Abstract: A composition of matter includes a polymerizable mixture comprising 1 to 99 weight percent of a first monomer and an initiator therefor, the first monomer being one of 1) at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer or 2) at least one cyanate ester monomer, and 99 to 1 weight percent of a second monomer and an initiator therefor, the second monomer being the member of 1) or 2) that is not selected as the first monomer, wherein the curative for the cyanate ester is a transition metal-containing organometallic compound curing agent and the curative for the free-radically polymerizable monomer is a free-radical generating curing agent or a transition metal-containing organometallic compound.

Abstract: Paper coating slips contain an emulsion copolymer, comprising overallfrom 0 to 60% by weight of a vinylaromatic,from 40 to 95% by weight of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkyl (meth)acrylate,from 5 to 40% by weight of an alkenylnitrile,from 0 to 10% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated acid andfrom 0 to 20% by weight of further monomersas a binder, wherein the emulsion copolymer is a mixture of at least two polymers or an emulsion copolymer comprising at least two stages, one polymer or one stage whose content in the emulsion copolymer is from 10 to 75% by weight containing at least 90% by weight of the total amount of alkenylnitrile (alkenylnitrile-rich polymer or stage).

Abstract: Compositions of matter for use in oils and fuels are disclosed. The compositions arise from reaction products (C) formed by reacting substituted carboxylic acylating agents (A) with carboxylic reactants (B). The reactant (A) is usually a polyolefin substituted succinic anhydride or acid which is reacted with (B). (B) is usually a glyoxylic compound. Carboxylic reaction products (C) may further be reacted to form succinimide dispersants, esters or other derivatives. Products (C) may also be reacted with an .alpha.-.beta. unsaturated compound to form second carboxylic reaction products.

Abstract: Polyalkenylaromatic-polyethylene copolymers are prepared using protected functional organolithium initiators. Polymerization of an alkenylsubstituted aromatic monomer followed by ethylene, results in a protected functional block polystyrene-co-polyethylenyllithium. Termination with a functionalizing agent followed by deprotection produces polymeric products with high functionalization at the initiating chain-end and at least partial functionalization at the terminal chain-end.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions of water soluble nonionic and anionically charged vinyl and allyl addition polymers can be obtained by polymerizing in the presence of an anionically charged water soluble polymer stabilizer in a saturated salt solution. Methods for the preparation of these polymers, and their compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: High-surface-area polyolefins grafted with certain fluoroalkylvinylether sulfonate or carboxylate monomers, and their method of preparation, are disclosed. Such materials are useful as catalysts and as membranes in electrochemical cells.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process of atom (or group) transfer radical polymerization for the synthesis of novel homopolymer or a block or graft copolymer, optionally containing at least one polar group, with well defined molecular architecture and narrow polydispersity index, in the presence of an initiating system comprising (i) an initiator having a radically transferrable atom or group, (ii) a transition metal compound, and (iii) a ligand; the present invention is also directed to the synthesis of a macromolecule having at least two halogen groups which can be used as a macroinitiator component (i) to subsequently form a block or graft copolymer by an atom or group transfer radical polymerization process; the present invention is also directed to a process of atom or group transfer radical polymerization for the synthesis of a branched or hyperbranched polymer; in addition, the present invention is directed to a process of atom or group transfer radical polymerization for the synthesis of a ma

Abstract: The present invention is a process for hydrophobically modified emulsion polymers, polymers obtained thereby, waterborne coating compositions containing the polymers and a coated substrate coated with the coating composition. The emulsion polymer is formed by first combining hydrophobic polymeric compound and .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and surfactant to form a mixture and subjecting the mixture to high stress techniques to form stabilized particles of the hydrophobic polymer and monomers, in the aqueous phase, said particles having a particle size between 50 and 500 nm. The polymerizable material within the particles is polymerized to form a hydrophobically modified core polymer. Additional monomers including at least one .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomer are then added to the core polymer and polymerized by emulsion polymerization, to form a hydrophobically modified core-shell emulsion polymer.

Abstract: A process for producing modified cross-linked polymer particles which comprises polymerizing 0.01 to 900 parts by weight of (B) a monomer component containing 50% by weight or more of at least one member selected from the group consisting of aromatic monoalkenyl compounds, acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, fluoroalkyl acrylates, fluoroalkyl methacrylates, unsaturated carboxylic acids, conjugated diene compounds, vinyl esters and organosilane compounds in the presence of 100 parts by weight of (A) cross-linked polymer particles obtained by polymerizing a monomer mixture comprising 50% by weight or more of at least one cross-linking monomer selected from the group consisting of divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate.

Abstract: This invention relates to a vulcanizable rubber composition obtained by compounding, into an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile-conjugated diene copolymer rubber, a zinc compound, an .alpha., .beta.-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, a compound of a 2A Group metal of the periodic table and an organic peroxide. The vulcanizable rubber composition of this invention can provide a vulcanized rubber having excellent heat resistance and oil resistance and moreover possessing high tensile stress or stably exhibiting high tensile strength without being affected by kneading conditions, and is hence suitable for use as a rubber material for toothed belts and the like.

Abstract: A thermoplastic polymer composition capable of being extruded comprises a reaction product of an ionomer and a polymer which contains a moiety which is reactive with the acid or neutralized acid group of the ionomer. The composition is sufficiently non-sticking that it can be extruded and calendered without substantial adherance to any hot metal parts. Since this thermoplastic polymer composition does not stick to hot metal parts, the composition is more than suitable as resilient flooring and welding rods.

Abstract: The invention provides reaction products of:(A) an acylating reagent, with(D) a polyalkenyl derivative of an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic reagent (C), and(E) a polyamine containing at least two --NH.sub.2 and/or --NH groups, or with(F) the pre-formed product of reagents (D) and (E), wherein the acylating reagent (A) is the reaction product of(B) a C.sub.4 -C.sub.20 polyene or oligomer prepared therefrom, and(C) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic reagent; lubricating oil compositions, fuel compositions and additive concentrates containing them; and use of the reaction products as dispersant additives.

Abstract: Gel-free dispersant additives for lubricating and fuel oil compositions comprise at least one adduct of (A) .alpha.-olefin homopolymer or interpolymer of 700 to 10,000 number average molecular weight, free radically grafted with an average of from about 0.

Abstract: A curable resin composition curable through a Michael reaction between (a) a component having a plurality of .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated carbonyl groups and (b) a component having a plurality of activated methylene or activated methyne groups is disclosed. The curing reaction is catalyzed with a quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium salt in the presence of finely divided, water-insoluble, inorganic particles having a surface basicity of greater than 1.0 .mu.mol/g which also do not have catalytic activity on the Michael reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates to difunctional telechelic linear non-crosslinked polyolefins without pendant chain branched groups. The polyolefin compounds of this invention are useful for preparing high molecular weight polyesters, polyamides, polyureas and polyurethanes of high density without branching of the polymer chains, and with low permeability to gases and solvents.

Abstract: A covalently crosslinked absorbent graft copolymer is provided comprised of a water-soluble base monomer and a water-soluble or water-dispersible macromer. In a preferred embodiment, the water-soluble base monomer comprises a carboxylic hydroxyalkyl ester monomer and the water-soluble macromer comprises an ethoxylated or propoxylated hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylate. The covalently crosslinked absorbent graft copolymer exhibits desirable water absorbency and water vapor transmission rates and may be used in a variety of medical applications such as a wound dressing, medical adhesive or biomedical electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a stable microdispersion of particles comprised of acrylic polymers in an organic solvent used as reaction medium in the presence of a stabilizing agent comprised of a block copolymer, characterized in that said acrylic polymer is obtained by radical polymerization of at least one acrylic monomer in the presence of a block copolymer based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polytert-butyl acrylate (PtBuA). It also relates to microdispersions which may be obtained by said process as well as to microgels produced from said microdispersions and compositions, particularly cosmetic compositions such as nail varnish.

Abstract: Contact lenses are made from the polymerization product of a monomer mixture comprising a polybutadiene-based compound as represented by formula (I)E--B(AB).sub.a --E (I)wherein:A is selected from the group consisting of a chemical bond, --OCO--, --COO--, --CONH--, --NHCO--, --OCOO--, --NHCOO-- and --OCONH--,a is zero or an integer of at least 1;each B is independently represented by the formula (II) ##STR1## where each of m, n, and p is independently 0 or greater, provided that m+n+p is at least 10;R is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl;each E is independently a polymerizable terminal ethylenically unsaturated organic group.

Abstract: A graft polymer having (a) a hydrophilic backbone prepared from unneutralized acid containing monomers wherein the acid has a pKa of at least 3, and wherein the backbone is completely soluble in water and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents; and (b) at least one discrete hydrophobic side chain, wherein 20 to 100% of the side chains are prepared from non-polar aliphatic or aromatic monomers having a chain length of at least 4 carbon atoms; wherein the side chains are attached to the backbone at a single terminal point and wherein the at least one discrete hydrophobic side chain has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 to 30,000. These graft polymers are useful as dispersants in aqueous solutions, particularly in ink jet inks.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing crosslinked resin particles which comprises dispersing a resin having both a water-dispersible function and a self-crosslinkable function in one molecule in an aqueous medium and then three-dimensionally crosslinking.

Abstract: An adhesive composition comprising (A) 98 to 60 parts by weight of a polymerizable monomer mixture containing 2 to 25% by weight of a monomer having acidic group, (B) 2 to 40 parts by weight of a polymer, preferably a polymer which can form a solution or dispersion having the property that the solution or dispersion of 10 parts by weight of the polymer in 90 parts by weight of methyl methacrylate shows a viscosity of 100 cps or less at 25.degree. C., and (C) 0.01 to 35 parts by weight of a polymerization initiator, provided that the total amount of the components (A), (B) and (C) is 100 parts by weight.According to the present invention, there can be provided an adhesive composition which is easy to handle for the restoration treatment of a tooth, so that adhesion dental treatment can be reliably carried out.

Abstract: A method is provided for the production of a water-soluble or water-dispersible copolymer. The copolymer is comprised of a water-soluble base monomer and/or a water-soluble or water-dispersible macromer. The disclosed method involves a two step polymerization procedure wherein in a first step a minor portion of the reactants are polymerized to conversion under conditions which result in the formation of a low molecular weight product, and in a second step the remaining portion of the reactants are polymerized to conversion in the presence of the reaction product of the first step under conditions which result in the production of a higher molecular weight product.

Abstract: A method for modifying polyolefins by grafting with a carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid anhydride or other functionalized monomer in the presence of two additional comonomers, one being an aliphatic diolefin and the other an aromatic vinyl or (meth)acrylate monomer.

Abstract: Disclosed are functionalized polyolefins prepared by mixing a polyolefin with a concentrate and extruding the resulting blend, where the concentrate is in the form of olefin polymer particles coated with a mixture of additives including:A) from 0.05 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the concentrate, of one or more nonpolymerizable polar vinyl monomers;B) from 0.05 to 30% in moles, with respect to (A), of a free radical generating initiator which is not active at temperatures lower than or equal to 70.degree. C., and optionally,C) from 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the concentrate, of a coating substance.

Abstract: Disclosed are (1) an adhesive polypropylene resin composition comprising (a) 50 to 90 parts by weight of a modified polypropylene or a composition containing said modified polypropylene, said modified polypropylene being graft-modified with at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated carboxylic acid from the group consisting of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and a derivative thereof and (b) 10 to 50 parts by weight of a modified polyolefin other than the modified polypropylene or the composition (a), said modified polyolefin being grafted with at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and a derivative thereof, and (2) a multi layer laminate body comprising (i) a layer of a polyolefin (ii) a layer of the above-said adhesive polypropylene resin composition and (iii) a layer of a polyamide resin and/or an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, said layers being laminated in the order of (i), (ii) and (iii).

Abstract: A method for producing branched polymerizates by radical polymerization of monomers in two stages comprisingin a first stage, adding 10 to 500 parts by weight of at least one monomer M.sub.1 and 0.1 to 20 parts by weight of a mercaptan with an olefinic, radically polymerizable double bond RM as a molecular weight regulator, and polymerizing said at least one monomer M.sub.1 mercaptan RM to form a copolymer MM.sub.1 in the presence of at least one polymerization initiator and 0 to 100 parts by weight of an inert, non-aqueous solvent, which completely dissolves the monomer M.sub.1, the mercaptan RM and the copolymer MM.sub.1, where the polymerizable double bonds of M.sub.1 and RM have a reactivity, expressed by a copolymerization parameter r, between 0.1 and 10, andin a second stage, adding 10 to 2000 parts by weight of a monomer M.sub.2 and 0.

Abstract: A process for the percolation leaching of minerals from a mineral-beating ore comprises agglomerating the mineral-bearing ore with an agglomerating agent of a cationic block copolymer having a polymeric segment and a block containing an ammonium cation optionally with a block derived from an acrylamide monomer, forming the ore/agglomerating agent mixture into a heap, and leaching the heap by percolation with a leaching solution for subsequent recovery of the minerals at an acidic pH.

Abstract: The present invention provides a functional group-containing alkyl acrylate-butadiene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer which is obtained from the following layers by emulsion graftlinking polymerization: an inner layer comprising polybutadiene or an aromatic vinyl compound-butadiene copolymer; a middle layer comprising an aromatic vinyl compound-an alkyl acrylate copolymer; and an outer layer comprising an alkyl acrylate-a functional group-containing vinyl compound copolymer. The functional group-containing alkyl acrylate-butadiene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer can be incorporated into a PC/PBT alloy as an impact modifier, thus the impact strength of the modified alloy composition at room temperature and low temperatures can be increased effectively.

Abstract: The invention pertains to oil soluble copolymers derived from ethylene and 1-butene which have a number average molecular weight between about 1,500 and 7,500, at least about 30 percent of all polymer chains terminated with ethylvinylidene groups, and ethylene-derived content of not greater than about 50 weight percent, and which form solutions in mineral oil free of polymer aggregates, as determined by light scattering measurements. Lubricating oil additives, particularly dispersants, produced by the functionalization and derivatization of these copolymers have enhanced performance (e.g., improved dispersancy and pour point) in lubricating oil compositions, attributable in part to the combination of properties characterizing the copolymers.

Abstract: A supercritical graft copolymerization process is described which includes the steps of: adding a polymer into a high pressure reactor; adding a free radically polymerizable monomer into the reactor; adding a free radical polymerization initiator; adding a sufficient amount of a supercritical solvent to dissolve at least a portion of the polymer and the monomer when supercritical conditions are achieved inside the reactor; and heating and pressurizing the reactor to achieve supercritical conditions therein for a time sufficient to effect a graft copolymerization on the polymer by the polymerizing monomer which forms at least one side chain on the polymer. In general, the reaction pressure will range from 70 atm. to 200 atm. and the reaction temperature will range from 50.degree. C. to 90.degree. C. In the examples provided above, the supercritical solvent was carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for providing a surface with carboxyl groups. A compound is applied to the surface with at least one functional group which can be converted into a carboxyl group. Thereafter, this surface is treated with a plasma to immobilize the compound, and then the functional group is converted into a carboxyl group. Also provided is a surface having carboxyl groups which is obtained with this method and a product with such a surface for exposure to blood, typically in vivo blood flows.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel pure hydrocarbyl succinylating agents, substantially pure derivatives thereof, to a method of preparation of pure substituted succinylating agents and their derivatives, and to the use of thereof as additives for fuels and lubricants. The hydrocarbyl substituted succinylating agents are pure because the real and apparent mole ratios of the succinyl groups to the hydrocarbyl groups in such agents are substantially the same. These are produced by reacting an olefin polymer such as poly(iso)butylene with maleic anhydride to form a hydrocarbyl substitued succinylating agent which is then cleaned by solvent extraction to remove any impurities therein before use in further reactions.

Abstract: A water-based coating composition which cures through a Michael reaction at room temperature is provided. The composition comprises (a) an aqueous emulsion of an acrylic copolymer having a plurality of activated methylene groups in the molecule, (b) an aqueous dispersion or solution of a compound having a plurality of ethylenic unsaturations in the molecule, and (c) a compound capable of catalyzing the Michael reaction.

Abstract: A rubber-modified thermoplastic resin is obtained by polymerizing (b) an aromatic vinyl compound and (c) a vinyl cyanide compound in the presence of (a) a rubbery polymer, and in which the content of the component (a) is 50 to 85% by weight, the content of the component (b) is 5 to 48% by weight and the content of the component (c) is 2 to 45% by weight, and which resin has a Q value of 30.times.10.sup.-4 to 50.times.10.sup.-3 and a grafting degree of 5% by weight or more. A thermoplastic resin composition comprising the above rubber-modified thermoplastic resin and at least one other thermoplastic resin is prepared.

Abstract: Adhesive beads comprise a core comprising a pressure sensitive adhesive material and an essentially discontinuous organic polymer disposed about the core. The beads are free-flowing at room temperature. Upon application of heat and/or pressure the core is activated and blends with the coating to provide a pressure sensitive adhesive.

Abstract: There is provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive graft copolymer formed by reacting an acrylic monomer system comprising at least one alkyl acrylate ester containing from about 4 to about 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group in the presence of a macromer selected from the group consisting of ethylene-butylene and ethylene-propylene macromers and mixtures thereof with each of said macromer having a molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 30,000, a glass transition temperature of less than about 0.degree. C. and a terminal reactive group of acrylate or methacrylate.

Abstract: A process for preparing hollow polymer particles which comprises a seed-forming step for polymerizing a monomer mixture of an acid monomer having a carboxylic acid group and a non-ionic hydrophilic monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator; a core-forming step for preparing a core, which can be swollen with an alkali, by polymerizing the monomer mixture of an acid monomer having a carboxylic acid group, a non-ionic hydrophilic monomer and a cross-linking agent to the seed latex; a shell-forming step in which a hydrophobic shell is formed on the hydrophilic core; and an alkali-swelling step.

Abstract: A novel copolymer of an unsaturated acidic reactant and an atactic vinyl terminated propene polymer (VTPP) and its use in preparation of fuel and lubricant additives is taught. The VTPP has a major amount of polymer chains containing terminal vinyl unsaturation, a number average molecular weight of at least 500, and comprises at least 70 weight per cent propene and 0 to 30 weight per cent of at least one olefin selected from the group consisting of C.sub.2 and C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 olefins. The unsaturated acidic reactant comprises at least one unsaturated C.sub.4 to C.sub.10 carboxylic or dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. An oil soluble dispersant additive of the invention useful in oleaginous compositions is prepared by contacting the atactic VTPP copolymer with at least one nucleophilic reagent selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, metal reactants and mixtures thereof under conditions effective to form adducts of the nucleophilic reagent with the copolymer.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing high molecular weight anionic dispersion polymer is disclosed, the process comprising providing a mixture of water, acrylic acid and a stabilizer; cooling the mixture to a temperature of less than 35.degree. C.; lowering the pH of the mixture to less than 4.5; adding ethylhexyl acrylate to the mixture to form an aqueous solution; stirring the aqueous solution; purging the solution with nitrogen simultaneous with the step of stirring; heating the solution to about 48.degree. C.; adding initiator for from about 2 to about 3 hours; heating the solution to about 75.degree. C. for about 30 to about 60 minutes; and cooling and collecting the polymer.

Abstract: Graft and core-shell copolymers are provided which are useful as binders and are prepared from a peroxy-containing copolymer phase a) wherein the copolymer phase contains 0.01 to 20% by weight of residues of an olefinically di-unsaturated peroxy compound and from 80 to 99.99% by weight of residues of at least one comonomer and a polymer phase b) grafted thereon which is obtained by grafting one or more monomers. A process for preparing the copolymers is also provided.

Abstract: (I) The (co)polymerisation of ethylene is carried out in at least one reaction zone (R) under high pressure, at 150.degree.-320.degree. C.; (II) the reaction product is routed into a zone (S), under an intermediate pressure P, for separation of the (co)polymer, in the molten state, from the unreacted (co)monomer(s), or the reaction product is routed into a first separation zone (S1), under an intermediate pressure (P1); the (co)polymer issuing from (S1) is then routed into a second separation zone (S2), under a pressure P2<P1; (III) the (co)polymer is routed into a zone (SF), under low pressure, for final separation of the (co)polymer from the residual gases. Let-down zones (D), (D1) and (D2) are provided along the path of the (co)polymer between the zones (S) and (SF), (S1) and (S2), and (S2) and (SF) respectively, the grafting monomer or monomers being introduced on-line, in the path of the (co)polymer, at at least one point located at the level of the zone (D) or at at least one zone (D1, D2).

Abstract: Grafting chlorinated polyolefins with unsaturated monomers (acrylic, styrene, vinyl) in the presence of AIBN used as a free radical-producing trigger yields resins that can be used as solutions, dilutable in water as required, in order to produce films that are hard, transparent, glossy, and adhesive and which are prized, in particular, in the manufacture of compositions used for pigmented or unpigmented coatings such as paints, inks, and adhesive primary coatings.

Abstract: There is provided a pressure-sensitive adhesive graft copolymer formed of an acrylic backbone comprising at least one alkyl acrylate ester containing from about 4 to about 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group having pendant therefrom side chains having a molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 25,000, a glass transition temperature of greater than about 25.degree. C. and having crosslinkable reactive moieties.

Abstract: Gel-free dispersant additives for lubricating and fuel oil compositions comprise at least one adduct of (A) .alpha.-olefin homopolymer or interpolymer of 700 to 10,000 number average molecular weight, free radically grafted with an average of from about 0.

Abstract: A thermosetting composition which comprises:(D) a self-crosslinking compound having in the molecule (a) one or more functional groups of the formula (2): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are each hydrogen or an organic group of 1 to 18 carbons, R.sup.8 is an organic group of 1 to 18 carbons, Y.sup.2 is oxygen or sulfur, or R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are bonded with each other to form a heterocyclic structure which comprises Y.sup.2 as the heteroatom component; and (b) one or more reactive functional groups which can form a chemical bond with carboxyl functional groups which are regenerated from (a) by heating; (C) optionally, a thermal latent acid catalyst which is activated during curing of the composition by heating; (A) optionally, a compound having in the molecule two or more functional groups of the formula (1): ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each hydrogen or an organic group of 1 to 18 carbons, R.sup.4 is an organic group of 1 to 18 carbons, Y.sup.1 is oxygen or sulfur, or R.

Abstract: The present invention provides a functional group-containing alkyl acrylate-butadiene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer which is obtained from the following layers by emulsion graftlinking polymerization: an inner layer comprising polybutadiene or an aromatic vinyl compound-butadiene copolymer; a middle layer comprising an aromatic vinyl compound--an alkyl acrylate copolymer; and an outer layer comprising an alkyl acrylate--a functional group-containing vinyl compound copolymer. The functional group-containing alkyl acrylate-butadiene-aromatic vinyl compound copolymer can be incorporated into a PC/PBT alloy as an impact modifier, thus the impact strength of the modified alloy composition at room temperature and low temperatures can be increased effectively.

Abstract: Polymer particles which are substantially spherical and have protrusions on the surface thereof, with such a particle size distribution that the volume mean diameter dv thereof is 1.ltoreq.dv.ltoreq.15 (.mu.m), and the ratio of the volume mean diameter dv to the number mean diameter dn thereof, that is, dv/dn, is 1.ltoreq.dv/dn.ltoreq.1.2, are prepared, and used as a component for a toner for use in electrophotography.

Abstract: Crystalline propylene (co)polymers modified by grafting with a vinylpolybutadiene having 1,2-structure content of at least 10%.Said (co)polymers are reacted with a liquid vinylpolybutadiene in the presence of a non-peroxidic radical initiator at a temperature in the range 200.degree. to 350.degree. C., the liquid vinylpolybutadiene having a 1.2-structure content of at least 10% and being generally used in amounts within the range 0,5 to 20% by weight.

Abstract: Grafted polymer particles are prepared by a free-radical addition polymerization mechanism using a flame produced by igniting a mixture of a combustible gas and an oxidant to heat at least a portion of the surface of a solid polymer particle to produce free-radicals thereon. At least one polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer is contacted and reacted with the free-radicals formed on the surface of the polymer to form a graft thereon.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for forming a hydrophobically modified emulsion, and the modified emulsion polymer obtained thereby. The emulsion polymer is formed by first combining hydrophobic polymeric compound and .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, to form a mixture and subjecting the mixture to high stress techniques to form surfactant stabilized particles of the hydrophobic polymer and monomers, in the aqueous phase. The .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated groups within the particles are co-polymerized to form a hydrophobically modified core polymer. Additional monomers including at least one .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated hydrophilic monomer are then added to the core polymer and polymerized by emulsion polymerization, to form a hydrophobically modified emulsion polymer.