Abstract: An improved process for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of a radical initiator and at least two suspension stabilizers is disclosed. The improvement comprises performing the polymerization in the presence of at least one primary stabilizer selected from the group consisting of water-soluble partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose and at least one secondary stabilizer selected from the group consisting of N-alkyl gluconamides wherein the alkyl group contains from about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A stabilizer or dispersing agent for use in a suspension polymerization of a vinyl compound is provided which comprises a modified and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol having an average polymerization degree of from 200 to 3,000 and an average hydrolysis degree of from 60 to 90 mol % and including anion hydrophilic groups at the side chains thereof, wherein said anion hydrophilic groups are selected from the group consisting of dicarboxyl groups and/or esters thereof and/or salts thereof, sulfuric esters and/or salts thereof and phosphoric esters and/or salts thereof, and the content of said anion hydrophilic groups is in the range of from 0.02 to 10 mol % per unit mol of the polyvinyl alcohol. A process for preparing a polymer of a vinyl compound is also provided wherein said vinyl compound is polymerized in a suspension thereof suspended by the use of the stabilizer or dispersing agent.

Abstract: A suspension polymerization of a haloethylene compound or a mixture of a haloethylene compound and a comonomer thereof is carried out in an aqueous medium containing a suspending agent and an oil soluble catalyst, by coating or incorporating at least one of a water soluble or organic solvent soluble lignin derivative.

Abstract: In a process for preparing a vinyl chloride resin by polymerizing vinyl chloride alone or with up to 20% by weight of other polymerizable unsaturated monomers, in an aqueous suspension, in the presence of a monomer-soluble free radical catalyst and a suspension stabilizer which is partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate or cellulose ether, there is an improvement wherein the polymerization is conducted in the presence of 0.02-0.3% by weight, based on the amount of monomer to be polymerized, of a cosuspension stabilizer which is a copolymer of 2-n-propyl-.DELTA..sup.2 -oxazoline, 2-isopropyl-.DELTA..sup.2 -oxazoline or both and 2-methyl-.DELTA..sup.2 oxazoline, 2-ethyl-.DELTA..sup.2 -oxazoline or both, the copolymer having a viscosity number of 35-70 (ml/g), measured at 25.degree. C. in an isopropanol/water mixture (50 vol-% of isopropanol), in a concentration of 0.5% (weight/volume of the solution).

Abstract: Use of hydrophobically modified nonionic cellulose ethers or ethylene oxide copolymers leads to improved particle size and less latex formation in suspension polymerization processes. Cellulose ethers are modified with a small amount of long chain (C.sub.6 -C.sub.25) alkyl radical. Ethylene oxide copolymer is ethylene oxide copolymerized with C.sub.6 to C.sub.24 epoxide.

Abstract: An improvement in the process of producing polyvinyl chloride by the suspension process in the presence of protective colloids by utilizing a protective colloid mixture of from 20% to 80% of the protective colloid mixture of a polyvinyl acetate having a hydrolysis degree of 40 to 55 mol % and the remainder of the protective colloid mixture of (1) a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol having a hydrolysis degree of 70 to 90 mol %, or (2) an aminoethyl-hydroxypropyl cellulose having a molar substitution of from 0.05 to 1.5 mols of aminoethyl groups and 3 to 5 mols of hydroxypropyl groups, or (3) a vinyl acetate/vinyl pyrrolidone copolymer having a ratio of vinyl pyrrolidone to vinyl acetate in the copolymer of 50% to 70% by weight to 30% to 50% by weight and a K-value of 25 to 40. By the use of this protective colloid mixture, the polyvinyl chloride produced exhibits a large absorption of plasticizer and gives finished products having a low number of specks.

Abstract: A process for the polymerization of vinyl chloride in an aqueous phase in the presence of oil-soluble free-radical initiators and a mixture of at least two high-molecular, surface-active suspending agents is described. This mixture is composed of 10 to 90% by weight (relative to the mixture) of at least one copolymer formed from vinyl acetate and a compound of the formulaR.sub.1 --CO--NR.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH.sub.2wherein R.sub.1 is H or alkyl having 1 to 4 C atoms and R.sub.2 is H or methyl, and of 90 to 10% by weight (relative to the mixture) of at least one cellulose ether or a partially acetylated polyvinyl alcohol. Homopolymers, copolymers or graft copolymers of vinyl chloride which have an improved combination of properties are obtained.

Abstract: An heteropolysaccharide known as Biopolymer PS 87 comprises glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid and fucose. Biopolymer PS 87 is pseudoplastic, has a consistency at 20.degree. C. of at least 150 poise and a yield stress value at 20.degree. C. of at least 30 dynes/cm.sup.2. Biopolymer PS 87 is synthesised by a strain of Bacillus polymyxa or a genetically similar micro-organism and has many domestic and industrial uses as a suspending agent or thickener.

Abstract: Polymerization method utilizing a three-phase system: water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil comprising the steps (a) adding the monomer material to be polymerized into the innermost water or oil phase; (b) adding, with mechanical agitation, the product of Step a to the middle oil or water phase, said phase containing appropriate surfactant, whereby an emulsion is formed; (c) adding, with mechanical agitation, the emulsion product of Step b to the outermost water or oil phase, said phase containing appropriate surfactant, wherein polymerization proceeds in the innermost water or oil phase until complete.

Abstract: The polymerization of a monomer component that comprises vinyl chloride in an aqueous medium in the presence of a free radical generating polymerization initiator is terminated by introducing into the polymerization reaction mixture when from 70% to 95% of the monomer component has been polymerized from 0.01% to 0.10% by weight, based on the weight of the monomer component, of a chain-terminating agent that is a dialkylhydroxyphenylalkanoic acid ester of a neopentyl polyhydric alcohol, such as pentaerythritol tetrakis-[3-(3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate].

Abstract: A process for producing vinyl chloride polymer which comprises polymerizing vinyl chloride monomer in aqueous suspension, in the presence of a free radical catalyst, a primary suspending agent apt to control the granulometric distribution of the particles of PVC obtained, as well as a secondary suspending agent consisting of partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate having a saponification number between 520 and 600 and a viscosity, measured in a 4% methanol solution at 20.degree. C., between 0.5 and 2 cps.

Abstract: An improved method for preparing polyvinyl halide by suspension polymerization is disclosed. The improvement comprises adding a minor, but effective, amount of a quaternary ammonium salt of cellulose sulfate to the reaction admixture prior to polymerization. The improved process results in a product having increased bulk density.

Abstract: Water soluble polymeric flocculants are prepared by photopolymerizing olefinically unsaturated hydrophilic monomer(s), the photopolymerization recipe including a polyhydroxylated organic additive, such as gluconic acid. Such polyhydroxy compound facilitates solubilization of the resultant flocculants, without substantial decrease in the molecular weight thereof, and ensures against the by-production of water insoluble fractions.

Abstract: An improved process for producing an aqueous emulsion of a vinyl chloride/vinyl ester/ethylene copolymer having a small heat fluidity and excellent strength which comprises continuously adding a solution of a specific polybasic acid polyallyl ester in the vinyl chloride and/or vinyl ester and further at least 60% by weight of the vinyl chloride and vinyl ester to the polymerization system during the polymerization reaction. The copolymer thus produced has a large benzene-insoluble part and the aqueous emulsion thereof is stable and is useful as an adhesive, as for paint compositions, or as a binder for fibers and papers.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride monomer is suspension polymerized in an aqueous suspension polymerization medium in the presence of an effective amount of an organotin mercaptide and an expoxidized vegetable oil to lessen the amount of polymer scale formation from the reaction.

Abstract: In the manufacture of plastics dispersions on the basis of vinyl polymers water-soluble salts of polybasic phosphonic acid derivatives, especially alkane-phosphonic acids and phosphonomethyl amines are used as dispersing auxiliaries. The dispersions obtained are suitable as coating agents and for impregnating, coating or glueing solid materials.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the aqueous polymerization of acrylamide to produce polymers of high molecular weight utilizing mixtures of water and monomer, at least one of which can be contaminated with small amounts of polymerization inhibiting components. In the process of the invention, a minimum amount of a redox pair catalyst is utilized in order to obtain the desired high molecular weight polymer. The minimum amount of catalyst is automatically provided to the polymerization mixture by adding a first member of a redox pair to the polymerization mixture and intimately combining a second member of the redox pair catalyst with an organic polymer capable of forming a colloidal dispersion in an aqueous medium and adding this intimate mixture to the mixture of water, acrylamide monomer, and a first member of the redox pair catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the bulk or suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in the presence of a redox catalyst system consisting of a peroxyester and a monosaccharide or a carboxylic acid ester of a monosaccharide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride polymers by polymerization of the monomer or monomer mixture in aqueous dispersion in the presence of radical-forming catalysts and optionally suspension stabilizers, emulsifiers and further polymerization auxiliaries, which comprises carrying out the polymerization in a reactor the inner walls of which and other parts where polymer deposits may form are coated partially or entirely with a coating containing determined compounds of the formula ##STR1## In accordance with this invention, a substantial suppression of polymer deposit formation is achieved especially in the case of vinyl chloride copolymers.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion of synthetic resin mutually dissolved with a cellulose acetate alkylate is prepared by mixing water, a protective colloid and/or a surfactant, a cellulose acetate alkylate, an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator and at least one monomer in which the cellulose acetate alkylate and the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator are soluble, under stirring, to form an aqueous dispersion and then subjecting the monomer to radical polymerization to form a homogeneous mixture of the cellulose acetate alkylate and at least one polymer in the particles in the aqueous dispersion.

Abstract: This invention relates to aqueous dispersions of synthetic polymer particles, particularly those used as film-forming media in surface coating compositions.The problem of maintaining under moist conditions the adhesion to a substrate of a film formed from a surface coating composition having such an aqueous dispersion as a film former can be substantially overcome by using a dispersion wherein the film-forming polymer comprises (a) polar groups selected from amine, ureido and thioureido groups (b) a proportion of monomer units derived from acrylamide and methacrylamide, and (c) a proportion of poly(alkylene oxide). The proportions of these components present by weight of the film-forming polymer are at least 0.3% of (a), at least 0.3% of (b), at least 0.5% of (c) and from 1.4-9.0% of (a)+(b)+(c).These aqueous polymer dispersions may be used in interior or exterior surface coatings.

Abstract: Vinyl halide polymers and copolymers are formed in the presence of a linear, branched chain or cyclic alkane, and the polymer is then heated to remove the alkane and unreacted vinyl halide therefrom. The polymers so formed have reduced amounts of vinyl halide therein and hence are less likely to contaminate the air with airborne vinyl halide.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing globular, hydrophilic copolymers which have reticulated internal structures and are suitable for gas and gel chromatography. The method comprises polymerization by suspension polymerization methods of hydrophilic and hydrophilic monomers in aqueous medium in the presence of a component which prevents transfer of the hydrophilic monomer into the aqueous medium and the solubility of the aqueous medium in the monomeric phase.

Abstract: A method of suspension polymerization is carried out by dispersing vinyl chloride in an aqueous medium in the presence of an oil soluble catalyst for polymerization and a polymerization improver having units ##STR1## wherein M represents hydrogen atom or an alkali metal; R represents --H, --CH.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, --C.sub.3 H.sub.7 or --C.sub.4 H.sub.9 and n represents an integer of 10 to 1500.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride is removed from polyvinyl chloride dispersions, latexes, and slurries by sparging them with an inorganic gas, such as air or ammonia, while they are maintained at subatmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Vinyl chloride is removed from polyvinyl chloride dispersions and latexes by adding to them from 2% to 8% by weight of a polar water-soluble organic compound that has a boiling point between about 50.degree. C. and 150.degree. C. and sparging the resulting mixtures with a gas, such as nitrogen, while they are maintained at subatmospheric pressure.

Abstract: 1. In a process for preparing a cation exchange resin having a water-insoluble matrix and cation exchange groups bonded thereto, the improvement comprising employing as said matrix a solid copolymer of macroreticular structure which is permeated by small channels or voids into which liquids are able to penetrate, which matrix is prepared by copolymerizing a mixture consisting essentially of (1) a monovinyl carbocyclic aromatic compound or an ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid, with (2) a polyethylenically unsaturated monomer selected from the group consisting of a polyvinyl carbocyclic aromatic compound, an ester of a dihydric alcohol and an .alpha.-.beta.

Abstract: A dispersing stabilizer for suspension polymerization of vinyl compounds comprising (A) a water-soluble protective colloid and (B) a carbonyl group-containing polyvinyl alcohol having an average degree of hydrolysis of 10 to 90% by mole; the absorbance of a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution of the component (B) being not less than 0.18 at a wavelength of 280 m.mu.. Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride can be conducted by using the stabilizer without adhesion of scale to a polymerization vessel, and also particles of the obtained vinyl chloride resins have a high porosity and uniform size.

Abstract: Pulverulent polyvinyl chloride molding compositions capable of being sintered are produced by polymerizing vinyl chloride in suspension using suspension stabilizers and non ionic wetting agents and as emulsifier alkylaryl- and/or alkyl sulfonic acids. The molding compositions are especially suitable for making separating plates for electric cells.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride copolymers having a reduced content of free vinyl chloride comprising polymerizing a monomer mixture containing from 15% to 90% by weight of vinyl chloride under aqueous emulsion polymerization conditions with conventional post-polymerization, releasing the pressure, flushing the gas space above the copolymer dispersion free of monomer, cooling the copolymer dispersion to a temperature of from 10.degree. to 40.degree. C., adding a redox catalyst to the cooled dispersion consisting of from 0.002% to 0.5% by weight of the dispersion of an oil-soluble peroxy compound, and a water-soluble sulfur-containing reducing agent in a ratio of reducing agent to peroxy compound of 0.5 to 3 equivalents, allowing the dispersion to stand at a temperature of from 10.degree. to 40.degree. C. for a period of two hours to two days and recovering a copolymer dispersion having a vinyl chloride content of less than 50 ppm.

Abstract: A homopolymer or copolymer having extremely high weight-average molecular weight of about 3,000,000 to about 50,000,000 with a narrow molecular weight distribution is prepared by emulsion polymerization of at least one monomer of an aromatic alkenyl compound such as styrene, an .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid ester such as methyl methacrylate, or a conjugated diolefin such as butadiene or isoprene using an initiator consisting of (a) at least one peroxide of dialkyl peroxides and peroxy esters, and (b) at least one reducing agent such as alkyl primary amines, alkyl tertiary amines, polyalkylenepolyamines, alkylamino alcohols, and the like at a temperature of 0.degree. to 70.degree. C.

Abstract: A method for stripping residual monomer from acrylonitrile copolymers which have been prepared in aqueous suspension by steam stripping acrylonitrile monomer from the suspension at a temperature of from 100.degree. C. up to 135.degree. C. and at a pressure of from about 5 to 30 psig is described.

Abstract: Production of polymers in bead form by forming a water-in-oil suspension of an aqueous solution containing at least one water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer in an inert hydrophobic liquid organic dispersion medium and polymerizing the suspended monomer in the presence of a polymerization initiator and a protective colloid obtained by reacting an oily or resinous polymer of an olefin and/or diolefin, said polymer containing hydrogen atoms in the allyl position, with 2 to 30% by weight, based on the oil and/or resin, of maleic anhydride.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing globular, hydrophilic copolymers which have reticulated internal structures and are suitable for gas and gel chromatography. The method comprises polymerization by suspension polymerization methods of hydrophilic and hydrophilic monomers in aqueous medium in the presence of a component which prevents transfer of the hydrophilic monomer into the aqueous medium and the solubility of the aqueous medium in the monomeric phase.

Abstract: Polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, by either suspension or emulsion polymerization, optionally in the presence of a monoethylenically unsaturated comonomer, is carried out in the presence of a mixture of calcium and zinc acrylate. The presence of the calcium and zinc acrylate yields a more thermally stable product and reduces the amount of polymer scale formation during polymerization. A further improvement in thermal stability is achieved by conducting the polymerization with the added presence of an epoxy compound containing a reactive vinyl or allyl group.

Abstract: In a suspension polymerization process of preparing styrenic polymer particles from a styrenic monomer and small particles of a styrenic polymer in a definite particle size range, styrenic polymer particles having a uniform particle size are obtained without the formation of fine polymer powders by simultaneously but separately dropwise adding to an aqueous suspension of the small particles of the styrenic polymer (1) a solution of 100-60% by weight of a suspension polymerization catalyst and 1-10% by weight of the styrenic monomer and (2) a solution of 0-40% by weight of the catalyst and 99-90% by weight of the styrenic monomer simultaneously but separately from each other.

Abstract: Infusible, solvent-insoluble, solvent-dispersible, inherently tacky, elastomeric polymeric microspheres which are formed from non-ionic monomers and comprise at least one oleophilic water-emulsifiable alkyl acrylate or methacrylate ester, and a suspension polymerization technique for producing the microspheres, which includes the use of an ionic suspension stabilizer.

Abstract: Compounds containing peroxy linkages connecting similar polyol ester constituents are described. These peroxy di-ester polyols are prepared by the direct esterification of peroxy diacids with polyols, in the presence of a strong mineral acid catalyst. The peroxy di-ester polyol products function as free radical initiators and grafting bases in the graft copolymerization of unsaturated monomers with polyols. These graft copolymers are useful in the formulation of polyurethanes.

Abstract: Normally crystalline vinylidene halide polymers are prepared by an improved limited coalescence suspension polymerization reaction wherein colloidal silica is used as a solid particle emulsifier, and a low molecular weight, non-ionic, water-soluble cellulose ether, having a viscosity grade less than about 35 centipoise, is used as the stabilizing agent. Spheroidal polymer particles are obtained having a generally uniform, small size and superior flow properties.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing a water-soluble bead polymer by dispersing drops of an aqueous solution of water-soluble vinyl monomer in a dispersing medium in the presence of a dispersion stabilizer, and polymerizing the monomer by using monomer selected from the following A and B(a) a compound of the general formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or methyl, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may be the same or different and each is linear or branched alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 is hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, hydroxy alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or benzyl, Y is alkylene or hydroxyalkylene each of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and X.sup.- is an anion, or(B) a mixture of the compound of the formula I and a water-soluble vinyl monomer copolymerizable with the compound (I), and a cellulose ester or a cellulose ether insoluble in water but soluble in the dispersing medium is used as the dispersion stabilizer.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride in which during the polymerization an agent is added preventing the forming of incrustations on the walls of the reactor.

Abstract: An internally plasticized copolymer of from about 50% to about 85%, by weight, vinyl chloride, from about 3% to about 47%, by weight, of a C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 alkyl acrylate, and from about 3% to about 47%, by weight, of a bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate is disclosed. This copolymer can be formed by using conventional suspension, emulsion, solution or bulk polymerization procedures and can be utilized without any substantial amount of added external plasticizer in those applications in which externally plasticized vinyl chloride polymers are normally used. The use of such a resin overcomes the plasticizer migration problems associated with externally plasticized polyvinyl chloride systems.

Abstract: Polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, by either suspension or emulsion polymerization, optionally in the presence of a monoethylenically unsaturated comonomer, is carried out in the presence of a mixture of calcium and zinc acrylate. The presence of the calcium and zinc acrylate yields a more thermally stable product and reduces the amount of polymer scale formation during polymerization. A further improvement in thermal stability is achieved by conducting the polymerization with the added presence of an epoxy compound containing a reactive vinyl or allyl group.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride polymers containing at least 50% by weight of polymerized vinyl chloride by polymerizing the monomer(s) in aqueous phase at 10 to 90.degree. C. in the presence of an oil-soluble catalyst and 0.03 to 0.4 weight % of a mixture of suspending agents containing(a) a partly acetylated polyvinyl alcohol having 5 to 25 weight % acetate units(b) at least one of the following compounds: methyl-cellulose; methyl-hydroxyethyl-cellulose; methyl-hydroxy-propyl-cellulose; hydroxyethyl-cellulose; hydroxypropyl-cellulose and(c) a partly acetylated polyvinyl alcohol having 31 to 35 weight % of acetate units.

Abstract: Copolymers of vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and an unsaturated ester or ether are employed in cosmetic compositions for the hair.

Abstract: An improved method for preparing polyvinyl chloride resins by suspension polymerization wherein the reaction vessel is placed under a limited, selected atmosphere of air, oxygen or nitrogen gas prior to charging starting vinyl chloride monomer material.

Abstract: The use of an anthraquinone sulfonate as an additive in an aqueous suspension or emulsion medium containing a vinyl chloride monomer substantially reduces the formation of polymer scale which is normally deposited on the inner walls of the polymerization vessel after a suspension or emulsion polymerization has been conducted.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a copolymerization product of N-vinylmethylpyrazole with a divinyl cross-linking agent has the following formula of its elemental unit: ##STR1## wherein R is CH.sub.3 in the position 3 or 5; A is a divinyl cross-linking agent, viz. divinylbenzene, diallylmaleate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, diethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethyacrylate; it has a sorption capacity with respect to the platinum group metals and silver: E.sub.Au = 420 to 785 mg/g of the sorbent E.sub.Ag = 320 to 450 mg/g of th sorgent, E.sub.Pd = 130 to 170 mg/g of th sorbent, E.sub.Pt = 180 to 230 mg/g of the sorbent and a swelling factor in water of 2 to 4 ml/g. The method for preparing said copolymerization product of N-vinyl methylpyrazole with a divinyl cross-linking agent according to the present invention comprises reacting N-vinylmethylpyrazole of the formula: ##STR2## wherein R is CH.sub.3 in the position 3 or 5, with a divinyl cross-linking agent, viz.

Abstract: A process for the polymerization of vinyl chloride which comprises adding to an aqueous dispersion of vinyl chloride polymer prepared by a suspension polymerization process, optionally containing vinyl chloride monomer, or a bulk polymerization process the additives necessary for emulsion polymerization, then effecting the polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer present in the reactor prior to introducing the emulsion polymerization additives and/or vinyl chloride monomer added after the introduction of these additives.Vinyl chloride polymers comprising vinyl chloride polymer particles produced by suspension or bulk polymerization having vinyl chloride granules agglutinated thereon said granules having the dimensions of vinyl chloride granules obtained by conventional emulsion polymerization.

Abstract: An improvement in the suspension polymerization of a polymerizate containing at least 90% polyvinyl chloride by the steps of mixing monomers selected from the group consisting of vinyl chloride and mixtures of vinyl chloride with up to 10% of olefinically unsaturated compounds copolymerizable with vinyl chloride, with water in the presence of a polymerization catalyst and suspension stabilizers, heating said mixture under continuous agitation to polymerization temperatures and recovering said polymerizate. The improvement comprises utilizing a gas containing molecular oxygen as the sole catalyst or catalyst-forming substance. The so-prepared polymerizate forms sheets with a lower content of "fish eyes" and a greater heat stability.