Abstract: A parallelized chain-synthesizing technique includes capillary tubes, where each tube provides multiple locations or addresses where a specific arbitrary sequence for polymeric chains can be synthesized. An optical addressing system selectively delivers light to the locations to mediate or control reactions in the tubes.

Abstract: Particular compounds having a fluorene skeleton are superior in broad utility and stability, as a protecting reagent for liquid phase synthesis of amino acids and/or peptides.

Abstract: The present invention is related to peptides that can be used to reduce the immune response against FVIII or to induce tolerance to human FVIII in patients with, e.g., hemophilia A. Furthermore, the peptides can be used for immunodiagnostic purposes to detect FVIII-specific CD4+ T cells to monitor patients with hemophilia A during replacement therapy and during immune tolerance induction therapy.

Abstract: We describe methods that allow either carbodiimides or other carboxyl-reactive substances to be mixed with solutions of carboxylic acids or phosphates or amines or combinations thereof, so as to form a homogeneous mixture which is then dried, preferably in a freeze drying process. The mixture is then contacted with an entity, which preferably involves the dissolution of the mixture with a buffered solution of the entity, so as to initiate a conjugation reaction between the entity and a component in the mixture.

Abstract: A solid phase peptide synthesis method for synthesizing a peptidyl contrast agent is disclosed. In one example, the method includes synthesizing an amino-chelator loaded resin, coupling of the amino-chelator loaded resin to the C-terminus and/or backbone of a peptide, cleaving the amino-chelator-peptide from a resin, and chelating a lanthanide metal to the amino-chelator-peptide.

Abstract: A process for extraction of a peptide from a reaction mixture resulting from a peptide coupling reaction, the reaction mixture containing the peptide and a polar aprotic solvent selected from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, whereby the process includes a step a) and a step b): step a) including the addition of a component a1), a component a2) and a component a3), whereby component a1) is an organic solvent 1, the organic solvent 1 is selected from 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and toluene, component a2) is water, and component a3) is an organic solvent 2, the organic solvent 2 is selected from the ethylacetate, isopropylacetate, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and n-heptane to the reaction mixture, so that a biphasic system with an organic layer and an aqueous layer is obtained; step b) including the subsequent separation of the organic layer containing the peptide from the aqueous layer.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method of producing a peptide, characterized in contacting a reaction mixture with a base after a condensation reaction to hydrolyze while a basic condition is maintained until a ratio of a remaining unreacted active ester of an acid component is decreased to 1% or less in a liquid phase peptide synthesis method. According to the invention, a target peptide of high purity can be simply and efficiently produced by a continuous liquid phase synthesis method. Further, the present invention is related to a method of producing a peptide, characterized in using an amide-type solvent immiscible with water in a liquid phase peptide synthesis method. According to the invention, various peptides can be produced by the liquid phase synthesis method without being restricted by the amino acid sequence of the target peptide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a non-peptidyl polymer-insulin multimer comprising two or more of a non-peptidyl polymer-insulin conjugate prepared by linking a non-peptidyl polymer and insulin via a covalent bond, in which the conjugates are complexed with cobalt ion to form a multimer, a method and kit for the preparation of the multimer, a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of diabetes comprising the multimer as an active ingredient, and a method for preventing or treating diabetes by administering the composition to a subject.

Abstract: Peptides may be produced by using (A) a first amino acid or peptide, which is converted into its ionic liquid form through the formation of an ionic bond, as a substance serving as both a reaction solvent and a reaction starting material; and reacting the first amino acid or peptide with (B) an ester of second amino acid or peptide, in the absence of any peptide hydrolase or any condensation agent, in the presence of water in an amount of not more than 20% by mass relative to the total mass of the reaction system to form a peptide bond between the first amino acid or peptide and the second amino acid or peptide. By means of this process, it is possible to synthesize a peptide at a high concentration and at a high yield, and this method is excellent for producing peptides on an industrial scale.

Abstract: Peptides of general formula (I): R1—Wn—Xm-AA1-AA2-AA3-AA4-AA5-AA6-Yp—Zq—R2 their stereoisomers, mixtures thereof and/or their cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, a preparation process, cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions which contain them and their use in the treatment and/or care of conditions, disorders and/or diseases which improve or are prevented by PGC-1? modulation.

Abstract: The invention provides an aqueous acidic formulation suitable for use as in the preparation of a pharmaceutically acceptable fluorocarbon-linked peptide formulation, which aqueous formulation comprises a first fluorocarbon-linked peptide, wherein: the peptide linked to the fluorocarbon is at least 20 amino acid residues long, comprises at least 50% hydrophobic amino acid residues and has an isoelectric point greater than or equal to 7; and the fluorocarbon-linked peptide is present in micelles.

Abstract: Particular compounds having a fluorene skeleton are superior in broad utility and stability, as a protecting reagent for liquid phase synthesis of amino acids and/or peptides.

Abstract: The present invention is related to new peptide antagonists of ?v?3 receptor, designed on the basis of the crystal structure of integrin ?v?3 in complex with c(RGDf[NMe]V) and the NMR structure of echistatin. These peptides are potent and selective antagonists of the ?v?3 receptor and can be used as novel anticancer drugs and/or new class of diagnostic non-invasive tracers as suitable tools for ?v?3-targeted therapy and imaging.

Abstract: The invention is directed to peptides. Specifically, the invention is directed to peptides which bind skin and do not bind hair. Alternatively, the invention is drawn to peptides which bind hair and do not bind skin.

Abstract: The present invention provides improved methods for the synthesis of polypeptide or peptide-linked compounds via a NCA-based polymerization reaction that produces high product yields in much less time. Such improved methods are achieved by application of a higher temperature and/or reduced pressure to the reaction such that an NCA-containing monomer melts.

Abstract: Peptides may be produced by using (A) a first amino acid or peptide, which is converted into its ionic liquid form through the formation of an ionic bond, as a substance serving as both a reaction solvent and a reaction starting material; and reacting the first amino acid or peptide with (B) an ester of second amino acid or peptide, in the absence of any peptide hydrolase or any condensation agent, in the presence of water in an amount of not more than 20% by mass relative to the total mass of the reaction system to form a peptide bond between the first amino acid or peptide and the second amino acid or peptide. By means of this process, it is possible to synthesize a peptide at a high concentration and at a high yield, and this method is excellent for producing peptides on an industrial scale.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for forming two or more dicarba bridges, as well as new compounds containing dicarba bridges.

Abstract: A solvent system which comprises two or more single organic solvents or two or more mixed organic solvents, characterized in that the state of the solvent system can be reversibly changed, with changing temperature conditions, from one state which is a homogeneously compatibilized mixed solvent system in which the two or more single or more mixed organic solvents constituting the solvent system have been homogeneously compatibilized and mixed to the other state which is a separated solvent system made up of two or more separated phases respectively consisting mainly of the two or more single or mixed organic solvents constituting solvent system, and that when the solvent system is the homogeneously mixed solvent system, a chemical component which is soluble in only one of the single or mixed organic solvents can be evenly dissolved in the system; and a process for producing a compound with the solvent system.

Abstract: The invention herein disclosed provides for methods for the synthesis of polymers from monomers. In particular the method provides for the synthesis of polynucleotides from mononucleotides in the absence of catalytic enzymes. The method comprises providing an aqueous solution having a plurality of phospholipid molecules and monomer molecules; subjecting the aqueous solution to fluctuating temperature conditions; subjecting the aqueous solution to fluctuating cycles of drying and hydrating conditions; subjecting the aqueous solution to fluctuating [H+] conditions; the fluctuating conditions thereby allowing formation of a chemical bond between at least two monomers to create a polymer. The invention is of particular use in the fields of molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, molecular switches, molecular circuits, and molecular computational devices, and the manufacture thereof.

Abstract: There is provided a practical method for preparing lipopeptide compounds, which method is capable of inexpensive mass production without requiring complicated operations. The lipopeptide compound of formula (3): is produced by reacting an ester compound of formula (1): with an ?-amino acid compound of formula (2): in the presence of a base and within a solvent containing a nonpolar organic solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed are peptide structures that are stable in aqueous and non-aqueous media where a first linear peptide chain comprising alternating D,L- or L,D-amino acids having an N and C termini is joined by at least one turn region to a second linear peptide chain comprising alternating D,L- or L,D-amino acids having an N and C termini. The peptide chains can be joined at the C terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with an N terminus of the other linear peptide chain, a C terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with a C terminus of the other linear peptide chain, or an N terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with an N terminus of the other linear peptide chain.

Abstract: Provided are methods for forming a reactive S-nitroso thioacid (NTA), comprising nitrosation of a thioacid with a nitrosation reagent. Also provided are methods for: acylating a nucleophile including selective acylation with a high degree of selectivity toward amines over hydroxyls; amide or peptide bond formation; forming a dipeptide or polypeptide; and peptide coupling/ligation, comprising use of thioacid and amine starting materials, wherein the reactions are mediated by very reactive S-nitroso thioacid (NTA) intermediates enabling extremely fast reactions under mild conditions, providing for broad applications.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of insulinotropic peptides that are synthesized using a solid and solution phase (“hybrid”) approach. Generally, the approach includes synthesizing three different peptide intermediate fragments using solid phase chemistry. Solution phase chemistry is then used to add additional amino acid material to the third fragment which is then coupled to the second fragment and then the first fragment in solution. Alternatively, a different second fragment is coupled to the first fragment in the solid phase. Then, solution phase chemistry is then used to add additional amino acid material to a different third fragment. Subsequently, this different third fragment is coupled to the coupled first and different second fragment in the solution phase. The use of a pseudoproline in one of the fragments eases solid phase synthesis of that fragment and also eases subsequent solution phase coupling of this fragment to the other fragments.

Abstract: The invention relates to improved liquid phase processes for the preparation of the 21 residue protein component, (Lys-Leu4)4-Lys, of the pulmonary surfactant KL-4. These process are amenable to large scale synthesis and one process employs a method of saponifying an ester which reduces the inherent racemization of the ?-carbon.

Abstract: A reagent for organic synthesis with which a chemical reaction can be conducted in a liquid phase and unnecessary compound(s) can be easily separated at low cost from the liquid phase after completion of the reaction. The reagent for organic synthesis reversibly changes from a liquid-phase state to a solid-phase state with changes in solution composition and/or solution temperature, and is for use in organic synthesis reactions. This reagent for organic syntheses facilitates process development. With the reagent, research on and development of, e.g., medicines through, e.g., compound library synthesis, etc. can be accelerated. It can hence contribute to technical innovations in the biochemical industry and chemical industry.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making peptide structures that are stable in aqueous and non-aqueous media where a first linear peptide chain comprising alternating D,L- or L,D-amino acids having an N and C termini is joined by at least one turn region to a second linear peptide chain comprising alternating D,L- or L,D-amino acids having an N and C termini. The peptide chains can be joined at the C terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with an N terminus of the other linear peptide chain, a C terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with a C terminus of the other linear peptide chain, or an N terminus of one of the linear peptide chains with an N terminus of the other linear peptide chain.

Abstract: The present invention relates to prodrugs of vascular disrupting agents comprising a vascular disrupting agent (VDA) associated with a MMP proteolytic cleavage site and to the use of such prodrugs in the targeted treatment of cancer.

Abstract: A process comprising substitution of an acceptor molecule comprising a group —XC(O)— wherein X is O, S, or NR8, where R8 is C1-6 alkyl, C6-12 aryl or hydrogen, with a nucleophile, wherein the acceptor molecule is cyclised such that said nucleophilic substitution at —XC(O)— occurs without racemisation, is provided. This process has particular application for the production of a peptide by extension from the activated carboxy-terminus of an acyl amino acid residue without epimerisation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition and a method for cleaving a peptide from a solid support resin. Hydrochloric acid in an organic water miscible solvent is used to cleave the peptide-resin attachment. Optionally, trifluoroethanol or hexafluoroisopropanol may be added to the cleavage composition to improve results. When using the present cleavage composition, an evaporation or other step to remove carboxylic byproducts is not necessary following the cleavage reaction. After the resin is filtered out of the cleavage mixture, the peptide may be immediately precipitated with water.

Abstract: The present invention provides materials and methods that make liquid crystal phases accessible with relatively short ?-peptides in aqueous solvents.

Abstract: A solid phase peptide synthesis method for synthesizing a peptidyl contrast agent is disclosed. In one example, the method includes synthesizing an amino-chelator loaded resin, coupling of the amino-chelator loaded resin to the C-terminus and/or backbone of a peptide, cleaving the amino-chelator-peptide from a resin, and chelating a lanthanide metal to the amino-chelator-peptide.

Abstract: Method for preparing a peptide or a peptide derivative which comprises it least one step in which a free amino acid or a free peptide is reacted with a urethane-protected amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (UNCA) solution.

Abstract: A polysaccharide-protein binding model of SBD, and a fibril-forming 14-residue peptide consisting of X1NNNX2X3NYQX4X5X6X7X8, wherein the X1 and X8 mean a pair of opposite charged amino acid residues, and the X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, or X7 means an amino acid residue is described. A mixture for diminising a polysaccharide, comprising at least two starch binding domains (SBDs) and a polysaccharide in a helix form is also presented. A method of providing an oligosaccharide, and a method of producing an amyloid-like fibril and use thereof are further described.

Abstract: A subject of the invention is the use of a salt with a dedicated task of formula (I): A+-L-R—OY, X? as soluble support for peptide synthesis, in which: X? represents a functional or non-functional anion, Y represents either a hydrogen atom, or a —COOR1 group, R1 representing in particular an alkyl group comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms, A+ represents a cationic entity, L represents an arm, in particular an alkyl group of 3 to 20 carbon atoms, R represents in particular a group of formula —C(Ra)(Rb)—, Ra and Rb representing independently of one another in particular a hydrogen or an alkyl group, comprising 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The invention provides methods of chemically synthesizing chimeric proteins comprising at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region and a biologically active molecule.

Abstract: An oligo peptide synthesis apparatus comprises a stationary apparatus part, which is stationary in relation to the frame and a movable apparatus part. The movable apparatus part comprises an oligo peptide synthesis reaction holder, which comprises a number of receptors for receiving a corresponding number of vessels and the receptors are located on a circle. The movable apparatus part comprises a revolveable holder, which has a disengageable coupling for connecting the revolveable holder to the oligo peptide synthesis reaction holder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel bio-active peptide hormone, process for the production of the same, and use of the same. The present invention identified novel bioactive peptide precursor and salts thereof which can be used as drugs, for example therapeutic polypeptides, ligands to discover relevant targets (e.g. GPCRs) or targets for drug intervention.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the utilization of bacterial cell-free extracts in the synthesis of high yields of virus like particles with encapsidated cargo.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods for preparing cyclic peptides and peptidomimetic compounds in solution and bound to solid supports, and to cyclic peptide or peptidomimetic libraries for use in drug screening programmes. In particular, the invention relates to a generic strategy for synthesis of cyclic peptides or peptidomimetics that enables the efficient synthesis under mild conditions of a wide variety of desired compounds. Two approaches were evaluated for their improvements in solution and solid phase synthesis of small cyclic peptides: positioning reversible N-amide substituents in the sequence; and applying native ligation chemistry in an intramolecular sense. Systematic investigation of the effects of preorganizing peptides prior to cyclisation by using peptide cyclisation auxiliaries, and developing new linkers and peptide cyclisation auxiliaries to aid cyclic peptide synthesis gives surprising improvements in both yields and purity of products compared to the prior art methods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of amyloid disorders, more particularly to the field of diseases where protein misfolding leads to the generation of insoluble amyloid fibers in tissues and organs. The invention provides methods for the production of soluble, toxic amyloid oligomers. The invention further provides assays using the amyloid oligomers to screen for molecules that interfere with the toxicity of the oligomers.

Abstract: Fluorescent metal nanoclusters were prepared.

Abstract: Novel exendins with modifications at one or more of following positions: 2, 14, 27 or 28 and polyethylene glycol derivatives thereof are provided. These compounds are useful in treating type 2 diabetes as GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of insulinotropic peptides that are synthesized using a solid and solution phase (“hybrid”) approach. Generally, the approach includes synthesizing three different peptide intermediate fragments using solid phase chemistry. Solution phase chemistry is then used to add additional amino acid material to the third fragment which is then coupled to the second fragment and then the first fragment in solution. Alternatively, a different second fragment is coupled to the first fragment in the solid phase. Then, solution phase chemistry is then used to add additional amino acid material to a different third fragment. Subsequently, this different third fragment is coupled to the coupled first and different second fragment in the solution phase. The use of a pseudoproline in one of the fragments eases solid phase synthesis of that fragment and also eases subsequent solution phase coupling of this fragment to the other fragments.

Abstract: The present invention provides compositions of GnRH related compounds that are suitable for oral administration, injectable administration and other forms of administration wherein the gelling characteristics of the composition are a factor. The compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more GnRH related compound, and a sufficient amount of at least one anti-gelling agents to reduce the gelation of the GnRH related compound. The present invention also provides processes for preparation of a composition of one or more GnRH related compound, wherein the process comprises mixing the GnRH related compound with one or more anti-gelling agents, wherein the anti-gelling agent comprises a medium chain fatty acid salt, or an ester, an ether, or a derivative of a medium chain fatty acid and has a carbon chain length of from about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms or is a surface active agent.

Abstract: The invention herein disclosed provides for methods for the synthesis of polymers from monomers. In particular the method provides for the synthesis of polynucleotides from mononucleotides in the absence of catalytic enzymes. The invention is of particular use in the fields of molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, molecular switches, molecular circuits, and molecular computational devices, and the manufacture thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods for preparing cyclic peptides and peptidomimetic compounds in solution and bound to solid supports, and to cyclic peptide or peptidomimetic libraries for use in drug screening programs. In particular, the invention relates to a generic strategy for synthesis of cyclic peptides or peptidomimetics that enables the efficient synthesis under mild conditions of a wide variety of desired compounds. Two approaches were evaluated for their improvements in solution and solid phase synthesis of small cyclic peptides: positioning reversible N-amide substituents in the sequence; and applying native ligation chemistry in an intramolecular sense. Systematic investigation of the effects of preorganising peptides prior to cyclisation by using peptide cyclisation auxiliaries, and developing new linkers and peptide cyclisation auxiliaries to aid cyclic peptide synthesis gives surprising improvements in both yields and purity of products compared to the prior art methods.

Abstract: A pharmacologically active peptide hormone derivative in which the parent peptide hormone has been modified by introducing either a lipophilic substituent, W, in the N-terminal amino acid or a lipophilic substituent, Z, in the C-terminal amino acid of the parent peptide hormone or an analogue thereof, said lipophilic substituent having from 8 to 40 carbon atoms, has a protracted profile of action.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of assembling oligopeptides or polypeptides in a native chemical ligation reaction that eliminates the formation of unwanted side products resulting from the presence of an unprotected acidic C-terminal oligopeptide thioester. An important aspect of the present invention is providing side chain protected acidic C-terminal oligopeptide thioesters. The present invention is useful in methods for chemical synthesis of oligopeptides, polypeptides and proteins and improves the efficiency of native chemical ligation reactions, particularly where aspartyl or glutamyl peptide fragments are used to assemble an oligopeptide, polypeptide or protein product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polysaccharide-protein binding model of SBD, and a fibril-forming 14-residue peptide consisting of X1NNNX2X3NYQX4X5X6X7X8, wherein the X1 and X8 mean a pair of opposite charged amino acid residues, and the X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, or X7 means an amino acid residue. The present invention also relates to a mixture for diminising a polysaccharide, comprising at least two starch binding domains (SBDs) and a polysaccharide in a helix form. The present invention further relates to a method of providing an oligosaccharide, and a method of producing an amyloid-like fibril and use thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of insulinotropic peptides that are synthesized using a solid and solution phase (“hybrid”) approach. Generally, the approach includes synthesizing three different peptide intermediate fragments using solid phase chemistry. Solution phase chemistry is then used to add additional amino acid material to one of the fragments. The fragments are then coupled together in the solution phase. The use of a pseudoproline in one of the fragments eases solid phase synthesis of that fragment and also eases subsequent solution phase coupling of this fragment to other fragments. The present invention is very useful for forming insulinotropic peptides such as Exenatide(1-39) and its natural and non-natural counterparts.