Abstract: This invention relates to supplementation of the diets of domesticated animals (livestock and poultry) with iodine in an enhanced bioavailable manner, that is to say the iodine is more available to the animal than when using conventional sources of iodine, such as calcium iodate. The supplementary compound are alpha amino acid metal iodide complexes.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a process for making transition metal carboxylate compositions by combining in an polar aprotic first solvent a transition metal precursor and a Group 1 or Group 2 metal carboxylate under substantially acid-free and substantially anhydrous conditions, to generate a mixture comprising the transition metal carboxylate composition. Optionally, the transition metal carboxylate composition can be purified, for example, by substantially removing the first solvent provide a residue comprising the transition metal carboxylate composition, and also optionally, further by extracting the transition metal carboxylate composition from the residue with a non-coordinating second solvent to provide an extract comprising the transition metal carboxylate composition.

Abstract: The disclosure provides metal organic frameworks comprising exception porosity.

Abstract: This invention provides, but is not limited to, methods of using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) having repeat units of the formula M2(DHTP) (M is a divalent metal ion; DHTP=2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate) for acetylene storage. Also provided are compositions of the same formula and acetylene, e.g., an acetylene storage material comprising [M2(DHTP)]n and acetylene.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for polynuclear manganese cluster compounds, methods of making, methods of use, method of producing hydrogen and oxygen from water, and the like.

Abstract: This invention relates to supplementation of the diets of domesticated animals (livestock and poultry) with iodine in an enhanced bioavailable manner, that is to say the iodine is more available to the animal than when using conventional sources of iodine, such as calcium iodate. The supplementary compound are alpha amino acid metal iodide complexes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing an organometallic catalyst and an organometallic catalyst when produced by the method. The method comprises the steps of combining a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride and a metal-oxide, metal-hydroxide or metal-salt with a solvent at a temperature and pressure at which the solvent exists as a supercritical or near-critical fluid. The polycarboxylic acid or anhydride is reacted with the metal-oxide, metal-hydroxide or metal-salt for sufficient time and under sufficient temperature and pressure to produce the organometallic catalyst. The present invention also relates to a process for making a poly(alkylene carbonate) in the presence of a catalytic amount of the organometallic catalyst produced by the method.

Abstract: A gas adsorption material has a three-dimensional structure wherein a ligand (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) having an aromatic ring as a principal skeleton containing, a carboxyl group and a functional group capable of forming a coordinate bond, the functional group being other than the carboxyl group, and a metal nucleus (Zn) are bonded to each other at a ratio of 1:1. The ligand contains a functional hydroxyl group other than the carboxyl group, and the carboxyl group and the functional group other than the carboxyl group are bonded in at least one position to the metal nucleus. The gas adsorption material is produced by drying a precursor obtained by reacting the ligand and the metal nucleus, dissolving the dried precursor in an organic solvent, heating and stirring a resultant solution to form a three-dimensional structure that includes the organic solvent as a crystal solvent, and removing the crystal solvent.

Abstract: This invention relates to supplementation of the diets of domesticated animals (livestock and poultry) with iodine in an enhanced bioavailable manner, that is to say the iodine is more available to the animal than when using conventional sources of iodine, such as calcium iodate. The supplementary compound are alpha amino acid metal iodide complexes.

Abstract: This invention provides, but is not limited to, methods of using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) having repeat units of the formula M2(DHTP) (M is a divalent metal ion; DHTP=2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate) for acetylene storage. Also provided are compositions of the same formula and acetylene, e.g., an acetylene storage material comprising [M2(DHTP)]n and acetylene.

Abstract: A method for making a carbon nanotube metal composite includes the following steps. A number of carbon nanotubes is dispersed in a solvent to obtain a suspension. Metal powder is added into the suspension, and then the suspension agitated. The suspension containing the metal powder is allowed to stand for a while. The solvent is reduced to obtain a mixture of the number of carbon nanotubes and the metal powder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a porous metal organic framework comprising at least two organic compounds coordinated to at least one metal ion, which comprises the steps (a) oxidation of at least one anode comprising the metal corresponding to at least one metal ion in a reaction medium in the presence of at least one first organic compound which is an optionally substituted monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon in which at least two ring carbons have been replaced by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S to form a reaction intermediate comprising the at least one metal ion and the first organic compound; and (b) reaction of the reaction intermediate at a prescribed temperature with at least one second organic compound which coordinates to the at least one metal ion, with the second organic compound being derived from a dicarboxylic, tricarboxylic or tetracarboxylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to porous metal organic frameworks comprising at least one at least bidentate organic compound L coordinated to at least one metal ion M, wherein L has at least one functional group G which bonds noncoordinatively to M and is selected from the group consisting of —SO3H and —PO3H2 and their analogues. The invention further provides processes for their preparation and also their use.

Abstract: A dietary source of mineral in the form of a metal carboxylate is prepared using the acid-base-like reaction. A salt of a carboxylate anion and a by-product cation is reacted in aqueous solution with a salt of a metal cation and a by-product anion under conditions which form a metal carboxylate and the by-product salt. Solutions formed in the reaction may be applied directly to a dry carrier to produce a dry dietary supplement or, alternatively, the solutions may be filtered to remove precipitated by-product salt and the filtrate used as a liquid dietary supplement. Preferably, a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid, is added to help prevent the oxidation of divalent to trivalent form of a metal salt, when an easily oxidized divalent metal is used as starting material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel encapsulated organometallic cluster complex catalyst and to a process for the preparation thereof. The oxo-bridged organometallic cluster complex of the invention has at least one atom of cobalt and manganese encapsulated in micro and mesoporous porous solids like aluminosilicate zeolites, aluminophosphates, carbon molecular sieves, silica and is particularly effective for oxidation of aromatic alkyl groups to the carboxyl groups in high yields.

Abstract: Highly reactive, stable tetramanganese-oxo cubane complexes, their synthesis and their use as a functional catalyst for in vitro O2 production. Preferred complexes are i) a tetramanganese-oxo cubane complex having the formula L6Mn4O4, wherein Mn4O4, is a cubane core and L6 are six facially-capping bidentate ligands bridging between the Mn atoms; ii) a manganese-oxo-pyramid complex having the formula L6Mn4O3, wherein Mn4O3, is a pyramidal core and L6 are six bidentate ligands bridging between the Mn atoms; and iii) a manganese-oxo-butterfly complex having the formula L6Mn4O2 or L5Mn4O2, wherein Mn4O2, is a butterfly core and L6 or L5 are six or five bidentate ligands bridging between the Mn atoms. Preferred ligands are carboxylate, phosphinate or diphenylphosphinate ligands. These catalysts may be used for the oxidation of water to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and may also be used to catalyze the oxidation of chloride and simple chloride compounds to chlorine gas.

Abstract: Neutral alpha amino diacid complexes of trace minerals and their use for animal nutrition.

Abstract: A method is disclosed where organic acid chelates can be made by reacting an organic acid ligand with a metal compound in a non aqueous environment. The chelate is thereafter recovered by means of filtration or evaporation.

Abstract: A process for producing high-purity hydrotalcites by reacting alcohols or alcohol mixtures with at least one or more divalent metal(s) and at least one or more trivalent metal(s) and hydrolyzing the resultant alcoholate mixture with water. The corresponding metal oxides can be produced by calcination.

Abstract: Chelating agents (chelants) of the general structure: wherein: n=2-4 X=—CR1R2—, or whereby at least two of X are of formula III Y=COOH, —PO3H2 or o-hydroxyphenyl R1, R2 and R3 are independently H or C1-C8 alkyls m=1, 2 or 3 and most preferably m=1 Z and Z1 are unsubstituted or substituted C C*=C or CH or N Z1, Z2, Z′1, and Z′2 are independently selected from H (or nothing for Z2 and Z′2 if C* is N) and C1-C10 groups that optionally contain one or more N atoms (optionally attached directly to C*), whereby one of the pairs Z/Z1, Z/Z2 and Z1/Z2 and one of the pairs Z′/Z′1, Z′1/Z′2 and Z′/Z′2 may be connected to form substituted or unsubstituted (hetero)(poly)cyclic structures of less than 20 atoms. C* is either part of an aromatic (hetero)(poly)cyclic structure or linked by a double bond to Z or Z2 and/or Z′ or Z′2.

Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC COORDINATION complexes exhibiting two separate, stable forms are described. Conversion from one form to the other is intramolecular, reversible, light-activated (a molecular switch) and occurs both in the solid and in solution. The two forms differ in photochemical and electrochemical characteristics (different colors and reduction potentials). The complexes can be used in information storage and for light-gathering, light-emitting, sensing and detecting applications.

Abstract: Cobalt and/or manganese is recovered from the ash obtained following incineration of the catalyst containing residue arising from the liquid phase oxidation of an aromatic carboxylic acid such as terephthalic acid. Recovery is effected by contacting the ash with an organic acid or an organic acid anhydride such as acetic anhydride, optionally in the presence of bromide ions (e.g. HBr), so that the cobalt and/or manganese metals are recovered as monocarboxylic acid soluble salts thereof thus permitting recycle thereof to the liquid phase oxidation process.

Abstract: A process for producing high-purity hydrotalcites by reacting alcohols or alcohol mixtures with at least one or more divalent metal(s) and at least one or more trivalent metal(s) and hydrolysing the resultant alcoholate mixture with water. The corresponding metal oxides can be produced by calcination.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for the polymerization of olefins is provided, comprising a bis(hydroxy aromatic nitrogen ligand) transition metal catalyst precursor and an activating cocatalyst.

Abstract: Metal compound of formula [I] which is excellent in charge control or charge-enhancing property, and toner for developing electrostatic images and powdery paint for electrostatic painting incorporating thereof: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent a hydrogen, a linear or branched alkyl group, or a linear or branched unsaturated alkyl group; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 may bind together to form an aromatic or aliphatic ring which may have one or more substituents of a linear or branched alkyl group, or a linear or branched unsaturated alkyl group; M represents a metal; m represents an integer of 3 or more; n represents an integer of 2 or more.

Abstract: A method is provided for preparing organic hydroperoxides by oxidizing aryl alkyl hydrocarbons having a benzylic hydrogen with an oxygen containing gas using as a catalyst an oxo (hydroxo) bridged tetranuclear metal complex having a mixed metal core, one metal of the core being a divalent metal selected from Zn, Cu Fe, Co, Ni, Mn or mixtures thereof and another metal being a trivalent metal selected from In, Fe, Mn, Ga, and Al.

Abstract: The invention provides polymeric polychelants containing polymer repeat units of formula ?L--Ch--L--B! (where Ch is a polydentate chelant moiety; L is an amide or ester linkage; B is a hydrophobic group providing a carbon chain of at least 4 carbon atoms between the L linkages it interconnects) or a salt or chelate thereof, with the proviso that where Ch is 2,5-biscarboxymethyl-2,5-diazahex-1,6-diyl, the polychelant is metallated with lanthanide or manganese ions or B provides a carbon chain of at least 10 carbon atoms between the L linkages it interconnects and their salts and chelates. The paramagnetic polychelates of the polychelants of the invention have remarkably high R.sub.1 relaxivities.

Abstract: Scavengers for removing acidic or corrosive gaseous components from semiconductor process effluents comprising a metallic macromer comprising a coordinated complex of (i) metal coordination atoms linked to (ii) oxomeric moieties selected from the group consisting of carbonate, sulfite, carboxylate, and silicate, and methods for synthesizing these scavengers. A method for cleaning an exhaust gas containing least one corrosive or acidic gaseous component selected from the group consisting of hydrogen halide, chlorine, boron trihalide, thionyl chloride, and tungsten hexafluoride, which comprises contacting the exhaust gas with the metallic macromer scavenger compositions.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making a monovalent inorganic anion-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material by first reacting a magnesium-containing powder and a transition alumina powder in a carboxylic acid-free, aqueous suspension to form a meixnerite intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with a monovalent inorganic anion, in its acid or soluble salt form, to make a hydrotalcite-like material. The latter is then separated from the suspension. Representative materials include a bromide-, chloride-, nitrate- or vanadate-intercalated, hydrotalcite-like material.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making a polyvalent inorganic anion-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material by first reacting a magnesium-containing powder and a transition alumina powder in a carboxylic acid-free, aqueous suspension to form a meixnerite intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with a polyvalent inorganic anion, in its acid, acid salt or ammonium salt form, to make a hydrotalcite-like material. The latter is then separated from the suspension. Representative materials include a borate- metatungstate- and paramolybdate-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making monovalent organic anion-intercalated hydrotalcite-like materials by first reacting a magnesium-containing powder and a transition alumina powder in a carboxylic acid-free, aqueous suspension to form a meixnerite intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with a monovalent organic anion to form a hydrotalcite-like material. The latter is then separated from the suspension. Representative materials include a stearate-, acetate- or benzoate-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material.

Abstract: There is provided an improved method for making synthetic hydrotalcite by first reacting a divalent metal compound with a trivalent metal oxide powder in a carboxylic acid-free, aqueous solution or suspension to form an intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with an anion source such as carbon dioxide; a carbonate-containing compound; an acid or an ammonium salt to form a layered double hydroxide having the formula:A.sub.1-x B.sub.x (OH).sub.2 C.sub.z.mH.sub.2 O, where A represents a divalent metal cation, B represents a trivalent metal cation, C represents a mono- to polyvalent anion, and x, z and m satisfy the following conditions: 0.09<x<0.67; z=x/n, where n=the charge on the anion; and 2>m>0.5. Said layered double hydroxide is typically separated from the suspension by filtering, centrifugation, vacuum dehydration or other known means.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making a divalent inorganic anion-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material by first reacting a magnesium-containing powder and a transition alumina powder in a carboxylic acid-free aqueous suspension to form a meixnerite intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with a divalent inorganic anion, in its acid, acid salt or ammonium salt form, to make a hydrotalcite-like material. The latter is then separated from the suspension. Representative materials include a sulfate- and metavanadate-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material.

Abstract: There is provided an improved method for making synthetic hydrotalcite by first reacting powdered magnesium oxide with a high surface area, transition alumina in a solution or suspension to form a meixnerite-like intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with an anion source such as an acid, and most preferably carbon dioxide, to form the layered double hydroxide which is separated from the suspension by filtering, centrifugation, vacuum dehydration or other known means. On a preferred basis, the transition alumina combined with activated magnesia consists essentially of an rehydratable alumina powder having a surface area of 100 m.sup.2 /g or greater. To make related double hydroxide compounds, still other reactants such as bromides, chlorides, boric acids, or salts thereof, may be substituted for the carbon dioxide gas fed into this suspension.

Abstract: In a solution for forming electron-emitting regions of electron-emitting devices, the solution contains a metal carboxylate expressed by the following general formula (I), an organic solvent and/or water;(R(COO).sub.k).sub.m M (I)where k=numeral from 1 to 4, m=numeral from 1 to 4, and R=C.sub.n X.sub.2n+1-k where X=hydrogen or halogen (total number of hydrogen and halogen atoms is 2n+1), n=integer from 0 to 30, and M=metal.In a manufacture method of electron-emitting devices each provided between electrodes with a conductive film including an electron-emitting region, a process of forming the conductive film includes a step of coating and calcining the above solution. An image-forming apparatus is manufactured by using the electron-emitting devices. Variations in sheet resistance values of electron-emitting region-forming thin films and characteristics of the electron-emitting devices are reduced.

Abstract: Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid monoamide derivatives, their complexes and complex salts, containing an element of atomic numbers 21-29, 31, 32, 39, 42-44, 49 or 57-83, pharmaceutical agents containing these compounds, their use as contrast media and process for their production.

Abstract: Novel metal-organic microporous materials are prepared in solution using mild reaction conditions from a metal or metalloid ion with a ligand containing multidentate functional groups in the presence of a templating agent. The resultant microporous materials are useful in the purification of liquids and gases.

Abstract: The reaction product of a hydroxyaromatic compound, at least some of the units of which are hydrocarbyl-substituted, a carboxy-substituted aldehyde, and an aldehyde other than a carboxy-substituted aldehyde, provides an additive for lubricants as well as an intermediate for further reaction with amines, alcohols, or neutralization to form a salt.

Abstract: A novel catalyst comprising the formula:LRE(O)nwhereinL is selected from the group consisting of(a) (R.sub.1)(AL)wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl side chain containing at least one carbon-rhenium covalent bond, andAL is a molecule having C.sub.2 to C.sub.50, and has at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P wherein there is at least one hetero-rhenium dative bond, and has at least one chiral center. and(b) R.sub.AL is a straight or branched chain alkyl or arylalkyl group containing C.sub.2 to C.sub.50 and containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, and P, with the proviso that said alkyl group contains at least one carbon-rhenium covalent bond and at least one hetero-rhenium dative bond, and has at least one chiral center:and n is an integer which is 2, 3, 4, or 5 and which has utility in areas such as epoxidation of olefins.

Abstract: Electrochemiluminescent moieties having the formula(Re(P).sub.m (L.sup.1).sub.n (L.sup.2).sub.o (L.sup.3).sub.p (L.sup.4).sub.t (B).sub.uwhereinP is a polydentate ligand of Re;L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 are ligands of Re, each of which may be the same as or not the same as each other ligand;B is a substance which is a ligand of Re or is conjugated to one or more of P, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3 and L.sup.4 ;m is an integer equal to or greater than 1;each of n, o, p, q, r and s is zero or an integer;t is an integer equal to or greater than 1; andu is an integer equal to or greater than 1;P, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4 and B being of such composition and number that the chemical moiety can be induced to electrochemiluminesce and the total number of bonds to Re provided by the ligands of Re being equal to the coordination number of Re are disclosed.

Abstract: A catalyzed process is disclosed for producing a polyvalent metal C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 carboxylate having the formula M(CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.x COO.sup.--).sub.y, wherein M is the polyvalent metal cation that is manganese (Mn.sup.+2), cobalt (Co.sup.+2), or chromium (Cr.sup.+3), x is zero or 1 and y is an integer equal to the cationic charge of M. The polyvalent metal C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 carboxylate is prepared by admixing (i) a dry polyvalent metal compound that is an oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of Mn.sup.+2, Co.sup.+3 or Cr.sup.+3, (ii) an anhydrous C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 carboxylic acid, and (iii) a catalytic agent at a relative molar ratio of about 1:2-10:0.01-3 in the absence of an added solvent or other diluent to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is heated to complete the reaction, remove the produced water and about 80 percent of the unreacted carboxylic acid. The product in residual carboxylic acid is solidified, ground and the product is recovered.

Abstract: Novel salts are prepared wherein the cation of the salt is a divalent or trivalent cation which is an essential trace element comprising a 1:1 ratio of a complex ion formed between a trace mineral and methionine and any suitable anion, either inorganic or organic. The novel salts have the generic formula: ##STR1## Wherein R.sub.1 is methyl or ethyl, R.sub.2 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or methyl, M is a covalent or trivalent trace mineral cation, X is an anion and w is an integer to balance the anionic charge of X. These novel compounds are useful nutritional supplements, both for animals and humans, in that they provide a readily available source of a highly water soluble methionine which is an essential amino acid.

Abstract: There is provided a method for making a divalent or polyvalent organic anion-intercalated hydrotalcite-like materials by first reacting a magnesium-containing powder and a transition alumina powder in an aqueous suspension to form a meixnerite intermediate. This intermediate is then contacted with a dicarboxylate or polycarboxylate anion to form a hydrotalcite-like material. The latter is then separated from the suspension. Representative materials include an oxalate-, succinate- or terephthalate-intercalated hydrotalcite-like material.

Abstract: The heat-sensitive recording material disclosed comprises a colorless or pale colored dyestuff precursor, one or more salicylic acid derivative of the formula (1) or metal salt of the derivative and an aliphatic amide compound having 18.about.60 carbon atoms in molecular structure, and is excellent in thermal response and preservation stability of white portions and images. ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group, Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group, and R.sub.2 is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group.

Abstract: A sunscreen composition for application to human skin comprises an ultraviolet absorber which is introduced as an anion into a layered double hydroxide of the general formula[N.sub.m N.sub.n (OH).sub.2(m+n) ].sup.y+ X.sup.x-.sub.y/x .multidot.zH.sub.2 Owhere M is a divalent metal or lithium, N is a trivalent metal and X denotes anions present as an interlayer between layers of metal atoms joined through the OH groups.Such layered double hydroxides are, for this invention, suspended in a cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

Abstract: SOD for treating hair loss is disclosed. The SOD has utility in a topical pharmaceutical formulation for the cosmetic treatment of hair loss and the cosmetic stimulation of hair growth. The SOD comprises copper salicylate, copper aspirinate, indomethacin-copper, or a complex of an amino acid or peptide and a transition metal.

Abstract: This invention relates to light-colored manganese carboxylates and to a process for preparing manganese carboxylates. The manganese carboxylate salts are derived from (a) at least one carboxylic acid containing at least about six carbon atoms and characterized by the Formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl groups, and R.sup.4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbylene group or (b) a carboxylic acid mixture comprising at least one carboxylic acid containing at least about six carbon atoms wherein at least about 75% by weight of the carboxylic acids containing at least six carbon atoms in the mixture are characterized by Formula I. Hydrocarbon solutions of such manganese carboxylates are lighter in color and more color stable than hydrocarbon solutions of similar manganese carboxylates wherein the carbon atom alpha to the carboxyl group contains one or two substituents.

Abstract: Methods and diagnostic compositions are disclosed for enhancing magnetic resonance imaging which utilize a paramagnetic metal cluster. Magnetic resonance contrast media containing Z.sup.+ [Mn.sub.12 X.sub.12 (OYR).sub.16l (L).sub.4 ].sup.-, where OYR is an oxyacid such as benzoic acid, acetic acid, methyl sulphonic acid, methyl phosphonic acid; L is a neutral donor such as water, alcohol, pyridine, or other amines; X is a chalcogen, such as O or S; and Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion are disclosed. Z may also be a paramagnetic counter ion, such as a high spin metal cluster. The paramagnetic cluster may optionally be complexed or conjugated to a carrier compound capable of altering the paramagnetic metal cluster's biodistribution, increasing its selectivity of tumor localization, and amplifying its proton relaxivity.

Abstract: Electrochromic coating solutions are prepared by reacting a transition metal with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid. The resulting transition metal-peroxy acid product is esterified by reacting with lower carbon alcohols to produce a peroxyester-transition metal derivative. This derivative in solution in lower carbon alcohols provides a working solution into which a substrate having a conductive surface is preferable dipped and removed at a rate sufficient to give a coating of a desired thickness over the conductive surface. Spray or spin coating can be used to apply the coating to the conductive surface of the substrate. The coating is then dried and is externally fired in an oven to complete the necessary reactions to yield an electrochromic oxide coating having exceptional electrochromic properties.

Abstract: In a solution for forming electron-emitting regions of electron-emitting devices, the solution contains a metal carboxylate expressed by the following general formula (I), an organic solvent and/or , and water; (R(COO)k)mM  (I) where k=numeral from 1 to 4 , m=a numeral from 1 to 4, and R=CnX2n+1−k R=CnX2n+2−k where X=a hydrogen or halogen (total number of hydrogen and halogen atoms is 2n+1) , n=an integer from 0 to 30, and M=a metal, wherein the organic solvent is a carboxylic ester having the same carboxylic group as R(COO)k expressed in the general formula (I). In a manufacture method of electron-emitting devices each provided between electrodes with a conductive film including an electron-emitting region, a process of forming the conductive film includes a step of coating and calcining the above solution. An image-forming apparatus is manufactured by using the electron-emitting devices.