Abstract: A method for depositing a chromium or chromium alloy layer on at least one substrate, the method comprising the steps (a) providing an aqueous deposition bath with a pH in the range from 4.1 to 6.

Abstract: Method for producing an iron carboxylate, whereby it becomes possible to prevent the generation of hydrogen during the production of the iron carboxylate by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with metal iron. An embodiment of the present invention is a method for producing an iron carboxylate by reacting metal iron with a carboxylic acid in a reaction solution, wherein the reaction solution contains a non-iron metal having a standard electrode potential of ?2.5 to 0.1 inclusive or a metal compound containing the metal, or the reaction solution contains at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Ag, Bi and Pd or a metal compound containing the metal.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing iron methacrylate being inexpensive, and being high in activity and selectivity and good in solubility to a reaction liquid when being used in production of a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate as a catalyst. The method for producing iron methacrylate for production of a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate according to the present invention includes subjecting a mixture of a metallic iron having an oxygen atom content by XRF analysis of the surface thereof of 6% by mass or lower, and methacrylic acid to a heat treatment at 95° C. or higher and lower than 110° C. for 100 to 600 min. The method for producing a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate according to the present invention includes reacting an alkylene oxide with methacrylic acid to produce the hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, wherein iron methacrylate produced by the method according to the present invention is used as a catalyst.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing iron methacrylate being inexpensive, and being high in activity and selectivity and good in solubility to a reaction liquid when being used in production of a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate as a catalyst. The method for producing iron methacrylate for production of a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate according to the present invention includes subjecting a mixture of a metallic iron having an oxygen atom content by XRF analysis of the surface thereof of 6% by mass or lower, and methacrylic acid to a heat treatment at 95° C. or higher and lower than 110° C. for 100 to 600 min. The method for producing a hydroxyalkyl methacrylate according to the present invention includes reacting an alkylene oxide with methacrylic acid to produce the hydroxyalkyl methacrylate, wherein iron methacrylate produced by the method according to the present invention is used as a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for making metal oxide compositions, specifically, metal oxide compositions having high surface area, high metal/metal oxide content, and/or thermal stability with inexpensive and easy to handle materials. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to methods of making metal and/or metal oxide compositions, such as supported or unsupported catalysts. The method includes combining a metal precursor with an organic acid to form a mixture and calcining the mixture for a period of time sufficient to form a metal oxide material.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to cobalt compounds and methods for making such metal oxide compositions, specifically, metal oxide compositions having high surface area, high metal/metal oxide content, and/or thermal stability with inexpensive and easy to handle materials.

Abstract: Cobalt and/or manganese is recovered from the ash obtained following incineration of the catalyst containing residue arising from the liquid phase oxidation of an aromatic carboxylic acid such as terephthalic acid. Recovery is effected by contacting the ash with an organic acid or an organic acid anhydride such as acetic anhydride, optionally in the presence of bromide ions (e.g. HBr), so that the cobalt and/or manganese metals are recovered as monocarboxylic acid soluble salts thereof thus permitting recycle thereof to the liquid phase oxidation process.

Abstract: An nickel hydroxide positive electrode active material which can be made by an ultrasonic precipitation method. The nickel hydroxide active material is characterized by the composition: ##EQU1## where x, the number of water ligands surrounding each Ni cation, is between 0.05 and 0.4 and y is the charge on the anions.

Abstract: Automatic dishwashing detergent compositions comprising certain cobalt catalysts are provided. More specifically, the invention relates to automatic dishwashing detergents which provide enhanced cleaning/bleaching benefits (especially tea stain removal) through the selection of cobalt chelated catalysts having the formula:[Co.sub.n L.sub.m X.sub.p ].sup.z Y.sub.z.Preferred automatic dishwashing compositions comprise amylase and/or protease enzymes. Included are methods for washing tableware in domestic automatic dishwashing appliances using the cobalt catalysts.

Abstract: A bleach and oxidation catalyst is provided comprising a catalytically active iron complex which can activate hydrogen peroxide or peroxy acids, for example.

Abstract: A process for preparing a cobalt (III) complex is described which comprises: (i) treating a divalent cobalt salt of formula Co.sup.II X.sub.2/n where n is the valency of an anion X, with up to 15 molar equivalents of ammonia or an amine; (ii) oxidizing the resulting amine complex; (iii) converting the oxidized complex to the corresponding carboxylate of formula ?Co.sup.III (NR.sub.3).sub.5 R.sup.1 COO!X.sub.2/n where each R, which may be the same or different, represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group and R.sup.1 represents an alkyl or alkenyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, at a pH above 8.5; and optionally (iv) replacing the X ion by a different anion by a metathetical reaction.

Abstract: A method for separating iron for nickel and/or cadmium contained in a battery waste is composed of a first step in which the spent batteries are crushed and calcined. The calcined pieces are mixed with an acetic acid aqueous solution before acetic acid and water are removed by evaporation or distillation so as to produce a residue containing metallic acetates. Water, the residue and an oxidant are mixed such that Fe.sup.+ and Fe.sup.++ acetates are converted into a basic ferric acetate, Fe(CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2 OH, which is insoluble in water and is recovered by filtration.

Abstract: Automatic dishwashing detergent compositions comprising certain cobalt catalysts are provided. More specifically, the invention relates to automatic dishwashing detergents which provide enhanced cleaning/bleaching benefits (especially tea stain removal) through the selection of cobalt bleach catalyst having the formula:?Co(NH.sub.3).sub.n (M).sub.m (B).sub.b !T.sub.ywherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; n is 4 or 5 (preferably 5); M is one or more ligands coordinated to the cobalt by one site; m is 0, 1 or 2 (preferably 1); B is a ligand coordinated to the cobalt by two sites; b is 0 or 1 (preferably 0), and when b=0, then m+n=6, and when b=l, then m=0 and n=4; and T is one or more appropriately selected counteranions present in a number y, where y is an integer to obtain a charge-balanced salt (preferably y is 1 to 3; most preferably 2 when T is a -1 charged anion); and wherein further said catalyst has a base hydrolysis rate constant of less than 0.23 M.sup.-1 s.sup.-1 (25.degree. C.).

Abstract: Bleach compositions comprising certain carboxylate-containing cobalt catalysts are provided. More specifically, the invention relates to automatic dishwashing detergents and laundry compositions which provide enhanced cleaning/bleaching benefits (especially tea stain removal) through the selection of cobalt catalysts having the formula:?Co(NH.sub.3).sub.5 M!T.sub.ywherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; and M is a substituted and unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 carboxylate-containing ligand having the formula RC(O)O--.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for solubilizing boric acid to produce liquid, boron-containing solutions. In these methods, boric acid is added to a previously formed solution of a metal ion and ligand. The ligand must be capable of both complexing the metal ion and simultaneously coordinating or hydrogen bonding with the boric acid. Preferred metal ions are the transition metals. Preferred ligands are the alkanolamines, polyamines, dialkylaminoalkylamines and alkyldiaminecarboxylic acids and salts thereof. Using the methods of the present invention, stable, clear solutions, preferrably aqueous solutions, containing about 9-11 percent-by-weight or more boron are readily prepared.

Abstract: Novel salts are prepared wherein the cation of the salt is a divalent or trivalent cation which is an essential trace element comprising a 1:1 ratio of a complex ion formed between a trace mineral and methionine and any suitable anion, either inorganic or organic. The novel salts have the generic formula: ##STR1## Wherein R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl, R.sub.2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl, M is a covalent or trivalent trace mineral cation, X is an anion and w is an integer to balance the anionic charge of X. These novel compounds are useful nutritional supplements, both for animals and humans, in that they provide a readily available source of a highly water soluble methionine which is an essential amino acid.

Abstract: Beta cobaltous hydroxide is synthesized by decomposing the complex formed between cobaltous ions and a suitable complexing agent under hydrothermal conditions. Cobaltous ion and complexing agent are combined in an aqueous medium, wherein the molar ratio of the cobaltous ion to the complexing agent is about one or more. Hydroxide ion is added, wherein the molar ratio of hydroxide ion to cobaltous ion is more than about 2. The resulting admixture is heated under hydrothermal conditions for precipitating beta cobaltous hydroxide. The method provides improved control over the size and shape of the beta cobaltous hydroxide reaction product. The beta cobaltous hydroxide can be reduced to form magnetic particles of cobalt metal.

Abstract: Novel hydrophobicized double-layer hydroxide compounds, processes for their production by reaction of double-layer hydroxides with aliphatic mono- and/or dicarboxylic acids, and their uses as alkoxylation catalysts for compounds containing active H atoms or for fatty acid esters.The hydrophobicized double-layer hydroxide compounds correspond to formula (I)(M(II).sub.1-x M(III).sub.x (OH).sub.2)A.sub.a B.sub.b * z H.sub.2 O (I)in whichM(II) is a divalent metal cation selected from the group consisting of magnesium, zinc, calcium, iron, cobalt, copper, cadmium, nickel and manganese;M(III) is a trivalent metal cation selected from the group consisting of aluminum, iron, chromium, manganese, bismuth and cerium;A is an equivalent of a monoanion of an aliphatic C.sub.2-34 monocarboxylic acid or an equivalent of a dianion of an aliphatic C.sub.

Abstract: Substantially pure 1:1 L-form transition metal methionine complex salts are formed. The preferred transition metals are zinc, chromium, manganese and iron. Salts are formed by reaction with pure L-form methionine. As a result, dosages for supplementation can by way of example be one-half the amount used in raecemic mixtures of salts.

Abstract: Metal carboxylates which may be used for the polymerization of monomers suitable for Ziegler-Natta polymerization are prepared by reaction of the organic C.sub.2-20 carboxylic acids on which the carboxylates are based with ammonia and/or amines and/or tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxides and the corresponding metal nitrates in the presence of inert organic solvents at temperatures of 0.degree. to 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Linear 1-olefins are prepared from internal olefins by (i) reacting them in the presence of an isomerization catalyst and a tri-lower alkyl aluminum so as to cause the internal olefin to isomerize to 1-olefins which displace the lower alkyl groups to form a trialkyl aluminum compound in which at least one of the alkyl groups is a linear alkyl derived from the 1-olefin, and, thereafter, (ii) reacting the trialkyl aluminum compound with a 1-olefin so as to displace the linear alkyl from the trialkyl aluminum compound, thereby forming a linear 1-olefin product which is substantially free of internal olefins.

Abstract: The clathrate compound according to the present invention which comprises, as host crystals, crystals of a polyvalent metal salt of a specific nuclear-substituted salicylic acid or a hydrate thereof and, as a gest molecule, an organic compound having 1 to 12 carbon atoms is well soluble in organic solvents or organic compounds having relatively low polarity and has good stability to light rays and NO.sub.x gases and, therefore, the clathrate compound has excellent properties favorable for use as antibiotics, stabilizers for polymeric compounds and developers for recording materials.

Abstract: A carboalkylated amino alcohol having each of the below shown formulae is novel and optically active. A separating agent comprising the alcohol and a support is effectively useful to separate a variety of racemates for example with chromatography. The alcohol may be chemically or physically combined with the support. ##STR1## [wherein Ph represents a phenyl group, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having the carbon number of 1 to 10, or an aryl group having the carbon number of 6 to 10, X represents an --O-- group or a --S-- group, and Z represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having the carbon number of 1 to 10 or a metal element].

Abstract: Cobalt acetate solution is produced by flowing a circulating oxygen-containing stream of dilute acetic acid solution containing initially about 20% free acid through a bed of cobalt chips and adding dilute acetic acid solution and introducing additional oxygen into the circulating stream in replenishment of those reactants as the dissolution reaction proceeds.

Abstract: Recovery of cobalt and manganese catalyst from oxidation process, by precipitation with oxalic acid and alkali metal hydroxide, followed by oxidation of the precipitate in acetic acid to form cobalt and manganese acetate.

Abstract: A cobalt recovery method wherein cobalt ions are selectively shifted into an extraction agent mainly composed of either 2-ethyl hexylphosphonate mono-2-ethyl hexylester or di-2 ethyl hexylphosphate in order to extract and separate the cobalt from a solution containing cobalt salts. The method further has a step of stripping the cobalt into an aqueous solution of oxalic acid by bringing the extraction agent containing the cobalt into contact with the aqueous solution of oxalic acid after separation from nickel ion, sodium salt, calcium salt, etc. Cobalt oxalate which does not contain any other salt is then recovered.

Abstract: A process for preparing hydrocarbon-soluble transition metal salts of organic carboxylic acids having improved properties wherein the transition metal is one capable of having a multiplicity of oxidation states is described. The process comprises the steps of (a) providing at least one transition metal compound wherein the transition metal is at one of its higher positive oxidation states, (b) treating said transition metal compound with at least one inorganic reducing agent forming an intermediate containing the transition metal in a lower positive oxidation state, and (c) reacting said intermediate with at least one organic carboxylic acid containing at least 5 carbon atoms to form the transition metal salt of said carboxylic acid. The transition metal salts prepared in accordance with the process of the invention are useful in a variety of applications including resins, inks, paints, lubricants and fuels.

Abstract: The present invention represents compositions for the fixing of pentavalent arsenic, e.g., arsenates and arsenic acid, generally spread in the soil. The fixation is so carried out that the arsenic cannot be further spread, not even after an eventual further increase in soil acidity. The compositions comprise metal salts of iron, aluminum or chromium with a weak acid, preferably iron or aluminum acetate, which are spread on the soil containing the arsenic compounds.

Abstract: A process for preparing a powder-like iron-sodium tartrate complex useful for the preparation of a solvent for cellulose which comprises reacting a salt of trivalent iron with sodium tartrate or primary sodium tartrate or a mixture thereof in an aqueous medium at a molar ratio of said reactants of 1:3.0-3.3 respectively, a concentration of the salt of trivalent iron of 0.5-0.7 mole/l of the starting reaction mixture and at a pH of the reaction mixture of 0.8-5.5 with the formation of a reaction mass containing the desired product; the latter is precipitated from the reaction mass by means of a precipitation agent such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or acetone at a volume ratio of the precipitation agent to the reaction mass of 0.7-1.5:1.0 respectively with the formation of a precipitate of the desired product and a mother liquor; the precipitate of the desired product is separated from the mother liquor and dried at a temperature of from 30.degree. to 105.degree. C.

Abstract: Complex salts of cobalt useful for nutritional supplementation to provide cobalt in a form which effectively increases the bioavailability of cobalt, assuring adequate dietary requirement for growth and production of vitamin B.sub.12 by microorganisms present in the gut.

Abstract: Additives for rubber compositions, giving vulcanizates having improved retention of optimum physical properties, are compounds having the formula R--S--B--S--R where B is an organic bridging group and R is an electron-withdrawing group, for example CN, CCl.sub.3, a radical containing an activated methylene group linked to the sulphur atom or the enolic tautomer of a keto-activated methylene group. Also useful as stabilizing agents are oligomeric analogues of such compounds.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of cobalt and manganese from solid aromatic acid oxidation incinerator ash, pyrolysis sand and pyrolysis char is disclosed. The process comprises heating the solid residue at a temperature of about 120.degree. to about 300.degree. C. and a pressure of about 3 atmospheres to about 30 atmospheres. The recovered catalyst is useful for the oxidation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons to their corresponding di- or tricarboxylic acids which are used for the manufacture of fibers, films and molded products.