin selected from the group consisting of those tackifying resins having a softening point of less than about 100.degree. C.; c) from about 30% to about 50% by weight of a plasticizing oil; and d) up to about 15% of a compatible polymer wherein the total polymer content does not exceed 30% by weight of the adhesive wherein the hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive fails cohesively during use.

Abstract: A syndiotactic polystyrene composition is improved which exhibits improved crystallization rate. The improved syndiotactic polystyrene composition contains (a) a syndiotactic polystyrene; and (b) a nucleating agent which is selected from the group consisting of two types of compounds represented by the following formulas, respectively: ##STR1## In Formulas I and II, the radicals R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which can be the same of different, are C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 alkyl groups, X is a halogen group, preferably a bromide group, and n is an integer from 1 to 5. In the present invention, the nucleating agent is provided at 0.01 to 5 part, by weight, per 100 parts, also by weight, of the syndiotactic polystyrene resin. An example of Formula I compound is 2-hydroxybenimidiazole, and an example of the Formula II compound is bis(phenylbromide) methane.

Abstract: A significantly improved plasticizer-polymer composition embraces a polymer containing a di-, tri- and/or tetra- ethyl-, propyl- and/or butylbiphenyl plasticizer which constitutes the major proportion by weight of any other plasticizing/softening additive, provided that the polymer is not polyvinyl chloride and when the polymer is an elastomer or rubber, or is a polystyrene, said plasticizer is diisopropylbiphenyl and/or triisopropylbiphenyl, and when the polymer is of a plastisol, essentially no ester plasticizing additive is present. As well, a polymer fabrication composition comprises a monomer and/or oligomer component in combination with said plasticizer. A method for preparing the plasticizer-polymer composition and/or the fabrication composition comprises contacting the monomer and/or oligomer component with said plasticizer, mixing to provide a uniform mixture, and carrying out further processing as may be desired so as to optionally prepare the plasticized-polymer composition.

Abstract: A low density, antimigratory cement composition includes cement, water and between about 0.5 to about 2.5 gallons per sack of cement of an additive wherein the additive is a copolymer of an impermeability agent and a gelling agent wherein said impermeability agent is a vinyl acetate-containing material and wherein said gelling agent is a vinyl ester which is compatible with said impermeability agent, whereby said cement composition in slurry form is thixotropic and resistant to gas migration.

Abstract: An aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers particularly useful for the reinforcement of thermoplastic or thermosetting matrix polymers contains film-forming material, fluorescent whitening agent, coupling agent, stabilizing agent and lubricant. The film-forming material is selected to be compatible with thermosetting or thermoplastic matrix polymer used in the ultimate forming process. The fluorescent whitening agent is at least dispersed, emulsified or solubilized in water.The sizing compositions are particularly advantageous for sizing glass fibers to be used in the reinforcement of matrix polymers for forming molded parts. The resultant molded part exhibits exceptional whiteness and and comparable physical properties to materials without the brightening agent.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive and other compositions which free radical cured mixtures of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify the properties of the cured elastomeric polymer.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of a bitumen-polymer composition which comprises(a) producing at a temperature of between 100.degree. C. and 230.degree. C., a mixture of(i) a bitumen;(ii) a linear block copolymer of styrene and a conjugated diene, the block copolymer being used in a quantity of from 0.5% to 25% by weight of bitumen and having a weight-average molecular weight of between 170,00 and 250,000 and a structure of A-B with A denoting a polymer block consisting of a polystyrene block which may be extended on the B side by a random copolymer of styrene and of the conjugated. diene and B denoting a polymer block consisting of conjugated diene units, and(iii) a coupling agent containing at least one sulphur-donor compound and used in an amount to provide a quantity of sulphur representing, by weight, 0.1% to 10% of the weight of the liner block copolymer of styrene and conjugated diene; and(b) keeping the mixture thus produced at a temperature of between 100.degree. C. and 230.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to an adhesive resin composition comprising an ethylene polymer having a melting point of 70 to 132.degree. C., a density of 0.88 to 0.94% g/cm.sup.3 and a melt flow rate (MFR) of 0.05 to 50 g/10 min. and/or a modified product thereof with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or its derivative (component A); a tackifier (component B); and a block copolymer containing at least one polymer block mainly composed of a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon and at least one polymer block mainly composed of a conjugated diene or a hydrogenated product thereof (component C). This composition is useful as an adhesives showing excellent adhesion over a wide temperature range as well as processability by film molding, sheet molding, blow molding, etc. It is available for laminates comprising various kinds of resins such as polyolefins, styrenic resins, polyesters, acrylic resins and polyamides.

Abstract: A rubber compound obtained by compounding a raw rubber, powdered vulcanized scrap rubber with its surface partially processed via a swelling treatment, a vulcanizing agent and a vulcanizing accelerator. When manufacturing the compound, the scrap rubber is treated beforhand under ordinary temperature atomosphere by being mixed with a reclaiming agent that contains petroleum process oil.

Abstract: A thermoplastic elastomer composition is provided which is highly durable and free from oxidative deterioration when exposed to elevated temperature as in molding and also ambient temperature at which an end product thereof is used. These advantageous features are attributable to the use of a hydrogenated oil of the class disclosed which serves effectively to suppress the tendency of an elastomer undergoing gelation or cross-linking particularly when heated in the atmosphere. The hydrogenated oil is derivable from hydrogenation of a liquid product resulting from thermally treating a coal tar or distillates thereof at above 400.degree. C.; a liquid product resulting from thermally treating at above 400.degree. C. a petroleum crude oil, distillates thereof, or a liquid hydrocarbon derived from catalytic cracking, hydrogenative cracking or catalytic reforming of petroleum distillates; or a thermally cracked tar resulting from thermally cracking a petroleum crude oil or distillates thereof.

Abstract: An oil composition which has a kinematic viscosity at 100.degree. C. of from 32 to 50 cSt and which contains less than 3 wt. percent polynuclear aromatic compounds is employed as a process oil for rubber compounds, especially aromatic rubbers. The process oil is compatible with aromatic rubbers but contains less toxic polynuclear aromatic compounds than conventional aromatic rubber process oils. Rubber products of acceptable quality are produced by the use of the said oil composition.

Abstract: A significantly improved plasticizer-polymer composition embraces a polymer containing a di-, tri- and/or tetra- ethyl-, propyl- and/or butylbiphenyl plasticizer which constitutes the major proportion by weight of any other plasticizing/softening additive, provided that the polymer is not polyvinyl chloride and when the polymer is an elastomer or rubber, or is a polystyrene, said plasticizer is diisopropylbiphenyl and/or triisopropylbiphenyl, and when the polymer is of a plastisol, essentially no ester plasticizing additive is present. As well, a polymer fabrication composition comprises a monomer and/or oligomer component in combination with said plasticizer. A method for preparing the plasticizer-polymer composition and/or the fabrication composition comprises contacting the monomer and/or oligomer component with said plasticizer, mixing to provide a uniform mixture, and carrying out further processing as may be desired so as to optionally prepare the plasticized-polymer composition.

Abstract: An aqueous, low-viscosity, water-soluble polymeric dispersion containing a polymer (A) is prepared by copolymerizing monomers:(a1) 99 to 70 weight % of at least one water-soluble monomer,(a2) 1 to 30 weight % of at least one hydrophobic monomer and,(a3) 0 to 20 weight % of at least one amphiphilic monomer, which monomers constitute 100 weight % of the polymers forming material which polymer (A) has an average molecular weight M.sub.W (mean weight) of at least 5.times.10.sup.5 Dalton, said process comprising:a first step i) of reacting said monomer ingredients in an aqueous dispersion in the presence of at least one polymeric dispersing agent (D) thereby preparing a dispersion of polymer (A); and a second step ii) of adding at least one polymeric dispersion agent (D), in an aqueous solution, to the dispersion.

Abstract: A method method for continuously preparing thermo-crosslinkable and/or thermoplastic elastomer blends by mixing the powdered or granulated elastomer with plasticizer oil and other additives, said method comprising the steps of:(a) continuously premixing said elastomer in a premixer with at least part of said plasticizer oil, and optionally with at least part of said other additives, to form a preblend in which said elastomer is decomposed and said additives are embedded in the polymer matrix;and thereafter(b) continuously completing the mixing of said premix, and optionally of the remainder of said additives in a mixing extruder.

Abstract: A polymer composition substantially comprising(A) 5 to 40 weight parts of a 1-butenic polymer,(B) 95 to 60 weight parts of an inorganic filler,(C) a hydrocarbonic oil in an amount of 2 to 20 weight parts per 100 weight parts in total of the above (A) and (B), and(D) a thermoplastic resin other than 1-butenic polymers in an amount of 0 to 20 weight parts per 100 weight parts in total of the above (A) and (B).

Abstract: A corrosion protection composition comprising a thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymer, a colloidal size amorphous overbased sulphonate of an alkaline earth metal, a tackifier resin and optionally a plasticizer for the block copolymer.

Abstract: It is herein disclosed a process for stabilizing freshly prepared polyketone polymer comprising contacting the polymer with a sufficient quantity of a stabilizing agent such as a polyaromatic or hydroaromatic compound. The inventive process results in stabilized polyketone polymers having and exhibiting improved thermal oxidative stability properties. It is also disclosed a stabilized polymer composition comprising a major amount of a polyketone polymer and a minor amount of a polyaromatic or hydroaromatic compound.

Abstract: The composition of the present invention comprises a oil-resistant silicone rubber composition that undergoes little swelling even when used in regular or continuous contact with mineral oil-based lubricating oil such as engine oil and so forth. The oil-resistant silicone rubber composition comprises:(A) a dimethylsiloxane-3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane-methylvinylsiloxane copolymer gum that contains 0.001 to 5 mole percent methylvinylsiloxane unit,(B) a hydrocarbon oil or diorganopolysiloxane oil wherein the total in each diorganopolysiloxane oil molecule of the number of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms and the number of functional groups reactive with component (A) or (C) is less than two,(C) a reinforcing filler, and(D) a curing agent in a quantity sufficient to cure the composition.

Abstract: An olefin thermoplastic elastomer composition prepared by subjecting a composition comprising (a) 100 parts by weight of an ethylene-.alpha.-olefin-non-conjugated diene copolymer rubber having a high molecular weight, the Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4, at 125.degree. C.) of a composition consisting of 100 parts by weight of the copolymer rubber and 75 parts by weight of a mineral oil-type softening agent being 40 or more, (b) from 10 to 500 parts by weight of a crystalline ethylene-propylene block copolymer resin having a melt flow rate of 10 to 50, (c) from 3 to 300 parts by weight of a mineral oil-type softening agent, and (d) from 5 to 100 parts by weight of a low-molecular-weight propylene homopolymer resin having a number-average molecular weight of 2000 to 20000, the weight ratio of the low-molecular-weight propylene homopolymer resin to the crystalline ethylene-propylene block copolymer resin being 0.8 or less, to dynamic vulcanization using, as a vulcanizing agent, from 0.

Abstract: A friction material for a brake obtained by a process which comprisespreparing (I) a composition for a friction material from (A) a binder composition comprising 95-5 parts by weight of a cyanate ester resin and 5-95 parts by weight of a polycyclic aromatic pitch, (B) a fiber reinforcing substrate, and (C) a friction and wear regulator,thermoforming the composition (I) by hot pressing to cure the binder composition (A), andheat-treating the cured product at a temperature of 270.degree.-800.degree. C. to cyclize or semi-carbonize the binder composition (A) is disclosed which has markedly improved anti-fade properties.

Abstract: Highly filled thermoplastic compositions useful as adhesive precoats for carpets are obtained by blending certain ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers with above 60 wt. % filler and processing oil.

Abstract: Extruded composite solid articles from feed mixtures comprising a substantially uniform mixture of particulate binder material and particulate primary material in which the feed mixture is forced through an extrusion die of substantially uniform cross-section and subject to heat, pressure and cooling which consolidates the feed mixture whereby it emerges from the die as a solid composite article and in which the pressure in the extrusion die is supplied by back-pressuring means external of the die. Solid filter elements of activated carbon particles for a wide variety of filtering applications may be formed.

Abstract: A coating composition and a method of coating with said composition, with the composition comprising a coating especially suited for sealing metal joints and metal roofs that comprises from about 10% to about 20% of a thermoplastic resin, from about 1.5% to about 3% of a plasticizer, from about 10% to about 20% of a synthetic thermo-plastic rubber, and from about 5% to about 20% of a free flowing silica-alumina glass ceramic filler.

Abstract: A cyanoacrylate monomer adhesive formulation which has improved thermal properties resulting from the inclusion in the formulation of an effective amount for enhancing the thermal resistance of the cured polymer of a compound of the formula: ##STR1## where R is C(CN).sub.2, C(CO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2, C(SO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2 or C(Ph).sub.2 ; R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c and R.sup.d are independently H, monovalent hydrocarbon, halogen or strong electron withdrawing groups; or two of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c and R.sup.d combined form a fused hydrocarbon ring; R.sup.1 is C(CN).sub.2, C(CO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2, C(SO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2 or C(Ph).sub.2, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.b combined form a fused ring having a C(CN).sub.2, C(CO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2, C(SO.sub.2 R.sup.e).sub.2 or C(Ph).sub.2 group in conjugation with R; R.sup.e is alkyl and Ph is phenyl orR and R.sup.1 are both O; and R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c and R.sup.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive and other compositions which free radical cured mixtures in which a halogenated hydrocarbon was present during free radical cure, of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to the action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify the properties of the cured elastomeric polymer.

Abstract: The plasticizer constituent in the rubber mixture of the tread member of a pneumatic vehicle tire contains at least partially at least one fatty acid triglyceride, preferably natural rape seed oil in which more than 50% of the fatty acid residues are present as oleic acid residues and an oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio is greater than or equal to 2:1. Sunflower seed oil or natural rape seed oil and triglyceride of oleic acid also can be used as the fatty acid triglycerides. There is thus achieved improved traction upon ice and snow as well as at dry and wet roads in the absence of negative effects on other properties of the tire.

Abstract: Molding compounds based on a thermoplastically processible aromatic polyamide. Molding compounds with an improved stability toward thermal oxidation were attained in that the molding compounds in comparison to polyamides contain chemically inert compounds of the formula I ##STR1## The molding compounds according to the invention exhibit an excellent stability toward thermal oxidation.

Abstract: A rubber composition for tire treads is disclosed which is designed to exhibit high resistance to skidding on wet, icy and snowy roads. A selected rubber blend of styrene-butadiene rubber and natural rubber and/or polyisoprene rubber is combined with a selected carbon black of specified specific surface areas and also with a selected softener of specified viscosity-gravity constants. The styrene-butadiene rubber consists essentially of two styrene-butadiene block copolymers each having varied styrene and vinyl contents and a specified transition temperature width, one block having a higher glass transition temperature than the other.

Abstract: A blend which comprises a partially crosslinked product of a mixture of an oil-extended olefinic copolymer rubber comprising an olefinic copolymer rubber having a 100.degree. C. Mooney viscosity 150-350, a polyolefin resin, a selectively hydrogenated block copolymer, and a specific mineral oil type softening agent has excellent flexibility of less than 45 in Shore A hardness. The blend is not tacky, nor does the softening agent bleed. An anti-static agent for polyolefins and/or a higher fatty acid amide may be included in the composition.

Abstract: The invention is composition useful for preparing articles from syndiotactic polystyrene, or a mixture of syndiotactic polystyrene and isotactic polystyrene which comprises a homogeneous mixture of;A. syndiotactic polystyrene, or a mixture of syndiotactic polystyrene and isotactic polystyrene; andB. a solvent for the polystyrene wherein said solvent is a liquid at temperatures at which articles can be formed from the polystyrene:wherein the mixture is viscous enough to form articles from the polystyrene.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive and other compositions which free radical cured mixtures of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify the properties of the cured elastomeric polymer.

Abstract: A tread rubber composition for high-speed running tires comprises a particular halogenated modified styrene-butadiene copolymer having p-halomethylbenzoyl group as a starting rubber and contains particular amounts of carbon black, process oil and diamine, and has excellent heat resistance and wear resistance.

Abstract: In ink-jet pens (10) for use with printers and plotters, an elastomeric, back-pressure bladder (12) is employed to ensure a supply of ink (14) to the printhead (16) under substantially constant pressure. Contamination of ink due to solubilization of components in the bladder by the aqueous-based ink is avoided by employing an elastomer composition essentially of a high cross-link density ethylene propylene diene monomer, carbon black as reinforcement, dicumyl peroxide on Kaolin clay as curative, and fully hydrogenated clay filtered mineral oil as plasticizer. Such elastomers are given by the composition range (in parts per hundred):______________________________________ EPDM resin 100 Carbon black 18 to 30 Curative 7.0 to 7.5 Plasticizer 20 to 25.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive and other compositions which free radical cured mixtures of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify the properties of the cured elastomeric polymer.

Abstract: An elastomeric composition is formed of at least two, and preferably three, S-EB-S elastomeric triblock copolymers having different solution viscosity/copolymer concentration relationships, and a sufficient amount of a mineral oil plasticizer to achieve excellent tactility with acceptable strength. To prepare articles such as medical film protective devices, the elastomeric composition is dissolved in a sufficient amount of a solvent to permit dip forming. A form having the shape of the desired product is dipped into the solution to build up a film of the elastomeric composition on the form. The dip-formed elastomeric films are free of pinholes and resistant to oxidative and ozone attack. The films are particularly suitable for use in products such as examination, surgical, and industrial gloves and condoms.

Abstract: A cured composition possessing excellent cohesive strength at high temperatures along with excellent adhesion, shear strength and solvent resistance is prepared by the high energy ionizing radiation initiated curing of a polymer composition comprising an alkenyl arene/conjugated diene block copolymer and a oligomer such that the unsaturation index of the composition is minimized. The radiation initiated curing of the adhesive composition is accomplished without requiring the aid of a coupling agent to promote crosslinking of the block copolymer during exposure to the radiation.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive which are free radical cured mixtures of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify thr properties of the cured elastomeric polymer which mixture prior to cure has a viscosity of less than about 30 Pascal-seconds at a hot melt application temperature less thant 175.degree. C.

Abstract: A new stable liquid suspension of water soluble polymer, and a method of preparation are provided. Such compositions comprise of at least an iso-parrafinic oil medium, one styrene/isoprene copolymer, a water soluble polymer and preferably some hydrophobic fumed silica mixed together in the appropriate quantities and conditions.

Abstract: A gear oil composition is provided, the composition comprising a hydrogenated star conjugated diolefin polymer having arms with weight average molecular weights between about 3,000 and about 15,000. Such star polymers are effective as viscosity index improvers, and yet are sufficiently shear stable for service in gear oil lubricants.

Abstract: An engineering plastic composition with excellent flowability, heat stability, and desirable mechanical properties is provided. The composition comprises an engineering plastic material and at least one p-quaterphenyl derivative of specific formula.

Abstract: Molding compounds based on polyphenylene ethers, which are distinguished by reduced combustibility and good processing properties. The molding masses contain (A) 100 parts by weight polyphenylene ether, (B) 1 to 40 parts by weight of a dibenzyl toluene and, relative to the total weight of the molding compound, (C) 0 to 30% reinforcing material, and (D) 0 to 5% additives. The molding compounds are used for the production of technical articles such as pipes, plates and housings.

Abstract: There are provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive and other compositions which free radical cured mixtures of at least one unsaturated elastomeric polymer and at least one organic additive which is substantially nonresponsive to action of free radicals and present in an amount sufficient to modify the properties of the cured elastomeric polymer.

Abstract: Elastomer compositions which are particularly adapted for forming tire treads having low rolling resistance and good wet and dry grip traction comprise an elastomer having a Tg of -60.degree. C. or higher and low viscosity aromatic oil. Especially useful aromatic oils are those having a Saybolt Universal viscosity at 100.degree. F. of from about 50 to about 2500 SUS.

Abstract: Self-extinguishing polymeric compositions comprising by weight:(1) from 49 to 99% of a thermoplastic polymer(2) from 1 to 50% of melamine bromohydrate(3) from 0 to 1% of a promoter of free radicals.

Abstract: This invention relates to relatively thick pressure sensitive adhesive films comprising a homogeneous mixture based on 100% of the solids weight of the adhesive film, (i) at least 20 weight % of a low molecular weight resin produced by the polymerization and hydrogenation of styrenic monomer feedstock having a ring and ball softening point of about 10.degree.-45.degree. C., (ii) from about 2 to about 40 weight % of a triblock copolymer with a saturated elastomeric block in the center and a thermoplastic block on each end alone or in combination with a diblock copolymer of a hard thermoplastic block and a saturated, soft ethylene-propylene polymeric block, and (iii) up to about 80 weight % of a mineral oil.

Abstract: A color concentrate which comprises (a) one or more of polypropylene resins and propylene copolymers having a melt flow rate in the range of 0.1-100, (b) one or more of organic and inorganic pigments; and (c) one or more pigment dispersants selected from the group consisting of polyethylene wax, polypropylene wax and derivatives thereof, zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, aluminium stearate, calcium stearate and ethylene bisamide, the contents of (a), (b) and (c) being, respectively, 11-30 wt %, 10-80 wt % and 10-50 wt % based on the total of (a), (b) and (c); and molded or extruded articles of thermoplastic resins other than (a) colored with the color concentrate.

Abstract: A compounding oil for polymers which can be used as a plasticizer, process oil, thinner, softening agent, extender or the like. The compounding oil of the invention comprises a fraction mainly containing triaryldialkanes and having boiling points in the range of 350.degree. to 450.degree. C., which fraction is prepared by disproportionating a by-product oil fraction at temperatures in the range of 20.degree. to 500.degree. C. in the presence of a disproportionation catalyst, said by-product oil fraction mainly containing diarylalkanes, having boiling points in the range of 260.degree. to 320.degree. C., and being obtained from the process to prepare alkylated monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by alkylating monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins in the presence of an alkylation catalyst.

Abstract: Pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions are disclosed which essentially comprise (I) a base block copolymer, (II) a resinous tackifier, (III) a selected naphthenic or paraffinic mineral oil and (IV) a selected aromatic synthetic oil. Tackiness, adhesion, cohesion and corrugated fiber board adhesiveness characteristics can be greatly improved by the addition of specified amounts of such mineral oil and aromatic oil as softeners.

Abstract: Erasable optical memories for storing information are prepared from organic materials having two stable crystalline forms. Each crystalline form has at least one different optical characteristic and the materials are reversibly thermally convertible between the crystalline forms. Information is recorded or erased with a laser beam that heats a film of the organic material in a local area to change the crystalline form. Information may also be recorded or erased by melting a local area or all of the film and quickly cooling it to restore the original crystalline form. Examples of such organic compounds are biaryl compounds, such as binaphthyls, bianthryls and biquinolyls.