Abstract: An alkane-containing stream is reacted to produce an alkene, which is carbonylated to produce an alkyl alkanoate, e.g., methyl propanoate, by a gas phase process comprising the step of contacting under carbonylation conditions the alkene, e.g., ethylene, carbon monoxide, an alkanol, e.g., methanol, and a solid sulfide-based metal catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing linear alpha,omega-dicarboxylic diesters by reacting a triglyceride containing fatty acid residues having monounsaturated or polyunsaturated carbon chains with carbon monoxide, an acid and an OH-group donor in one reaction step in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing linear alpha,omega-dicarboxylic diesters by reacting a triglyceride containing fatty acid residues having monounsaturated or polyunsaturated carbon chains with carbon monoxide, an acid and an OH-group donor in one reaction step in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to the design of a process by intermittent dielectric heating combined with a recycling system. This process consists in subjecting reagents to electromagnetic waves selected in the frequencies ranging between 300 GHz and 3 MHz intermittently using a recycling system. This process enables the treatment of oils that are hardly absorbent as well as great investment savings. This process enables operation on different scales, whether in laboratories, on a semi-industrial or industrial scale, without forfeiting the advantages of continuous dielectric heating.

Abstract: There are provided novel thermally stable surfactants for use with fillers in the preparation of polymer composites and nanocomposites. Typically, surfactants of the invention are urethanes, ureas or esters of thiocarbamic acid having a hydrocarbyl group of from 10 to 50 carbons and optionally including an ionizable or charged group (e.g., carboxyl group or quaternary amine). Thus, there are provided surfactants having Formula I: wherein the variables are as defined herein. Further provided are methods of making thermally stable surfactants and compositions, including composites and nanocomposites, using fillers coated with the surfactants.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of cis-6-hexadecenoic acid of the formula I, which comprises reacting a1) a triphenylphosphonium salt of the formula II, R1OOC—(CH2)5—P(R2)3+X−  II  with decanal of the formula III H3C—(CH2)8—CH═O  III  or a2) a triphenylphosphonium salt of the formula IV, H3C—(CH2)9—P(R2)3+X−  IV  with an aldehyde of the formula V, R1OOC—(CH2)4—CH═O  V  in a Wittig reaction, and b) saponifying the ester, formed by process step a1) or a2), of the formula VI,  where the substituents R1, R2 and X− have the meanings given in the description.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of cis-6-hexadecenoic acid of the formula I, 1

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the manufacture of a retinyl acylate of the formula I: wherein R1 is an optionally substituted C1-23-alkyl, a C2-23-alkenyl having 1 to 5 double bonds, an optionally aromatically substituted phenyl-C1-6-alkyl, or an optionally substituted phenyl. This process includes treating a compound of formula II: wherein R1 is defined above and R2 is hydrogen or COR1, with an agent that is an acid anhydride or a complex of sulfur trioxide in the presence of dimethylformamide. In addition to dimethylformamide, an aprotic organic solvent may optionally be present in the reaction. The products of the present invention are useful as intermediates for the manufacture of compounds of the vitamin A group or in certain cases as the compounds themselves.

Abstract: The process of the present invention relates to a process for producing 1 3-cis retinoic acid. The process of the present invention involves reacting a Wittig salt in a solvent with a butenolide in the presence of a weak base and a Lewis acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel carbonylation catalyst system and a process for the carbonylation of acetylenically unsaturated compounds, whereby a feedstock, comprising an acetylenically unsaturated compound and a relatively minor amount of an 1,2-alkadiene compound, is contacted under carbonylation conditions with carbon monoxide and a hydroxylated co-reactant in the presence of the novel carbonylation catalyst system that is based on:a) a source of cations of one or more metals of Group VIII of the Periodic Table;b) a phosphine of the general formulae PR.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3, R.sup.1 R.sup.2 M--R--PR.sup.3 R.sup.3, or R.sup.2 R.sup.3 M--R--PR.sup.1 R.sup.3, wherein R.sup.1 represents a substituted or non-substituted 6-membered heteroaryl group having at least one imino nitrogen atom next to the carbon atom that is attached to the phosphorus atom; R.sup.2 represents a halogenated aryl group; R.sup.3 or each of the R.sup.

Abstract: A method of producing perfluorocarbon halides in a one-pot reaction is described. The method employs a perfluorocarbon acid, a first halogenating agent and a second halogen which drives the reaction forward. Novel perfluorocarbon halides and a direct method for producing perfluorocarbon hypohalites also are described.

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide and a co-reactant in the presence of a substantially non-acidic catalyst system based on a palladium compound and a bidentate ligand of the formulaR.sub.1 R.sub.2 M.sub.1 RM.sub.2 R.sub.3 R.sub.4in which M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 may be phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atom, R is a bivalent organic bridging group, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently substituted or non-substituted aliphatic groups, with the proviso that R.sub.1 together with R.sub.2, and/or R.sub.3 together with R.sub.4 form a bivalent cyclic group with at least 5 ring atoms whereby the two free valencies are linked to M.sub.1 or M.sub.2, respectively.Catalytic compositions employing the bidentate ligands used in this method in which M.sub.1 and M.sub.2 are phosphorous are also presented.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst system, which comprises a source of a Group VIII metal and a polyphosphine. The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated compounds utilizing this catalyst system.

Abstract: An improved liquid-phase process for preparing carboxylic acids having (n+1) carbon atoms by rhodium catalyzed carbonylation of an alcohol having n carbon atoms is provided. The process is particularily suitable for preparing acetic acid from methanol in commercial carbonylation reactors operating at steady-state with a low standing quantity of water (e.g. 0.5 to 5% by weight). The improvement lies in carrying out the carbonylation in the presence of an iodide stabilizer (e.g. lithium iodide) and a Group VI B metal costabiliser. The process can optionally be carried out in the presence of hydrogen.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of alkanedioic acid derivatives comprising reacting an alkenoic acid derivative with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic compound having a mobile hydrogen atom in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a source of a Group VIII metal, a source of a bidentate diphosphine liquid, a source of an anion and a source of a quinone promoter.

Abstract: .omega.-Hydroxy fatty acids usable for the synthesis of medicaments, perfumes and polymers are produced by subjecting an alkali or alkaline earth metal salt of long-chain dicarboxylic acid monoester to a reduction with a borohydride compound or catalytic hydrogenating reduction treatment.

Abstract: A process for the continuous production of fatty acid soaps by reaction with solid metal oxides, hydroxides, hydrogen carbonates and carbonates of Mg, Ca, Ba, Pb, Al, Zn, Co, Fe, Cd and Zr, in which the fatty acids are subjected to a rotational movement by mechanical transport and the metal compounds are subjected to rotation in the opposite direction by mechanical transport, the two reactants are combined in the reaction zone of a tube reactor and are reacted in 0.5 to 50 seconds.

Abstract: Quinone derivatives of the general formula: ##STR1## (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different, and independently are a hydrogen atom or a methyl or methoxy group, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 combine with each other to represent --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R.sup.4 is an aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic group which may be substituted; R.sup.5 is a methyl or methoxy group, a hydroxymethyl group which may be substituted or a carboxyl group which may be esterified or amidated; Z is a group represented by --C.dbd.C--, --CH.dbd.CH--, ##STR2## n is an integer of 0 to 10; m is an integer of 0 to 3; k is an integer of 0 to 5, provided, however, that in the case of m being 2 or 3, Z and k can vary arbitrarily within the bracketed repeating units) are novel compounds, possess metabolism ameliorating action for polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly production inhibitory activity of lipid peroxides (antioxidant activity), thromboxane A.sub.

Abstract: A carbonylation catalyst system, which comprises:a) a source of a Group VIII metal;b) a source of a phosphine having an aromatic substituent containing an imino nitrogen atom;c) a source of protons; andd) a source of an alkylsulfonate anion, and the use of such a catalyst system in the carbonylation of an acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound.

Abstract: Hydroformylation process, wherein an olefinic compound is reacted with hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the presence of a Group VIII precious metal complex catalyst containing an organic phosphorus compound as a ligand, the process being characterized by use of trialkyl phosphine, as the organic phosphorus compound, having the total carbon atom number of 27 or more in its alkyl groups.