Abstract: A method for producing a water-absorbent resin having a further reduced odor as compared with a water-absorbent resin obtained by a conventional method as well as a water-absorbent resin produced by the same method, by maintaining the addition rate V from the pouring nozzle for the aqueous solution of the water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer in a polymerization reaction tank not more than 0.30 [min?1], in the first stage polymerization step which is within the step of the conventional method upon performing multi-stages such as two or more stages of reversed-phase suspension polymerizations in a method for producing a water-absorbent resin, and thereby by being able to reduce the amount of the petroleum hydrocarbon dispersion medium remaining in the above water-absorbent resin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the polymerization of fluoromonomers using non-fluorinated alkyl phosphonate surfactants, and to the fluoropolymers formed thereby. Specifically, the method of the polymerization uses one or more alkyl phosphonic acids or salts thereof.

Abstract: A process for producing organic peroxide initiators useful in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The process for making the organic peroxides includes forming an aqueous emulsion of the organic peroxide. The organic peroxide is dispersed as small droplets of from 1 to 10 microns in size in the aqueous emulsion. The organic peroxide may be added to a polymerization reactor containing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The organic peroxide functions as a free radical initiator to polymerize the monomer. The organic peroxide may be substantially free of organic solvents and plasticizers. The resulting polymers are of high quality.

Abstract: A process for producing organic peroxide initiators useful in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The process for making the organic peroxides includes forming an aqueous emulsion of the organic peroxide. The organic peroxide is dispersed as small droplets of from 1 to 10 microns in size in the aqueous emulsion. The organic peroxide may be added to a polymerization reactor containing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The organic peroxide functions as a free radical initiator to polymerize the monomer. The organic peroxide may be substantially free of organic solvents and plasticizers. The resulting polymers are of high quality.

Abstract: The present invention is drawn to a method of generating functionalized latex particulates in a colloidal suspension. The method can comprise steps of protecting functional groups present on polymerizable monomers with photo labile groups to form protected monomers; polymerizing the protected monomers to form a protected polymer; and exposing the protected polymer to a wavelength of light that removes the photo labile groups from the functional groups, thereby forming the functionalized latex particulates. These latex particulates can be used in a wide variety of applications, including in ink-jet ink printing applications.

Abstract: An emulsifier system comprising a) a salt of a sulfuric monoester of a C9-C15 alcohol or of an alkoxylated C9-C15 alcohol, and b) an alkoxylated C8-C16 alcohol, and the use of this emulsifier system for preparing aqueous polymer dispersions.

Abstract: The free radical initiated addition polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated, particularly acrylic monomers in which the dispersed phase is stabilised by a surfactant including at least one anionic surfactant compound of the formula (I): R1—(OA)n—X where R1 is C16 to C22 hydrocarbyl including at least two double bonds; OA is oxyalkylene group; n is from 2 to 60; and X includes at least one acidic H atom, and is particularly a phosphate ester group, or a salt thereof, is described. The use of the surfactants of the formula (I) enable efficient emulsification and thus polymerization at temperatures above those at which non-ionic unsaturated surfactants are effective. The polymer latex products give polymer films having good water resistance properties.

Abstract: A process for producing organic peroxide initiators useful in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The process for making the organic peroxides includes forming an aqueous emulsion of the organic peroxide. The organic peroxide is dispersed as small droplets of from 1 to 10 microns in size in the aqueous emulsion. The organic peroxide may be added to a polymerization reactor containing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The organic peroxide functions as a free radical initiator to polymerize the monomer. The organic peroxide may be substantially free of organic solvents and plasticizers. The resulting polymers are of high quality.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for removing steam-volatile fluorinated emulsifiers in their free acid form, from aqueous fluoropolymer dispersions. The process comprises adding a nonionic emulsifier, to the aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion and, at a pH-value of the aqueous fluoropolymer dispersion below 5, removing steam-volatile fluorinated emulsifier by distillation until the concentration of steam-volatile fluorinated emulsifier in the dispersion reaches the desired value.

Abstract: A process for producing peroxydicarbonates comprising first reacting at least one inorganic peroxide with at least one alkali metal hydroxide to form at least one alkali metal peroxide. The at least one alkali metal peroxide is added to a mixture of at least one haloformate, at least one dispersant and water. The mixture is homogenized during the entire reaction to form a peroxydicarbonate. The peroxydicarbonate is dispersed as small droplets of from 1 to 10 microns in size in the aqueous mixture. The entire mixture is added to a polymerization reactor containing an ethylenically unsaturated monomer. The peroxydicarbonate functions as the free radical initiator to polymerize the monomer. The peroxydicarbonate is substantially free of organic solvents and plasticizers. The resulting polymers are of high quality.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) rubber latex, and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) latex is prepared by graft-polymerizing butadiene rubber with the monomers of acrlylonitrile and styrene through emulsion-polymerization, so that the ABS rubber latex of the present invention has high solid content. The method of ABS rubber latex of the present invention comprises the step of emulsion-polymerizing i) polybutadiene rubber latex; ii) aromatic vinyl compound; and iii) vinyl cyanide with the addition of a reactive emulsifier. According to the method of the present invention, the ABS rubber latex has high solid content due to a decrease in the amount of coagulated materials and film, which formed on the rubber latex during polymerization, and an increase in the production volume.

Abstract: A production process for a vinyl-based polymer is provided. The production process comprises a step for polymerizing a vinyl-based monomer by a radical reaction within an aqueous medium in a polymerization vessel, and a step for supplying a reaction inhibitor with a melting point of no more than 40° C. from a reaction inhibitor supply tank to the polymerization vessel via a reaction inhibitor supply pipe. The reaction inhibitor supply tank and the reaction inhibitor supply pipe are heated, and the reaction inhibitor is added to the polymerization vessel in a liquid state with a viscosity of no more than 200 mPa·s. The reaction inhibitor can be added to the polymerization mixture without the use of an organic solvent even at low temperatures, and problems such as the solidification of the reaction inhibitor inside the supply tank or piping, and subsequent blocking of the piping do not occur.

Abstract: Pressure-sensitive adhesives comprising an aqueous polymer dispersions wherein the polymer is composed of from 50 to 99.9% by weight of at least one C1-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylate (monomers a) from 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one vinylaromatic compound (monomers b) from 0.05 to 10% by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturated hydroxy compound (monomers c) from 0 to 10% by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated acid or an acid anhydride (monomers d) and from 0 to 30% by weight of other ethylenically unsaturated compounds (monomers e) the weight percentages being based on the polymer, and the polymer dispersion comprising an emulsifier consisting to the extent of at least 5% by weight of aromatic carbon atoms (and called aromatic emulsifier for short) or an emulsifier mixture consisting to the extent of at least 10% by weight of an aromatic emulsifier.

Abstract: An emulsion polymer and a method for preparing the emulsion polymer by the free radical polymerization of at least one first ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form a first emulsion polymer and the subsequent treatment of the first emulsion polymer with a colloidal stabilizer, at least one second ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and a redox system at 20-85° C. is provided.

Abstract: The free radical initiated addition polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated, particularly acrylic monomers in which the dispersed phase is stabilised by a surfactant including at least one anionic surfactant compound of the formula (I): R1—(OA)n—X where R1 is C16 to C22 hydrocarbyl including at least two double bonds; OA is oxyalkylene group; n is from 2 to 60; and X includes at least one acidic H atom, and is particularly a phosphate ester group, or a salt thereof, is described. The use of the surfactants of the formula (I) enable efficient emulsification and thus polymerisation at temperatures above those at which non-ionic unsaturated surfactants are effective. The polymer latex products give polymer films having good water resistance properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to block-copolymeric polyalkylene oxides containing styrene oxide, obtained by alkoxylation, and their use as low-foam pigment wetting agents in aqueous pigment pastes with or without cosolvent and in aqueous and low-solvent coating materials and printing inks.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly storage-stable silicone-grafted vinyl copolymer emulsion composition that can produce films and coatings that are highly water repellent, water resistant, adhesive, and printable, the composition including (A) vinyl monomer, (B) carbosiloxane dendrimer that contains a radically polymerizable organic group, (C) surfactant, and (D) radical polymerization initiator.

Abstract: Polymers based on monomers having a C—C double bond and/or C—C triple bond are prepared by polymerization of these monomers in the presence of a catalyst system comprising as active constituents a transition metal compound of an early transition metal and, if desired, a cation-forming compound B) and, if desired, further components C), wherein the polymerization mixture contains at least 30% by weight of water.

Abstract: Polymerization process of unsaturated pefluoromonomers, fluoro-containing monomers and optionally in the presence of hydrogen containing olefins, for obtaining polymers contaning hydrogen and fluorine, which utilizes a microemulsion comprising the following components: (a) water; (b) a fluoropolyoxyalkylene having hydrogen-containing end groups and/or hydrogen-containing repeating units; (c) a fluorine-free organic radicalic initiator for the polymerization of fluoro-containing monomers, soluble in component (B); (d) a fluoro-containing surfactant.

Abstract: A water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester B useful as emulsifier for aqueous emulsions of alkyd resins A, wherein the polyester B is obtainable by reacting, under polycondensation conditions, polyhydroxyl components Ba from the class of the sugar alcohols having more than 4 carbon atoms and at least five hydroxyl groups per molecule, alkoxypolyethylene glycols Bb having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and a number-average molar mass Mn of from 500 to 2000 g/mol, cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids Bc and unsaturated or saturated fatty acids Bd having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, a process for its preparation, and alkyd resin emulsions prepared therewith.

Abstract: A process for preparing a solid particles-containing emulsion comprising mixing an oil droplets-in-water emulsion with lipophilic solid particles or a dispersion thereof, thereby allowing to include the lipophilic solid particles in the oil droplets. The solid particles-containing emulsion can be suitably used in paints, inks for ink jet printers, fiber-treated agents, coating materials, adhesives, skin cosmetics, hair cosmetics, and the like.

Abstract: Aqueous emulsion polymer compositions stabilized with the reaction product of alkoxylated alcohols and an epihalohydrin or a trihaloalkanes.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method of making polymers. The method utilizes at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer and at least one polymerizable surface active agent. The polymerizable surface active agent is capable of co-polymerization with traditional monomers and/or polymerization with itself (i.e. homopolymerization) and is preferably substantially completely consumed during the course of the polymerization. Polymers produced by the method of the present invention are well suited for use in coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and the like, as they form stable films, possess excellent adhesion properties and have improved hydrolytic stability characteristics. The present invention also encompasses homopolymeric surface active agents and their use in polymerization reactions.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersion polymerization of fluoromonomers is improved by using a combination of fluorosurfactants, one of which is a perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid or salt of either.

Abstract: Disclosed is for the preparation of a catalytic composition for the polymerization of alpha-olefins. The catalyst comprises a compound of a transition metal (i) of Groups 4 to 6 of the Periodic Table, containing at least one possibly substituted cyclopentadiene ligand, and an activator (ii) chosen from aluminoxanes and ionizing agents supported on a support (iii) consisting of porous particles of polyolefin(s). Preparation includes a preliminary polymerization which includes contact with an alpha-olefin, under polymerizing conditions, in a diluent whose kinematic viscosity, measured at 20° C., is from 3 to 3000 cSt (centistokes) from 3 to 3000 mm2/s, such as mineral oil which may be derived from coal tars and petroleum fractions, to form from 0.01 to 50 g of polyolefin per g of catalyst containing compounds (i), (ii) and (iii).

Abstract: A biocompatible emulsifier for forming stable emulsions is disclosed. The emulsifier is particularly useful for emulsions of biological fluids, such as artificial blood, and for emulsions as drug delivery vehicles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a (a) dicarboxylated surfactant, (b) a method for its preparation and (c) application in industrial and personal care applications. The compounds of the present invention are made by reacting epoxy succinic acid and a salt of an alkyl non-ionic surfactant. The resulting compounds are quite stable and offer excellent emulsification properties.

Abstract: Aqueous emulsion polymer compositions stabilized with the reaction product of alkoxylated alcohols and an epihalohydrin or a trihaloalkanes.

Abstract: An aqueous, blush-retardant pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) is made from an aqueous latex emulsion having an average particle size diameter of not substantially above about 100 nm and emulsified in the presence of an emulsifier consisting essentially of: In structure I, R1 is an alkyl, alkenyl, or aralkyl group containing between 6 and 18 carbon atoms, R2 is H or R1, R3 is H or a propenyl group; A is an alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, N is an integer ranging from 1 to 200, and M is an alkali metal, an ammonium ion, or an alkanolamine cation. Preferably, the emulsifier is: The preferred aqueous latex emulsion is prepared from a monomer mixture consisting essentially of at least one alkylacrylate having at least 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or its corresponding anhydride, and at least one styrenic monomer, and has a mean particle size diameter of less than or equal to about 100 nm.

Abstract: The decomposition reactive emulsifier of this invention is a compound of formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and each represents an alkyl or alkenyl group of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom and both R1 and R2 are not concurrently a hydrogen; R3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; A is an alkylene or substituted alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms; n is an integer of from 1 to 100 when X is a hydrogen atom or n is an integer of from 0 to 100 when X is an ionic hydrophilic group, said ionic hydrophilic group being anionic, cationic or amphoteric and when n is 2 or greater (AO)n is a homopolymer or a block copolymer or a random copolymer.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) polymer-based dispersions having diameter average sizes in the range 0.005-0.06 &mgr;m, which comprises: a) preparation of an aqueous perfluoropolyether (PFPE) microemulsion; b) microemulsion feeding into the polymerization reactor, in such amounts so that the microemulsion perfluoropolyetheral oil phase is present in a concentration higher than 2 ml for liter of reaction medium; c) reaction medium feeding in the gaseous TFE polymerization reactor, optional addition of surfactants, stabilizers, comonomers, transfer agents; d) addition of the initiator, stabilizers, comonomers and transfer agents; e) discharge from the reactor of the polymeric latex.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactive surfactant composition for producing a polymer emulsion having good stability without making the particle diameter coarse. That is, the present invention provides a reactive surfactant composition comprising (a) a reactive surfactant having one reactive group selected from the group of a vinyl group, an allyl group and a group having the formula (1) and one anionic hydrophilic group in the molecule thereof, having a critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the range between 0.007 mol/L and 0.4 mol/L and (b) a reactive surfactant having one reactive group selected therefrom and one anionic hydrophilic group in the molecule thereof, having CMC in the range between 1×10−5 mol/L and less than 0.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing an amphoteric resin which comprises reacting (1) a copolymerizable basic prepolymer A2 which is obtained by reacting a prepolymer A1 being obtained by polymerization of an amino group-containing &agr;, &bgr;-ethylenically polymerizable compound, other &agr;, &bgr;-ethylenically polymerizable compound and a polymerization initiator containing a carboxyl group at an end, with a compound having an epoxy group represented by the following formula (I): (wherein R1 represents H or a methyl group, and R represents a straight or branched chain alkyl group of 1-10 carbon atoms) in an amount of 0.1-1.0 equivalent for the amino group equivalent of the prepolymer A1 and (2) an &agr;, &bgr;-ethylenically polymerizable acidic prepolymer B2 which is obtained by carrying out the reaction in the same manner as above with (3) other &agr;, &bgr;-ethylenically polymerizable compound C.

Abstract: The use of copolymers ofA) 60-99 mol % of N-vinylpyrrolidone, andB) 1-40 mol % of a monomer selected from the group ofb1) C.sub.8 -C.sub.30 -alkyl esters of monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -carboxylic acids,b2) N-alkyl- or N,N-dialkyl-substituted amides of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid with C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 -alkyl radicals, orb3) vinyl esters of aliphatic C.sub.8 -C.sub.30 -carboxylic acids, or mixtures of these monomers,as surface-active substances in preparations of water-insoluble substances.

Abstract: Primary polymer particles having a size at least 90% below 10 .mu.m and which contain water soluble and water insoluble polymer are made by reverse phase polymerisation of a water soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend with cross linking agent, and the emulsion is then spray dried to form spray dried granules which disintegrate upon addition to water, thereby forming an aqueous composition of the insoluble particles having activity similar to the starting emulsion. This aqueous composition of insoluble particles is particularly useful for flocculation, for instance flocculation of sewage sludge followed by centrifugation or belt pressing, or for viscosification.

Abstract: A rubber compound comprising a fluorine rubber component and an acrylic rubber component is produced by adding an acrylic monomer to an aqueous emulsion of fluorine-containing elastomer obtained by emulsion polymerization, using a fluorine-containing surfactant, followed by radical polymerization reaction. The obtained rubber compound can satify both of vulcanization moldability and heat aging resistance, and is at a lower cost than the expensive fluorine rubber.

Abstract: A process of oil-in-water emulsion polymerisation carried out in the presence of emulsifiers that are polyoxyethylene half ester of vic-dicarboxylic acids which give latices that are stable especially to coagulation by electrolytes, shear and/or freezing is disclosed. Particularly suitable emulsifiers are of the formulae (I) or (II):Y.OOC.(HR)C.C(HR.sup.1).COO.(AO).sub.n.R.sup.2 (I)Y.OOC.(HR)C.C(HR.sup.1).COO.(AO).sub.n.CO.(HR.sup.1)C.C(HR)COO.Y(II)where: R, R.sup.1, AO, n, R.sup.2 and Y are as defined, in particular where the emulsifiers are polyoxyethylene half esters of alkenyl succinic acids.

Abstract: Perfluoropolyether microemulsions of the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type, consisting of perfluoropolyethers exhibiting an average molecular weight from 1,500 to 10,000, the end groups of which being at least partially of the functionalized type, optionally containing peroxide bridges in the chain and consisting of mixtures of products having different molecular weights, of a perfluorinated surfactant and/or a co-surfactant of the alkanol type having 1 to 12 C, and of an aqueous liquid optionally comprising an electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of poly(meth) acrylate particles with a particle diameter of 1-15 .mu.m, where the monomers M are polymerized according to the method of batch polymerization, with 20-50 parts by weight of monomer M in a liquid medium LM, consisting of 55-100% by weight of mineral oil, and with the addition of 0.1 to 5 parts by weight of a polymer emulsifier E and 0.05-5 parts by weight of a radical initiator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aqueous emulsion comprising a dispersant of a modified polyvinyl alcohol with an ethylene unit content of 2 to 9 mol % and a degree of hydrolysis of at least 95 mol %, a dispersoid of a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and a ratio (.eta.2 rpm/.eta.20 rpm) of Brookfield viscosity at 30.degree. C., 2 rpm (.eta.2 rpm) as against Brookfield viscosity at 30.degree. C., 20 rpm (.eta.20 rpm) being 1 to 1.8 when the latter viscosity (.eta.20 rpm) is adjusted to 5,000 to 10,000 mPa.multidot.S.The aqueous emulsion according to the present invention is excellent in structural viscosity (flowability, high speed application performance), provides coated layers with high water resistance and low-temperature stability, and can be suitably used extensively as an adhesive for paper, wood and plastics, as a binder for impregnated paper and non-woven products, as an additive for mortar, as a paint, and in paper and fiber processings.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing core/shell MBS modifiers is disclosed, wherein by adding feeds of the monomers which form the second and/or third stage polymers prior to completion of polymerization of the earlier stages, a process with substantially reduced polymerization time results with no loss in properties of the product. The process further includes agglomeration of the rubbery polymer to increase particle size during the polymerization process.

Abstract: The preparation of terpolymers by free radical polymerization of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with an unsaturated monocarxylic acid and a further saturated monomer which contains no free carboxyl groups, in an aqueous medium, is carried out, according to the invention, in the presence of surfactant compounds.

Abstract: Surfactant obtainable by and method for the production thereof comprising (1) esterifying a rosin with an alcohol to an acid value of less than 30, (2a) grafting the rosin ester with an unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, the mole ratio carboxylic acid or anhydride/rosin (calculated as each rosin associated with a rosin ester) being from 0.05:1-1.5:1, (3a) esterifying the grafted rosin ester with a polyethylene glycol with an Mw of 1000-20000 the mole ratio glycol/free carboxylic acid group being from 0.2:1-1:1 to an acid value of less than 30, alternatively (2b) esterifying an unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride with a polyethylene glycol with a Mw of 1000-20000 the mole ratio glycol/free carboxylic acid group or anhydride being from 0.2:1-1:1 to an acid value less than 30, (3b) grafting the rosin ester from (1) with the ester from (2b), the mole ratio ester from (2b)/rosin ester (calculated as in (2a)) being from 0.05:1-1.5:1.

Abstract: The invention provides inherently tacky, polymeric, organic, solvent-insoluble, solvent dispersible, elastomeric, pressure sensitive adhesive microspheres having pendant hydrophilic polymeric or oligomeric moieties having a degree of polymerization greater than or equal to 2. The microspheres which are sterically stabilized can offer enhanced stability against coagulation caused by alkali, alkali salts, polyelectrolytes and repeated freeze/thaw cycles. The present invention also provides pressure-sensitive adhesives comprising these microspheres including aerosol spray PSAs, coated sheet materials prepared therefrom, and method of making the microspheres.

Abstract: In a method of preparing styrene plastics, the water medium containing tricalcium phosphate is prepared in situ (0.15 to 1.5 wt. %). Then, calcium carbonate (0.07 to 0.35 wt. %) is heated and dispersed therein. Thereafter, the monomer/comonomers/prepolymer, and secondary sodium alkylsulphates (0.001 to 0.020 wt. %) are introduced into the suspension polymerization process at 15 to 47% conversion. This method permits production of styrene plastics using a common technology, while providing specified bead size distribution, low concentration of dust fractions, and enhancement of the process stability.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing a water-in-oil emulsion of a water-soluble polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid polymer or copolymer by the inverse emulsion process characterised in that there is used as the emulsifying agent for the water-in-oil emulsion a water-insoluble, oil-soluble surface active agent of the formula (I):X-Y-Z Ior a functional derivative thereof, wherein X- represents a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing from 30 to 500 carbon atoms, -Y- represents a succinic anhydride residue carried terminally upon the group X-, and -Z represents a hydrophilic group carried by the group -Y-.

Abstract: A pourable, liquid antisettling composition comprises at least one low molecular weight copolymer of ethylene and an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid that has been neutralized with a neutralizing agent and water. The composition can be an additive in aqueous coating compositions and provides excellent pigment suspension and rheological properties to aqueous based coating and ink compositions.

Abstract: A process for making porous polymeric particles having high surface area includes suspending a discontinuous organic phase in an continuous aqueous phase, wherein the organic phase includes an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a water soluble phase extender and a surfactant in an amount effective to solubilize the water soluble phase extender in the monomer and wherein the aqueous phase includes a diffusion barrier agent for limiting mass transfer of the phase extender from the organic phase to the aqueous phase, and then polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomer to form the porous polymeric particles.

Abstract: An emulsifying agent for emulsion polymerization comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (i) betaine esters of polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers, (ii) betaine esters of polyoxyalkylene alkylphenyl ethers, (iii) betaine esters of polyoxyalkylene dialkylphenyl ethers, (iv) betaine esters of polyoxyalkylene phenyl ethers having two or more benzene nuclei, and (v) betaine esters of polyoxyalkylene polyol ethers. This emulsifying agent is suitable for use in the emulsion polymerization of polymer emulsions capable of forming a film having an excellent water resistance, transparency, and smoothness.

Abstract: A method of preparing polymer particles having narrow size distribution in a suspension process employing a solid colloidal stabilizing agent. The solid colloidal stabilizer is a copolymer of about 25 to about 80% by weight, based on total monomer weight, of an addition polymerizable nonionic oleophilic monomer, about 5 to about 45%, by weight, of an addition polymerizable nonionic hydrophilic monomer, about 1 to about 50% of an addition polymerizable ionic monomer, and 0 to about 20 percent, by weight, of a crosslinking monomer having at least two addition polymerizable groups. Also disclosed are polymeric particles comprising a core polymer covered by a layer of the smaller copolymer stabilizer particles and electrostatographic toners comprising such polymeric particles.