Abstract: A field effect transistor device includes: a reservoir bifurcated by a membrane of three layers: two electrically insulating layers; and an electrically conductive gate between the two insulating layers. The gate has a surface charge polarity different from at least one of the insulating layers. A nanochannel runs through the membrane, connecting both parts of the reservoir. The device further includes: an ionic solution filling the reservoir and the nanochannel; a drain electrode; a source electrode; and voltages applied to the electrodes (a voltage between the source and drain electrodes and a voltage on the gate) for turning on an ionic current through the ionic channel wherein the voltage on the gate gates the transportation of ions through the ionic channel.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I): which is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A production method of difluoroacetyl chloride according to the present invention includes a chlorination step of bringing a raw material containing at least either a 1-alkoxy-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane or difluoroacetyl chloride into contact with calcium chloride at a reaction enabling temperature. A production method of 2,2-difluoroethyl alcohol according to the present invention includes a catalytic reduction step of causing catalytic reduction of the difluoroacetyl chloride obtained by the above production method. By these methods, the difluoroacetyl fluoride can be efficiently converted to the difluoroacetyl chloride and to the 2,2-difluoroethyl alcohol.

Abstract: A process for preparing sulfonamides I where the variables are each as defined in the description, by reacting m-nitrobenzoyl chlorides II with amino sulfones III, under the influence of B equivalents of base IV, wherein, in step a), the amino sulfone III is reacted with B1 equivalents of base IV, and, in step b), the reaction mixture resulting from step a) is reacted with m-nitrobenzoyl chlorides II and B2 equivalents of base IV; where B, B1 and B2 are each as defined in the description.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (Ia): which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of i.a. pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I): which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of i.a. pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I): which are useful as intermediates in the preparation of i.a. pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A process that can be used to produce an acid anhydride or acid chloride is provided. The process comprises contacting a reaction medium with a catalyst. The reaction medium comprises at least one organic acid, combination of the organic acid and phosgene, combination of at least one organic anhydride and phosgene, or combinations of the organic acid, the organic anhydride, and phosgene. The reaction medium can further comprise a solvent. The catalyst is a Group IVB transition metal halide.

Abstract: Optionally substituted biphenylcarbonyl chlorides are obtained in an economically and ecologically advantageous manner by reacting biphenyls with oxalyl chloride in a molar ratio of biphenyl to oxalyl chloride of from 0.7 to 1.5 in the presence of a Lewis acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to single step process for the preparation of poly (oxyalkylene)-alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids of the formula HO2CCH2O(CH2CHRO)nCH2CO2H, wherein R is hydrogen, methyl or mixtures of hydrogen and methyl on the individual molecule and n is an integer of from 100 to 2500, comprising the steps of reacting, an oxidising agent such as poly (oxyalkylene glycol) with Jone's reagent in a polar solvent at a temperature in the range of 10° C. to room temperature for a period ranging between 1 hour to 12 hours, quenching the reaction by adding free radical scavanger, removing oxidation by-products from reaction mixture by adsorbing them on an adsorbing agent to obtain dicarboxylic acids in the solution, and evaporating the clear solution to obtain poly (oxyalkylene)-alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of polyhalogenated benzotrifluorides, benzotrichlorides and benzoyl chlorides and new trihalogeno-benzotrichlorides and -benzoyl chloridesPolyhalogenated benzotrifluorides can be reacted with chlorides from the series of Friedel-Crafts catalysts to give the corresponding benzotrichlorides, which can be hydrolysed by water in the presence of iron(III) chloride to give the corresponding benzoyl chlorides. These are suitable as intermediate products for the preparation of active compounds for medicaments and feed additives.

Abstract: An effective and efficient process for the preparation of chloro-benzoylchlorides of formula I, ##STR1## (n is defined in the specification). In this process a a chloro-trichloromethylbenzene of formula II ##STR2## is treated with water acid in the presence of a Lewis at temperatures below 80.degree. C. The compounds obtained according to this process can be used to prepare certain chloro-substituted benzophenones.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing ortho-difluorobenzene derivatives, which comprises (a) providing a mixture of cyclohexenes by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and 1.3-diene in a flow reactor and distilling the resultant, and (b) dehydrohalogenating the mixture of cyclohexenes with a phase transition catalyst in :he presence of alkali metal hydroxide at temperature range of 40 to 150.degree. C. without using any organic solvent. The distillate having low boiling point, which is obtained during distillation of the resultant, is recycled into the flow reactor. The present invention also provides a method of preparing 2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzoic acid, which comprises (a) providing a mixture of 4-chloro-1-methyl-4,5,5-trifluorocyclohexene and 5-chloro-1-methyl-4,4,5-trifluorocyclohexene by reacting chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and isoprene and distilling the resultant.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing polyhaloacyl fluorides such as trifluoroacetyl fluoride and difluoroacetyl fluoride by oxidizing 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-trifluoroethanes and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane, respectively with oxygen.

Abstract: Ring-halogenated benzoyl chlorides are obtained in a particularly advantageous manner if ring-halogenated benzotrichlorides are reacted with formic acid in the presence of iron salts.

Abstract: Polyhalogenated benzotrifluorides can be reacted with chlorides from the series of Friedel-Crafts catalysts to give the corresponding benzotrichlorides, which can be hydrolysed by water in the presence of iron(III) chloride to give the corresponding benzoyl chlorides. These are suitable as intermediate products for the preparation of active compounds for medicaments and feed additives.

Abstract: Process for preparing a 2,3-dihaloperfluoropropionyl halide wherein an alkali metal chloride, bromide or iodide is contacted with a 3-haloperfluoropropene oxide in admixture in an inert liquid reaction medium.

Abstract: A process for preparing compounds corresponding to the formula RCFXC(O)Cl, in which X is fluorine or chlorine and R is fluorine or a perfluorinated C1- C10-alkyl group, preferably chlorodifluoroacetyl chloride, by photochemical oxidation of R122 (CF.sub.2 ClCHCl.sub.2) and the preparation of trifluoroacetyl chloride by photochemical oxidation of R123 (CF.sub.3 CHCl.sub.2) with oxygen under irradiation. The reaction is preferably carried out without pressurization and without addition of elemental chlorine.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for producing an alkoxyiminoacetamide compound which is useful as agricultural fungicides. Also dislclosed are novel intermediate compounds for the above process and their production.

Abstract: A process for preparing N,N-substituted carbamoyl halides comprising (a) contacting carbon dioxide and a secondary amine in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and a base selected from the group consisting of a phosphazene compound, an organic, nitrogenous base, mixtures of pyridine and a phosphazene compound or an organic, nitrogenous base, and mixtures thereof, to produce the corresponding ammonium carbamate salt, and (b) reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with a halide-containing electrophilic compound to produce the corresponding N,N-substituted carbamoyl halides. A second embodiment comprises recovering the ammonium carbamate salt of step (a) prior to reacting the ammonium carbamate salt with an halide-containing electrophilic compound in the presence of an aprotic organic solvent and a base selected from the group consisting of a phosphazene compound, an organic, nitrogenous base, mixtures of pyridine and a phosphazene compound or an organic, nitrogenous base, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process for preparing perhaloacyl chlorides such as trifluoroacetyl chloride by oxidizing lower perfluoroalkyl and monochloroperfluoroalkyl dichloromethane within the supercritical region and in the absence of water.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of .alpha.-fluoroacrylic acid derivatives from 2,2-difluoro-1-methyl-cyclopropyl compounds and new 1,1-difluoro-2-halogenoethyl (halogeno)methyl ketones obtainable in this process as intermediates.

Abstract: A process for oxidizing an organic compound selected from an aliphatic, aromatic, aliphatic/aromatic, cycloaliphatic and heterocyclic alcohol, thiol, sulfide, aldehyde, amine, amide, ketone, acid, ether, ester, and organic compounds containing an activated carbon-carbon double bond, which process comprises contacting said organic compound dissolved in an organic solvent with a hypochlorous acid solution.

Abstract: A process for producing trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoroacetyl chloride from 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, oxygen and water as starting materials, characterized in that the starting materials are reacted in a vapor phase in a reactor of perfect mixing type to avoid local heating, under a condition not to liquefy the starting materials and reaction products, while continuously supplying the starting materials and continuously withdrawing the reaction products, so as to obtain a reaction mixture comprising trifluoroacetyl chloride as the main product and trifluoroacetic acid as an accompanying product.

Abstract: A process for chlorinating a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1 -alkyl radical, C.sub.1 -alkoxy radical or C.sub.1 -thioalkyl radical, andX.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are identical or different hydrogen or halogen, andX.sup.3 may alternatively be ##STR2## or --NCO, comprising, in an initial phase, dissolving a chlorination catalyst in the compound to be chlorinated, continuously metering this solution together with chlorine into a reaction vessel containing the compound to be chlorinated, and, after the initial phase, removing partially or fully chlorinated compounds from the reaction vessel, dissolving fresh chlorination catalyst in the removed compounds, and feeding this catalyst solution, together with chlorine, to the reaction vessel.