Abstract: A sensor can include one or more of a semiconducting material, an oxidation catalyst, and an oxidation enhancer, the sensor being configured to detect an analyte, such as methane, a thiol, or both.

Abstract: Para-acyl substituted diazacyclohexenes, medical formulations thereof and methods for making and using the same.

Abstract: A novel delivery system for drugs, and especially macromolecules such as proteins or oligonucleotides through biological membranes is provided, and specifically delivery of siRNA The delivery system comprises conjugation of the macromolecule drug to a moiety that enables effective passage through the membranes. Respectively, novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions are provided, utilizing said delivery system. In one aspect of the invention, the compounds may be utilized in medical practice, for example, in delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides across biological membranes for the treatment of medical disorders.

Abstract: A novel delivery system for drugs, and especially macromolecules such as proteins or oligonucleotides through biological membranes is provided, and specifically delivery of siRNA The delivery system comprises conjugation of the macromolecule drug to a moiety that enables effective passage through the membranes. Respectively, novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions are provided, utilizing said delivery system. In one aspect of the invention, the compounds may be utilized in medical practice, for example, in delivery of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides across biological membranes for the treatment of medical disorders.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cyclic monomer, comprising: forming a first mixture comprising a precursor compound, bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate, and a catalyst; wherein the precursor compound has a structure comprising a) two or more carbons, and b) two functional groups selected from the group consisting of primary amine, secondary amine, thiol group, hydroxyl group, and combinations thereof; and agitating the first mixture at a temperature effective to form a second mixture comprising the cyclic monomer, the cyclic monomer selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate, a cyclic carbamate, a cyclic urea, a cyclic thiocarbonate, a cyclic thiocarbamate, and a cyclic dithiocarbonate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for making cabazitaxel, cabazitaxel analogues and intermediates thereof. The invention provides novel compounds useful in the synthesis of cabazitaxel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of new and known dithiine derivatives for controlling unwanted microorganisms, more particularly phytopathogenic fungi, in crop protection, in the household and hygiene sector and in the protection of materials, and also to new dithiine derivatives, to processes for preparing them, to their use, and to crop protection compositions comprising these new dithiine derivatives.

Abstract: Dithioamine reducing agents useful for the reduction of disulfide bonds. The reducing agents of this invention are useful, for example, to reduce disulfide bonds, particularly in proteins, or to prevent the formation of disulfide bonds, particularly in proteins and other biological molecules. Reducing agents of this invention are useful and suitable for application in a variety of biological applications, particularly as research and synthetic reagents. The invention provides S-acylated dithioamines which can be selectively activated reducing agents by removal of the S-acyl groups enzymatically or chemically. The invention further provides dithiane precursors of thioamino reducing agents. The invention provides dithioamine reducing agents, S-acylated dithioamines and dithianes which are immobilized on surfaces, including among others, glass, quartz, microparticles, nanoparticles and resins.

Abstract: Provided are a polymerizable compound shown below which is useful as a raw material for a polymer having less swelling in developing, a polymer obtained by polymerizing a raw material containing the above polymerizable compound, a photoresist composition which contains the above polymer and which is improved in LWR and an efficient production process for the polymerizable compound described above: wherein n represents an integer of 0 to 2; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, methyl or trifluoromethyl; R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or the like; W represents an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or the like; and Y1 and Y2 represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cyclic monomer, comprising: forming a first mixture comprising a precursor compound, bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate, and a catalyst; wherein the precursor compound has a structure comprising a) two or more carbons, and b) two functional groups selected from the group consisting of primary amine, secondary amine, thiol group, hydroxyl group, and combinations thereof; and agitating the first mixture at a temperature effective to form a second mixture comprising the cyclic monomer, the cyclic monomer selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate, a cyclic carbamate, a cyclic urea, a cyclic thiocarbonate, a cyclic thiocarbamate, and a cyclic dithiocarbonate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for making cabazitaxel, cabazitaxel analogues and intermediates thereof. The invention provides novel compounds useful in the synthesis of cabazitaxel.

Abstract: The application discloses a process for the preparation of 5-deoxy-L-arabinose of formula (VI); comprising the conversion of a compound of formula (XII); wherein n is 0, 1 or 2; which can be used as intermediate for the synthesis of sapropterin.

Abstract: Provided are 1) a production process for an acrylic ester derivative capable of being a raw material of a polymer for obtaining a photoresist composition capable of forming a photoresist film which is excellent in a reactivity to acid and a heat stability and is less swollen in developing and which has a refractive index of preferably 1.72 or more in 193 nm and can be patterned, 2) an acrylic ester derivative obtained by the above production process and 3) alcohol and ester which are synthetic intermediates for the above acrylic ester derivative.

Abstract: In one embodiment the invention provides a method of combating cyanide poisoning, which comprises administering to a subject a compound capable of releasing 3-mercapto-pyruvate in vivo. In other embodiments the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound capable of releasing 3-mercaptopyruvate in vivo, as well as novel compounds that are capable of releasing 3-mercaptopyruvate in vivo.

Abstract: Provided are compounds that are capable of modulating the activity of the influenza A virus via interaction with the M2 transmembrane protein. Also provided are methods for treating an influenza A-affected disease state or infection comprising administering a composition comprising one or more compounds that have been identified as being capable of interaction with the M2 protein.

Abstract: Novel derivatives of dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine and dihydro-1,4-dithiine oxides, more particularly, novel derivatives of dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazine and dihydro-1,4-dithiine oxides that target cysteine residues of biomolecules of pharmacological importance are provided as pharmaceutically useful compounds, for example, as anticancer, antiinfectious, antigastric acid secretion, antiosteoporosic, and antiinflammatory agents.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cyclic monomer, comprising: forming a first mixture comprising a precursor compound, bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate, and a catalyst; wherein the precursor compound has a structure comprising a) two or more carbons, and b) two functional groups selected from the group consisting of primary amine, secondary amine, thiol group, hydroxyl group, and combinations thereof; and agitating the first mixture at a temperature effective to form a second mixture comprising the cyclic monomer, the cyclic monomer selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate, a cyclic carbamate, a cyclic urea, a cyclic thiocarbonate, a cyclic thiocarbamate, and a cyclic dithiocarbonate.

Abstract: A method of preparing a sultine from a dihalogeno compound. The method comprises the steps of reacting the dihalogeno compound with a hydroxymethanesulfinate salt in a DMSO solvent so as to prepare the sultine.

Abstract: Provided are 1) a production process for an acrylic ester derivative capable of being a raw material of a polymer for obtaining a photoresist composition capable of forming a photoresist film which is excellent in a reactivity to acid and a heat stability and is less swollen in developing and which has a refractive index of preferably 1.72 or more in 193 nm and can be patterned, 2) an acrylic ester derivative obtained by the above production process and 3) alcohol and ester which are synthetic intermediates for the above acrylic ester derivative.

Abstract: Provided are a polymerizable compound shown below which is useful as a raw material for a polymer having less swelling in developing, a polymer obtained by polymerizing a raw material containing the above polymerizable compound, a photoresist composition which contains the above polymer and which is improved in LWR and an efficient production process for the polymerizable compound described above: wherein n represents an integer of 0 to 2; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, methyl or trifluoromethyl; R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or the like; W represents an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or the like; and Y1 and Y2 represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.

Abstract: A method of preparing a cyclic monomer, comprising: forming a first mixture comprising a precursor compound, bis(pentafluorophenyl) carbonate, and a catalyst; wherein the precursor compound has a structure comprising a) two or more carbons, and b) two functional groups selected from the group consisting of primary amine, secondary amine, thiol group, hydroxyl group, and combinations thereof; and agitating the first mixture at a temperature effective to form a second mixture comprising the cyclic monomer, the cyclic monomer selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate, a cyclic carbamate, a cyclic urea, a cyclic thiocarbonate, a cyclic thiocarbamate, and a cyclic dithiocarbonate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds containing at least one —CF2—O— bridge in the molecule, in which a) an acid is added onto at least one ketene dithioketal, b) the resultant bis(alkylthio)carbenium salt is reacted with at least one compound having at least one hydroxyl group in the presence of a base, c) and subsequently, preferably in situ, the resultant dithioorthoester is subjected to oxidative fluorodesulfurisation using a fluorinating agent and an oxidant to give the compound containing at least one —CF2—O— bridge in the molecule.

Abstract: Primary intermediates for hair coloring compositions for oxidative dyeing of hair are compounds of the formula (1): wherein R is selected from C1 to C5 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl, a C3 to C6 cyclic ring containing hetero atoms selected from O, S and N atoms, and —CH2—Ar where Ar is an aromatic ring wherein the aromatic ring may be substituted with one or two hydroxy C1 to C3 alkoxy, or amino groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to bis(alkylthio)carbenium salts of the formula I with the stated definitions for R1, R2, R3 and Y?, and to a process for the preparation thereof. The compounds according to the invention are advantageously suitable as electrophilic reagents for the transfer of fluorinated alkyl and acyl radicals onto nucleophilic compounds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds having at least one —CF2O— bridge in the molecule, which comprises initially reacting a bis(alkylthio)carbenium salt with a compound containing at least one hydroxyl group in the presence of a base followed by oxidative fluorination, preferably in situ, with a fluorinating agent and an oxidizing agent to form the compound having at least one —CF2O— bridge in the molecule.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of 4,5-bisimino-[1,3]dithiolanes and 2,3-bisimino-[1,4]dithianes are described. The processes involve conversion of an oxalamide to a dithiooxalamide, followed by conversion of the dithiooxalamide to either a 4,5-bisimino-[1,3]dithiolane or a 2,3-bisimino-[1,4]dithiane.

Abstract: This invention comprises administering to a human or animal in need of treatment an effective amount of an antioxidant lipoic acid derivative and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof for the treatment or prevention of pathological (inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative diseases, e.g. diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and chronic viral diseases) and non-pathological (e.g. skin aging and wrinkle formation) conditions caused by oxidative damage. Methods of synthesizing novel antioxidant lipoic acid derivatives and their use in preventing or treating diseases or conditions caused by oxidative stress and other free radical mediated conditions are described. Another aspect of this invention is the use of these antioxidant compositions for the protection of skin from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and dessication, and to provide improved skin feel by desquamating, cleansing and clarifying the skin.

Abstract: Polymerizable compositions from novel monomers that correspond to the formula: in which: Z represents H or CH3 and X represents O or S, and Y is a 5- to 8-membered heterocycle consisting of hydrogen, carbon and sulphur atoms and at least two endocyclic sulphur atoms.

Abstract: The invention is directed to 1,4-dithiin- and 1,4-dithiepin-1,1,4,4-tetroxide derivatives useful as galanin receptor antagonists for treating disorders of the central nervous system. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and methods of treating conditions such as an eating disorder, obesity, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, memory loss, sleep disturbances, pain, depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, cerebral hemorrhage, or diarrhea are also described.

Abstract: An organic compound is provided which contains at least one nitric oxide donor group and at least one group being, or being adapted to be converted in vivo to a free sulfhydryl group. A preferred compound contains at least one sulfhydryl group, either in the reduced —SH form or in the oxidized —S—S-disulfide form.

Abstract: The novel monomers correspond to the formula: in which: Z represents H or CH3 and X represents O or S, and Y is a 5- to 8-membered heterocycle consisting of hydrogen, carbon and sulphur atoms and at least two endocyclic sulphur atoms.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions including a saturated 1,2-dithiaheterocyclic compound having antiviral activity. The present invention also provides a kit containing the pharmaceutical composition and methods of treating or preventing viral disease using the composition, as well as methods for inactivating retrovirus in a body fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formulae: processes for their preparation, polymers, co-polymers or block co-polymers containing them or their use as monomers or co-monomers in free radical polymerisation and in the manufacture of adhesives, dental composites or optical lenses.

Abstract: Nucleoside derivatives represented by formula (I); ##STR1## wherein, R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, phosphate or phosphonate group, R.sub.2 represents substituted or unsubstituted pyrimidine or purine base, and Z represents S, SO, SO.sub.2, O or C; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Compound (I) can be obtained by reacting a compound of the formula (II); ##STR2## wherein, R.sub.7 represents hydrogen or hydroxy-protecting group, L represents aromatic or nonaromatic acyl, halide or alkoxy, and Z represents S, SO, SO.sub.2, O or C, with a base.

Abstract: The invention relates to an enantioselective method of making methylphenidate and derivatives thereof. The method involves use of a rhodium catalyst, and selectively produces the D-enantiomer of the methylphenidate derivative in excess of the L-enantiomer thereof. Furthermore, the method selectively produces the threo-diastereomer in excess of the erythro-diastereomer. The method is thus suitable for synthesis of D-threo-methylphenidate (the biologically active form of this compound) and derivatives thereof.

Abstract: A novel ketone derivative (I) which possesses a potent inhibitory activity against thiol protease such as papain, cathepsin B, cathepsin H, cathepsin L, calpain or the like with excellent properties regarding oral absorbance, tissue transference and cell membrane permeability, and are clinically useful in the treatment of various diseases such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophy. Also provided are a process for producing the compound (I) and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention novel compounds are provided that are selected from saturated and unsaturated pyrans and furans substituted with at least a phosphonate group and a heterocyclic base. These compounds are useful as antiinfectives, flame retardants, diagnostic oligonucleotides and immunogens.

Abstract: Antiviral agents comprising, as an active ingredient, a 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzodithiin derivative of the formula ##STR1## wherein each symbol is as defined in the Specification, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof. The antiviral agents of the present invention have superior antiviral activity and are effective for the preventive and therapeutic treatment of viral diseases caused typically by RS virus.

Abstract: Nonlinear optical (NLO) compositions are disclosed which contain polar disulfone-functionalized molecules (PDFMs) incorporated in a polymeric material. when aligned noncentrosymmetrically in the polymeric material, the PDFMs generate a second-order NLO response. There is also disclosed: a method of preparing a NLO composition; novel PDFMs and novel polymers; and a new process for preparing PDFMs.

Abstract: The current invention discloses novel amidine derivatives with nitric oxide donating property that can inhibit platelet aggregation and promote vasodilation in a single compound.

Abstract: Lipid-selective antioxidants of the formula I(A).sub.a (L)(X).sub.a, (I),in whichA=an antioxidative component,L=a bridging member,X=a lipophilic componenta and a'=independently of one another the numbers 1 or 2.The compounds are used for the protection of lipid-containing substances against oxidation and in pharmaceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases in which bioradicals are involved, in particular of coronary, circulatory and vascular diseases.

Abstract: A compound of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein X represents --CO--, --COO--, --CONH--, --CON(CH.sub.3)--, --CH.sub.2 NH--, --CH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3)--, --CH.sub.2 NHCO--, --CH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3)CO--, --CH.sub.2 O--, --CH.sub.2 S--, --CH.sub.2 SO--, or --CH.sub.2 SO.sub.2 --; n represents an integer from 1 to 4; and B represents one of the following groups: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 represents a lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) group; R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) group; R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom or OR.sub.4 group wherein R.sub.4 represents a lower alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4) group; p represents an integer from 1 to 3; and Y represents a valence bond (Y1), or one of the following groups: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.2 is as above defined as well as the enantiomers, diastereomers, N-oxides, prodrugs, metabolites, prodrugs of metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula I: ##STR1## are inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis. These compounds are useful as anti-asthmatic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective agents. They are also useful in treating angina, cerebral spasm, glomerular nephritis, hepatitis, endotoxemia, uveitis, and allograft rejection and in preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stereospecific derivative of formula: ##STR1## in which R is hydrogen or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 thioalkyl. The invention also relates to the use of these compounds for the manufacture of stereospecific retinal or retinoic acid, as well as to a process for preparing the retinoids of formula (I). The invention finally relates to a cosmetic or pharmaceutcial composition which contains at least one compound of formula (I) in a suitable vehicle; the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be used for treating dermatological, rheumatic, respiratory or ophthalmological conditions.

Abstract: Propenals of formula: ##STR1## in which formula R is H or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 thioalkyl radical, the dithiane ring being at the cis position in relation to the aldehyde function when R is H and at the trans position when R is a thioalkyl radical. The invention also relates to two processes for the preparation of these propenals.

Abstract: X is hydrogen or --S(O).sub.m --R.sup.1 and Y is hydrogen or S(O).sub.n --R.sup.2, except that X and Y are not both hydrogen, or one of X and Y is --S--alkyl--SH and the other is hydrogen; ##STR2## and the remaining symbols are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Hepatopathy improvers contain as an effective ingredient one or more of benzodioxole derivatives represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein A means a particular N- or S-containing group. Most of these benzodioxole derivatives are novel.

Abstract: Cyclohexenone oxime ethers ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is alkyl;A is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene or alkenylene, where methylene is replaced by an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a sulfoxyl group, a sulfonyl group or --NR.sup.a --,Z is phenyl or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic structure;X is substituted or unsubstituted amino, nitro, cyano, halogen, alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -haloalkoxy, carboxyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyloxycarbony or phenyl;n is 0 to 3, or 1 to 5 where X is halogen;R.sup.

Abstract: The ketenedithioacetal derivatives of formula (I) have a potent hypolipidemic and anti-arteriosclerotic effect and are useful for prophylaxis and treatment of arteriosclerosis or hyperlipidemia.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a new class of calcium specific fluorescent indicator dyes having visible excitation and emission wavelengths. The new fluorescent indicator dyes combine at least one tricyclic chromophore with a tetracarboxylate parent CA.sup.2+ chelating compound having the octacoordinate pattern of liganding groups characteristic of BAPTA to give a rhodamine-like or fluorescein-like fluorophore. Binding of calcium.sup.2+ increases the fluorescence of the new compounds by up to 40-fold. The calcium.sup.2+ dissociation constants are in the range 0.37-2.3 microM, so that the new indicators give better resolution of high [CA.sup.2+ ] levels than were previously obtainable with predecessor compounds such as quin-2 or fluo-2. The visible excitation wavelengths of the new compounds are more convenient for fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry than the UV required by previous indicators.