Abstract: An apparatus (2) includes: a first tank (4); a line mixer (6); a second tank (8); a cooling jacket (10); a first tube (12); a second tube (14); and a third tube (16). In the first tank (4), (i) sodium persulfate serving as a polymerization initiator and (ii) water are fed so as to obtained an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is continuously taken out and transferred via the first tube (12) to the line mixer (6). Between the first tank (4) and the line mixer (6), water is injected into the first tube (12). The water and the sodium persulfate aqueous solution are stirred together in the line mixer (6). This stirring decreases a concentration of the aqueous solution. The resulting aqueous solution is continuously fed to the second tank (8) via the second tube (14). The aqueous solution is then continuously taken out via the third tube (16) and is continuously added to an acrylic acid (salt) aqueous solution.

Abstract: An organic photoelectric conversion element composition including a p-type-and-n-type linked organic semiconductor polymer represented by any one of formulas (1) to (5), a thin film and a photovoltaic cell each containing the same, an organic semiconductor polymer and a compound each for use in these, and a method of producing the polymer: wherein, in formulas, A to A4 represent a group of a p-type organic semiconductor unit, and B to B3 represent a group of an n-type organic semiconductor unit; L1 to L4 represent a divalent or trivalent linking group; herein, in the formulas, at least one bonding hand represented by -* in the structures shown upperward and downward, and in the case of formula (4), L4 and (b), and L1 or L2 and (a), bond directly or through a divalent linking group; l, n, r, t, u and v represent an integer of 1 to 1,000; m and s represent an integer of 1 to 10; and p, q, l? and n? represent an integer of 0 to 1,000; in which p and q do not simultaneously represent 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel conjugated polymers containing repeating units derived from carbonylsubstituted benzodithiophene and repeating units derived from halogenated benzotriazole, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymer blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as organic semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising these polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element exhibiting excellent durability. The present invention is to provide an organic photoelectric conversion element comprising a conjugated polymer compound having a partial structure represented by the following Chemical Formula 1. wherein X independently represents O, S, NR2, or CR3?CR4; W independently represents CH or N; L independently represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Y1 and Y2 independently represent O or NR5; Z independently represents C, S, or P; R1 to R5 independently represent H, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and a, b, and c independently represent an integer satisfying the relation: 3?a+b+c?4 and 0?a, b, c?2.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel conjugated polymers containing repeating units comprising a halogenated benzene ring, a silolobithiophene moiety, and a benzofused heteroaromatic moiety, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymer blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as organic semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising these polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include a branched aromatic ionomer, and a process of making it, by co-polymerizing a first monomer comprising an aromatic moiety and an unsaturated alkyl moiety and a second monomer represented by the general formula: [R-AZ]y-MX wherein R is a hydrocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbons and at least one polymerizable unsaturation; A is an anionic group; M is a cationic group; Z is ?1 or ?2; X is +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5; and y is an integer having a value of from 1 to 4. The branched aromatic ionomer has a melt flow index ranging from 1.0 g/10 min. to 13 g/10 min. Optionally the melt flow index ranges from 1.3 g/10 min. to 1.9 g/10 min.

Abstract: A method for making a polystyrene ionomer comprises: preparing a metallic comonomer within styrene monomer to form a reaction mixture; and placing the reaction mixture under conditions suitable for the formation of a polymer composition. The metallic comonomer can be a metal acrylate, formed by contacting a metal complex and an acrylate precursor.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell is provided that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The photoactive layer includes a photoactive polymer containing a first monomer repeat unit, which contains a moiety of formula (1): in which A and R are defined in the specification.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing water-absorbing polymer particles, comprising thermal postcrosslinking in a contact dryer having external heated outer surfaces.

Abstract: Here is provided a charge control resin which is prompt in charge rising up, excellent in electrostatic charging propensity and easy in manufacturing. This charge control resin contains a polymer as an active ingredient having a constituent unit represented by following Formula (1) in the Formula (1), R1 is independent of one another, and is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a carboxy-containing group, a straight-chained or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms, or a straight-chained or branched alkoxy group having 1-18 carbon atoms; R2 is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a carboxy-containing group, a straight-chained or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms, or a straight-chained or branched alkoxy group having 1-18 carbon atoms; g is a number of 1-3; h is a number of 1-3; and M is a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, a straight-chained or branched alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms, an ammonium radical or a mixture of any of these.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dental restorative material which comprises a thermolabile or photolabile polymerizable compound of Formula I: [(Z1)m-Q1-X)]k-T-[Y-Q2-(Z2)n]1??Formula I, in which T represents a thermolabile or photolabile group, Z1 and Z2 in each case independently represent a polymerizable group selected from vinyl groups, CH2?CR1—CO—O— and CH2?CR1—CO—NR2— or an adhesive group selected from —Si(OR)3, —COOH, —O—PO(OH)2, —PO(OH)2, —SO2OH and —SH, wherein at least one Z1 or Z2 is a polymerizable group, Q1 in each case independently is missing or represents an (m+1)-valent linear or branched aliphatic C1-C20 radical which can be interrupted by —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —CO—NR3—, —NR3—CO—, —O—CO—NR3—, —NR3—CO—O— or —NR3—CO—NR3—, Q2 in each case independently is missing or represents an (n+1)-valent linear or branched aliphatic C1-C20 radical which can be interrupted by —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —CO—NR3—, —NR3—CO—, —O—CO—NR3—, —NR3—CO—O— or —NR3—CO—NR3—, X and Y in each case independently are missing

Abstract: The invention relates to a superabsorbent copolymer comprising a reaction product of a reactive optical brightener comonomer. In another embodiment, the superabsorbent copolymer comprises a reaction product of a first monomer and a reactive optical brightener comonomer. The reactive optical brightener comonomer may be selected from various pyrene optical brighteners listed herein. The invention also relates to superabsorbent copolymer having from about 0.1 to 10,000 ppm of a reactive optical brightener comonomer based on the superabsorbent copolymer.

Abstract: A method for preparing particles includes a material capable of catalyzing the reduction of oxygen or the oxidation of hydrogen, the particles being functionalized by polymers including at least one repeating unit bearing at least one proton-conducting group, and the particles being covalently bonded to a carbon material. The method includes the following consecutive steps: a) a step of contacting particles, comprising a material capable of catalyzing the reduction of oxygen or the oxidation of hydrogen, with a compound that is an initiator for ATRP polymerization, the compound comprising at least one group capable of being grafted onto the surface of the particles, whereby particles, onto which a radical of the initiator compound is grafted, are obtained; and b) a step of contacting the particles obtained in a) with at least one monomer having at least one proton-conducting group, whereby the polymerization of the monomer from the above-mentioned radicals occurs.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a polymer-containing composition for dispersants for cement which exhibits higher cement dispersibility even when used in a small amount, and can provide high flowability to a cement composition such as mortar and concrete and stably maintain this high flowability for a certain period, and to provide a production method thereof. The polymer-containing composition for dispersants for cement includes a polymer including a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated polyalkylene glycol ether monomer (I) having a specific structure and a repeating unit derived from an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer (II) having a specific structure, and is prepared by polymerizing an unsaturated polyalkylene glycol ether monomer (I)-containing composition that includes specific amounts of specific components.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions useful for use in separators for use in lithium ion batteries, and membranes, separators, and devices derived therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to conjugated polymers. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a conjugated polymer including a repeating unit including a benzene ring conjugated with the polymer backbone, wherein the benzene ring is fused to two 5-membered rings, wherein each fused 5-membered ring includes N and at least one of O and S. In various embodiments, the present invention provides semiconductor devices including the polymer, and methods of making the polymer.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel organic semiconducting compounds containing one or more dithieno[2,3-b:7,8-b?]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b?]dithiophene (IDTT) units that are functionalised at the 6,12-positions with electron withdrawing groups and are optionally substituted at the 3,9-positions with solubilising groups, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymers, blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the compounds, polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as semiconductors in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising these compounds, polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: A method for making a polystyrene ionomer comprises: preparing a metallic comonomer within styrene monomer to form a reaction mixture; and placing the reaction mixture under conditions suitable for the formation of a polymer composition. The metallic comonomer can be a metal acrylate, formed by contacting a metal complex and an acrylate precursor.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising a copolymer that includes a first monomer and a second monomer that is different from the first monomer, wherein both the first and second monomer are selected from the group consisting of 3-sulfopropyl acrylate potassium salt, sodium acrylate, N-(tris(hydroxyl methyl)methyl)acrylamide, and 2-acrylamideo-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid. The present disclosure further relates to methods for preparing the copolymer compositions and shaped articles comprising the copolymers.

Abstract: Coordination complexes of at least one metal element with at least one aromatic monomer are provided. The at least one aromatic monomer may comprise at least one aromatic ring, which ring comprising at least one ethylenic group, at least one hydroxide group —OH, at least one oxime group and salts thereof. The metal element may be in the form of a metal alkoxide.

Abstract: An anionic polymerization initiator of formula: in which: Met, which can be borne by the ortho, meta or para position, denotes an alkali metal, R1 and R2, and also R3 and R4, which can be borne by the ortho, meta or para position, denote a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl group, and R5 denotes an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or arylalkyl group or a protective group for the alkyne functional group. The use of such a polymerization initiator makes possible the synthesis of a diene elastomer bearing, at one or each of its chain ends, a group comprising an alkyne functional group with a high degree of functionalization.

Abstract: By using a polymer compound comprising a constituent unit represented by the formula (1) and a constituent unit represented by the formula (2) in an organic layer of an organic photoelectric conversion device, photoelectric conversion efficiency can be enhanced: wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom; or a substituent; Y1 represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or —N(R3)—; R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; ring Z1 and ring Z2 represent each independently an optionally substituted aromatic carbocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring; wherein R2 is different from R1 and represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; Y2 represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or —N(R3)—; R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; ring Z3 and ring Z4 represent each independently an optionally substituted aromatic carbocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring.

Abstract: The invention addresses a problem of obtaining a conjugated polymer having a higher molecular weight through coupling reaction of monomers using a transition metal catalyst. The invention relates to a method for producing a conjugated polymer, which comprises polymerizing one or more monomers through a coupling reaction, wherein the coupling reaction of the monomer is carried out by using one or more kinds of homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more kinds of heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts in combination.

Abstract: The invention addresses a problem of purifying a monomer to be a precursor according to a simpler and milder method so as to obtain a polymer having a higher molecular weight. The invention relates to a method for producing a condensed polycyclic aromatic compound having n active groups (wherein n is an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less), which comprises bringing a composition containing the condensed polycyclic aromatic compound and a solvent into contact with zeolite.

Abstract: A polymer comprises a polymeric chain represented by formula (I) or (II). In formula (I) a, b, d, and n are integers, a from 0 to 3, b from 1 to 5, c from 1 to 3, d from 1 to 5, and n from 2 to 5000; R1 and R2 are side chains; R3 and R4 are each independently H or a side chain; and when a is 0, R3 and R4 are side chains. In formula (II), a, b, c, d, e, and n are integers, a from 1 to 3, b and c being independently 0 or 1, d and e being independently 1 or 2, and n from 2 to 5000; R1 and R2 are side chains except —COOalkyl; and X1, X2 and X3 are independently O, S, or Se. Semiconductors and devices comprising the polymer are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polymers containing one or more 4,8-dioxycarbonylalkyl-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b?]dithiophene repeating units or their thioester derivatives, methods for their preparation and monomers used therein, blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, the use of the polymers, blends, mixtures and formulations as semiconductor in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and to OE and OPV devices comprising these polymers, blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: Low molecular weight polymers useful in aggregating mineral components in aqueous mineral slurries to release and separate individual components of the slurry, which may then be recovered from the slurry.

Abstract: Provided are a dispersion of a nanoparticulate mixed oxide of SiO2 with at least one further metal oxide in a matrix monomer, methods for preparing such a dispersion, a dental composite producible by curing such a dispersion, and uses of the dispersion as a precursor for dental composites.

Abstract: An organic photovoltaic cell, containing a first electrode; a second electrode; and a photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer contains a polymer having a structural unit represented by formula (I): wherein X represents S, NR2, O, Se or Te; Y represents NR2, O, Te, SO, SO2 or CO; and R1 and R2 represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent.

Abstract: Processes for the continuous production of conjugated polymers are disclosed. The processes provide excellent control over reaction parameters and are highly reproducible. The conjugated polymers find use in heterojunction devices.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lanthanum containing polyacrylates for optical applications. The process consists in dispersing lanthanum oxide in acrylic acid to form a monomer mixture. An aromatic carboxylic acid is added to the monomer mixture and then a cross linking agent is added thereto. Such a monomer mixture is subjected to the step of polymerization by gamma radiation.

Abstract: This invention is in the field of road construction as it relates to improving the quality and lifetime of asphalt roads and pavement surfaces. The invention relates to methods and compositions utilizing co-polymers in combination with soil to form improved subgrade soil binder compositions for supporting asphalt roads and pavement surfaces.

Abstract: Provided is an organic semiconductor material with good crystallinity and an excellent carrier mobility. The organic semiconductor material comprises a backbone represented by formula 1. In formula 1, R1 is hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an alkoxy group, or an alkoxycarbonyl group, m is an integer of 1 or more, Ar is a monocyclic or condensed polycyclic heteroaromatic ring optionally comprising a substituent, and when a plurality of heteroaromatic rings are linked, the same or different heteroaromatic rings are optionally linked.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coloring composition with satisfactory heat resistance, no discoloration, excellent developability, and no development residues on a substrate and pixels of other colors, providing, a coloring composition for a color filter including (A) a polymer having a dye skeleton and (B) an organic solvent, wherein the content of an unreacted monomer component having the dye skeleton which is capable of forming (A) the polymer having the dye skeleton is less than or equal to 1 mass % with regard to (A) the polymer having the dye skeleton.

Abstract: A semi-fluoroalkyl group substituted organic semiconductor polymer and an organic thin film transistor including the same are disclosed. A structure in which hydrogen of only a terminal of an alkyl group is substituted with fluorine exhibits significantly increased hole mobility, and significantly improved properties in terms of thermal stability and chemical stability, as compared to a structure in which all hydrogens coupled to a thiophene ring are substituted with fluorine, or a structure in which hydrogen of the terminal thereof is not substituted with fluorine and only hydrogens of the remaining portion are coupled to the thiophene ring.

Abstract: The gas-barrier film of the present invention basically comprises a polymer of a polyvalent metal salt of an unsaturated carboxylic acid compound which gives an infrared absorption spectrum in which the ratio of the absorbance A0 at around 1,700 cm?1 attributable to V C?O of the carboxylic acid group to the absorbance A at around 1,520 cm?1 attributable to V C?O of the carboxylate ion, A0/A, is lower than 0.25, and this gas-barrier film and a gas-barrier layered body having the film can be manufactured by applying a solution of a polyvalent metal salt of an unsaturated carboxylic acid compound having a degree of polymerization lower than 20 to at least one side of a substrate layer and then polymerizing the polyvalent metal salt of the unsaturated carboxylic acid compound.

Abstract: A polymer includes a first repeating unit having a cationic group and a second repeating unit having an anionic group. The polymer may further include a third repeating unit having a non-ionic group. The polymer may include first and second polymers, each of which includes a first repeating having a cationic group and a second repeating unit having an anionic group. The cationic group of the first polymer may form an intermolecular bond with the anionic group of the second polymer, and the anionic group of the first polymer may form an intermolecular bond with the cationic group of the second polymer. An electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes the polymer, and a lithium secondary battery employs the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with novel ion-exchange membranes, their method of preparation and their uses. The membranes are made of a polymer obtained from a monomer or a mixture of bifunctional monomers of general formula [T-SO2—Y—SO2-T?]?M+. The polymers are useful in an alkali-chloride electrolysis process, as a separator in an electrochemical preparation of inorganic and organic compounds, as a separator between an aqueous and an organic phase, or as a catalyst for Diels-Alder additions, Friedel-Craft reactions, aldol condensations, cationic polymerizations, esterifications, and acetal formations.

Abstract: A method of regioselectively preparing a pyridine-containing compound is provided. In particular embodiments, the method includes reacting halogen-functionalized pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole with organotin-functionalized cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b?]dithiophene or organotin-functionalized indaceno[2,1-b:3,4-b?]dithiophene. Also provided is a method of preparing a polymer. The method includes regioselectively preparing a monomer that includes a pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit; and reacting the monomer to produce a polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, wherein the section includes a repeat unit containing the pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole unit. A polymer that includes a regioregular conjugated backbone section, and electronic devices that include the polymer, are also provided.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor compound may be represented by the above Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, and an organic thin film may include the organic semiconductor compound according to Chemical Formula 1 or 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing water-absorbing polymer particles, comprising thermal postcrosslinking in a contact dryer having external heated outer surfaces.

Abstract: Conjugates of 1,3-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropanes with a variety of conjugating members are used in the formation of dinuclear metal complexes which bind to phosphate esters. By virtue of their conjugated forms, the complexes are incorporated into chromatographic media, affinity binding reagents, and dyes, which make the complexes useful in a wide range of assays, separations, and purifications. In addition, dinuclear metal complexes of 1,3-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)-2-hydroxypropanes that are not so conjugated are used in the detection of phosphate esters of biological species by either MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry or by dye displacement.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a photovoltaic cell that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The photoactive layer includes a photoactive polymer containing a first monomer repeat unit, which contains a moiety of formula (1): in which A and R are defined in the specification.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention include a branched aromatic ionomer, and a process of making it, by co-polymerizing a first monomer comprising an aromatic moiety and an unsaturated alkyl moiety and a second monomer represented by the general formula: [R-AZ]y-MX wherein R is a hydrocarbon chain having from 2 to 40 carbons and at least one polymerizable unsaturation; A is an anionic group; M is a cationic group; Z is ?1 or ?2; X is +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5; and y is an integer having a value of from 1 to 4. The branched aromatic ionomer has a melt flow index ranging from 1.0 g/10 min. to 13 g/10 min. Optionally the melt flow index ranges from 1.3 g/10 min. to 1.9 g/10 min.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polymers containing one or more repeating units based on 4,8-bis(1,1-difluoralkyl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b?]dithiophene or derivatives thereof, methods for their preparation and monomers used therein, blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, the use of the polymers, blends, mixtures and formulations as semiconductor in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and to OE and OPV devices comprising these polymers, blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: The present invention relates to metal-containing compositions comprising a metal-containing precursor unit (MU), a prepolymer unit (PU), and a catalyst or an initiator capable of inducing a combining reaction of ethylenically unsaturated groups of the metal-containing precursor unit and the prepolymer unit. In another embodiment, the composition comprises MU and a catalyst or initiator capable of inducing a combining reaction of the metal-containing precursor units. Both MU and PU contain additional functional groups, which may be selected to impart compatibility with each other and to produce optically clear films. The metal-containing compositions can be used to produce films or articles having a transmittance of at least 90% and index of refraction in the range of 1.4 to 1.8 in the 400-700 nm range of light and 1.4 to 2.4 in the 150-400 nm range of light.

Abstract: An organic semiconductor polymer having a structural unit represented by the following Formula (I), a composition for organic semiconductor material, a photovoltaic cell and a polymer. wherein X represents Si, S or O; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an aromatic heterocyclic group or an oxygen atom; p represents 0, 1 or 2; herein, the bond between X and R1 is such that when X is Si, the bond is a single bond, and when X is S, the bond is a double bond. Furthermore, when X is O, p represents 0.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to novel ethylenic copolymers comprising from 10% to 80% by weight, of at least one monomer of polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate type, from 20% to 90% by weight, of at least one anionic monomer, and from 0% to 70% by weight, at least one additional nonionic hydrophilic monomer. The disclosure also relates to a composition, such as cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions, comprising the copolymers and to a method of using the same.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel polymers containing one or more pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5-dione repeating units, methods for their preparation and monomers used therein, blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, the use of the polymers, blends, mixtures and formulations as semiconductor in organic electronic (OE) devices, especially in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, and to OE and OPV devices comprising these polymers, blends, mixtures or formulations.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion element has a structure where a hole transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and an electron transport layer are held between a first electrode and a second electrode. The photoelectric conversion layer is a bulk heterojunction layer, and fullerene or a fullerene derivative is used as an n-type organic semiconductor. As a p-type organic semiconductor, a polymer represented by the following Expression is used. In the Expression, R1, R2, R3, and R4 each independently represent any one of a branched alkyl group, a linear alkyl group, an alkyl ester group, a carboxy alkyl group, and an alkoxy group. Independently, X is any one of S, O, and N.