Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for modulating an amount or activity of a gene or a gene product in a cell. The methods herein may comprise contacting a cell with a therapeutic agent assembled with a lipid composition, which lipid composition may comprise a dendrimer or dendron which may comprise one or more degradable diacyl group, in which may result in modulating the amount or activity of the gene or the gene product in the cell. The therapeutic agent modulating a gene or gene product in a cell may be sufficient to treat a disease or disorder in a subject. Further disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions, kits, and lipid compositions for modulating an amount or activity of a gene or a gene product in a cell.

Abstract: The present application relates to a preparation method for solid powder of a carbamic acid derivative, which includes reacting an amine derivative with carbon dioxide at a temperature in a range of from about ?30° C. to about 500° C. and at a pressure in a range of from about 0.3 MPa to about 100 MPa. In addition, the present disclosure relates to a reduction method for solid powder of a carbamic acid derivative to an amine derivative and carbon dioxide, which includes dissolving solid powder of the carbamic acid derivative prepared in a solvent; refluxing the carbamic acid derivative at a temperature in a range of from about 30° C. to about 100° C.; and evaporating the solvent.

Abstract: Processes that make nitrogen-containing compounds include converting succinic acid (SA) or monoammonium succinate (MAS) derived from a diammonium succinate (DAS)- or MAS-containing fermentation broth to produce such compounds including diaminobutane (DAB), succinic dinitrile (SDN), succinic amino nitrile (SAN), succinamide (DAM), and related polymers.

Abstract: A process for recovering an alkanolamine from a used gas scrubbing stream wherein a dynamic reaction system is employed to maximize conversion of bis-urea compounds typically formed in the gas scrubbing operation into the alkanolamine and minimize the formation of amino ethers which irreversibly convert the alkanolamine. A method of removing waste products from the system by the use of a wiped film evaporator.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a preparation method for powder of a carbamic acid derivative, which includes reacting a liquid amine derivative with carbon dioxide at a temperature in a range of from about ?30° C. to about 500° C. at a pressure in a range of from about 0.3 MPa to about 100 MPa. In addition, the present disclosure relates to a reduction method for powder of a carbamic acid derivative to a liquid amine derivative and carbon dioxide, which includes dissolving powder of the carbamic acid derivative prepared in a solvent; refluxing the carbamic acid derivative at a temperature in a range of from about 30° C. to about 100° C.; and evaporating the solvent.

Abstract: Processes for producing nitrogen containing compounds include producing hexamethylenediamine (HMD), adiponitrile (ADN), adipamide (ADM) and derivatives thereof from adipic acid (AA) obtained from fermentation broths containing diammonium adipate (DAA) or monoammonium adipate (MAA).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 2-(aminomethylidene)-4,4-dihalo-3-oxobutyric esters of the formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3 are C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-haloalkyl, C2-C6-alkenyl, C3-C10-cycloalkyl or benzyl, and/or R2 together with R3 and the nitrogen atom to which the two radicals are attached are a heterocyclic radical, in which a corresponding 3-aminoacrylic ester is reacted with a halogen-substituted acetyl fluoride in the presence of at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal fluoride; and the further conversion of halogen-substituted 2-(aminomethylidene)-3-oxobutyric esters of the formula (I) to halomethyl-substituted pyrazol-4-ylcarboxylic acids and their esters.

Abstract: Processes that make nitrogen-containing compounds include converting succinic acid (SA) or monoammonium succinate (MAS) derived from a diammonium succinate (DAS)- or MAS-containing fermentation broth to produce such compounds including diaminobutane (DAB), succinic dinitrile (SDN), succinic amino nitrile (SAN), succinamide (DAM), and related polymers.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to water concentration reduction processes within an adipic acid process. The present invention also includes process for converting a glucose-containing feed derived from a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product wherein the process includes the steps of: converting glucose in the feed to a reaction product including a hydrodeoxygenation substrate and a first concentration of water; reducing the concentration of water in the reaction product to produce a feedstock including the hydrodeoxygenation substrate and second concentration of water, wherein the second concentration of water is less than the first concentration of water; and converting at least a portion of the hydrodeoxygenation substrate in the feedstock to an adipic acid product. Processes are also disclosed for producing hexamethylene diamine and caprolactam from the adipic acid product.

Abstract: Processes include providing a clarified diammonium succinate (DAS)- or monoammonium succinate (MAS)- containing fermentation broth; distilling the broth of an overhead that includes water and ammonia, and a liquid bottoms that includes SA, and at least about 20 wt % water; cooling the bottoms to a temperature sufficient to cause the bottoms to separate into a liquid portion in contact with a solid portion that is substantially pure SA; separating the solid portion from the liquid portion; and converting the solid portion to produce nitrogen containing compounds such as diamino butane (DAB), succinic dinitrile (SDN), succinic amino nitrile (SAN) or succinamide (DAM) and downstream products.

Abstract: The invention provides compounds of the Formula (I), in which W is independently selected from W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, or W represents a pair of substituents independently selected from H, alkyl, aryl or amide in which the amide is optionally part of a linking chain, and the Zn—Zn bonds (n=4-17; n?=n+1) are optionally of any whole or partial bond order, Y is Y1 or Y represents a pair of substituents independently selected from H, C-1-C6 alkyl, Z5 or Z6 aryl, or Y is optionally a bridging structure that may comprise one or more C-1-C6 amide, C-1-C6 ether, or C-1-C6 ester groups, R-R39 are independently selected from no substituent, a lone pair of electrons, H, halogen, C5-C6 aryl, C1- C-12 alkyl, amine, C-1-C6 alkylamine, C-1-C6 amide, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, C-1-C6 ester, phosphane, thiol, C-1-C6 thioether, OR?, and suitable pairs of adjacent R groups (R-R39) may optionally together form part of a C5 or C6 aryl ring, a Z5 or Z6 ring, R? is independently selected from H, C-1-C6 alkyl, Z5 or Z6 aryl, C-1-C6 ester,

Abstract: Preparation methods of methyl-d3-amine and salts thereof are provided, which contain the following steps: (i) nitromethane is subjected to react with deuterium oxide in the present of bases and phase-transfer catalysts to form nitromethane-d3, which is subsequently subjected to reduction in an inert solvent to form methyl-d3-amine, and optionally, methyl-d3-amine reacts subsequently with acids to form salts of methyl-d3-amine; or (ii) N-(1,1,1-trideuteriomethyl)phthalimide is subjected to react with acids to form salts of methyl-d3-amine. The present methods are easy, high efficient, and low cost.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for working up a stream (3) comprising from 5 to 90% by weight of isocyanate by hydrolysis of the isocyanate by means of water in a reactor (1), in which the isocyanate-comprising stream (3) is introduced to the reactor (1) via a first inlet and the water is introduced via a second inlet, the isocyanate is reacted with the water in the reactor to form the corresponding: diamine, a diamine-comprising product mixture is taken off from the reactor (1) via a product outlet, wherein part of the product mixture is recirculated to the reactor and the isocyanate-comprising stream (3) is introduced into the recirculated product stream (7), with the isocyanate-comprising stream (3) being introduced continuously without interruption and the molar ratio of H-acid compounds of the hydrolyzate to isocyanate groups of the stream introduced being kept in the range from 10 to 200.

Abstract: It is an objective of the present invention to produce an anti-form of an optically active ?-hydroxy-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester efficiently, simply and industrially advantageously. The objective can be accomplished by directly and selectively producing the anti-form of the optically active ?-hydroxy-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester by asymmetric reduction of a ?-keto-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester using an optically active amine complex as a catalyst. Further, the ?-keto-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester as a raw material can be produced at a high yield by reacting a glycine derivative with a carboxylic acid derivative.

Abstract: Novel methods of synthesizing 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases and derivatives are disclosed. The synthesis is achieved from commercially available and inexpensive starting materials. The process includes thioesterification, cross-coupling, and reduction. The process may also include directed epoxidation, regioselective epoxide-opening, hydrogenation, and dihydroxylation. The methods described herein provide 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases and derivatives in high overall yield and high enantiomeric purity.

Abstract: The invention relates to new processes for preparation of 18F-labelled alkylation reagents that can be used in the alkylation of amines that are suitable for use in labelling of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiotracers.

Abstract: Compounds represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b). A complex comprising a center metal of rhodium and a compound represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b) as a ligand. A catalyst for optically active beta-substituted carbonyl compound synthesis and catalyst for asymmetric 1, 2 addition reaction being composed of the complex. A method of production of an optically active beta-aryl compound from an alpha, beta-unsaturated compound and an aryl-boronic acid derivative and method of production of an optically active aryl alcohol compound from an aldehyde compound and aryl boronic acid derivatives using the catalyst. A complex comprising a center metal of palladium and a compound represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b) as a ligand. A catalyst for asymmetric allylic substitution reaction being composed of the complex.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of making sphingosines and derivatives thereof, and the like.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to processes for the chemocatalytic conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product. The present invention includes processes for the conversion of a carbohydrate source to an adipic acid product via a furanic substrate, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof. The present invention also includes processes for producing an adipic acid product comprising the catalytic hydrogenation of a furanic substrate to produce a tetrahydrofuranic substrate and the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of at least a portion of the tetrahydrofuranic substrate to an adipic acid product. The present invention also includes products produced from adipic acid product and processes for the production thereof from such adipic acid product.

Abstract: Processes for preparing an amine, the processes comprising: reacting a reactant selected from the group consisting of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and mixtures thereof, with hydrogen and a nitrogen compound selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines and mixtures thereof, in the presence of a zirconium dioxide-, copper- and nickel-containing catalyst; wherein the catalyst comprises a catalytically active composition which comprises, before reduction with hydrogen, oxygen compounds of zirconium, copper, nickel, no oxygen compounds of cobalt, and 0.2 to 5.0% by weight of at least one oxygen compound of phosphorus or gallium, calculated as H3PO4 and Ga2O3 respectively.

Abstract: Processes for preparing an amine, which processes comprise: reacting a reactant selected from the group consisting of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and mixtures thereof, with hydrogen and a nitrogen compound selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, secondary amines and mixtures thereof, in the presence of a zirconium dioxide-, copper- and nickel-containing catalyst; wherein the catalyst comprises a catalytically active composition which comprises, before reduction with hydrogen, oxygen compounds of zirconium, copper, and nickel, and 0.2 to 40% by weight of an oxygen compound of cobalt, calculated as CoO, 0.1 to 5% by weight of an oxygen compound of iron, calculated as Fe2O3, and 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one oxygen compound of lead, tin, bismuth or antimony, calculated as PbO, SnO, Bi2O3 and Sb2O3 respectively.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of making sphingosines and derivatives thereof, and the like.

Abstract: A process for preparing an enantiomerically enriched amino alcohol or derivatives thereof having the structure: wherein C* is a chiral carbon atom and R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and a peptide chain, wherein said process includes the steps of: (a) providing an amino acid having the structure of Formula I: (b) protecting the amino group of the Formula I amino acid with a carbobenzoxy(Cbz) N-protecting group by reacting the amino acid with benzyl chloroformate in the presence of a base; (c) forming a carboxylic acid alkyl ester of the Cbz N-protected Formula I amino acid by reacting the amino acid with a C1-12 alcohol; and (d) reducing the Cbz N-protected amino acid ester with a borohydride reducing agent in an organic solvent or mixture of organic solvents to form a Cbz N-protected amino-alcohol

Abstract: An amine is prepared by cleaving a carbamate of the formula I wherein R1=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or phenyl group, R2=alkyl, aryl or phenyl group, wherein R1 and R2 are independently substituted or unsubstituted, wherein the cleaving of the carbamate is performed in the presence of an acid of the formula II wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently alkyl or phenyl group, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are the same or different.

Abstract: Processes for preparing amino alcohols or salts thereof and sulfonamide substituted alcohol compounds are provided. Desirably, the sulfonamide substituted alcohol compounds are heterocyclic sulfonamide trifluoroalkyl-substituted alcohol compounds or phenyl sulfonamide trifluoroalkyl-substituted alcohol compounds.

Abstract: Provided is an alcohol production method comprising the step of reducing an ester or a lactone with hydrogen to produce a corresponding alcohol without addition of a base compound by using, as a catalyst, a ruthenium complex represented by the following general formula (1): RuH(X)(L1)(L2)n ??(1) wherein X represents a monovalent anionic ligand, L1 represents a tetradentate ligand having at least one coordinating phosphino group and at least one coordinating amino group or a bidentate aminophosphine ligand having one coordinating phosphino group and one coordinating amino group, and L2 represents a bidentate aminophosphine ligand having one coordinating phosphino group and one coordinating amino group, provided that n is 0 when L1 is the tetradentate ligand, and n is 1 when L1 is the bidentate aminophosphine ligand.

Abstract: It relates to a highly heat resistant thermosetting polyimide resin composition that is cured at a temperature of 150° C. or less, and provides a cured product that generates a less amount of decomposed gas even under heating to 250° C., and has flexibility and adhesiveness. A two-component thermosetting polyimide resin composition containing a liquid A containing a polyimide (a) having a main chain constituted by a repeating unit having a polyoxyalkylenediamine structure with amino groups on both ends thereof, and a liquid B containing a bismaleimide compound, and a cured product of a thermosetting polyimide resin composition obtained by mixing these two liquids and curing the mixture under heating.

Abstract: It is an objective of the present invention to produce an anti-form of an optically active ?-hydroxy-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester efficiently, simply and industrially advantageously. The objective can be accomplished by directly and selectively producing the anti-form of the optically active ?-hydroxy-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester by asymmetric reduction of a ?-keto-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester using an optically active amine complex as a catalyst. Further, the ?-keto-?-aminocarboxylic acid ester as a raw material can be produced at a high yield by reacting a glycine derivative with a carboxylic acid derivative.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of asymmetric alkynylated ?-amino esters of the formula wherein R1 and R2 are independently optionally substituted alkyl cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, and Y is hydrogen or a nitrogen protecting group.

Abstract: Compounds represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b). A complex comprising a center metal of rhodium and a compound represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b) as a ligand. A catalyst for optically active beta-substituted carbonyl compound synthesis and catalyst for asymmetric 1, 2 addition reaction being composed of the complex. A method of production of an optically active beta-aryl compound from an alpha, beta-unsaturated compound and an aryl-boronic acid derivative and method of production of an optically active aryl alcohol compound from an aldehyde compound and aryl boronic acid derivatives using the catalyst. A complex comprising a center metal of palladium and a compound represented by the following general formula (1a) or (1b) as a ligand. A catalyst for asymmetric allylic substitution reaction being composed of the complex.

Abstract: Severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohols are prepared by a process comprising reacting a ketene with sulfuric acid to produce an anhydride which is then reacted with, to cleave the ring of, a dioxane to yield a cleavage product which is then aminated using an amine, followed by hydrolysis with a base to yield the desired severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohol.

Abstract: Severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohols are prepared by reacting organic carboxylic, organic carboxylic acid halides, acid anhydrides or a ketene with an alkyl, alkaryl or alkylhalo sulfonate to yield a sulfonic-carboxylic anhydride compound which is then reacted with a dioxane to cleave the ring of the dioxane, yielding a cleavage product which cleavage product is then aminated with an alkylamine and hydrolyzed with base to yield the severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohol.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of unsaturated and saturated primary fatty amines comprising the steps of chlorination, treatment by ammonia, reduction and purification.

Abstract: A continuous process for decarboxylating carboxylic acids proceeds by I.) initially charging a carbonyl compound as a catalyst in a solvent at reaction temperature, to obtain a catalyst solution; II.) metering a carboxylic acid into the catalyst solution as an aqueous solution, aqueous suspension or as a water-comprising solid, to obtain a reaction mixture; and III.) continuously removing a mixture of CO2, solvent, water and a reaction product or mixture of reaction products from the reaction mixture as a vapor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for preparing a key intermediate, 3-amino-pentan-1,5-diol (2), which is useful for the preparation of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-[3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-propylamino]-8-methyl-8H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-one (1) a MAP-kinase inhibitor useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract: An amine is prepared by cleaving a carbamate of the formula I wherein R1=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or phenyl group, R2=alkyl, aryl or phenyl group, wherein R1 and R2 are independently substituted or unsubstituted, wherein the cleaving of the carbamate is performed in the presence of an acid of the formula II wherein R3, R4 and R5 are independently alkyl or phenyl group, wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are the same or different.

Abstract: The present invention describes compounds produced from an amino acid molecule and a fatty acid molecule. The compounds being in the form of amino-fatty acid compounds being bound by an anhydride linkage, or mixtures thereof made by reacting amino acids or derivatives thereof with an appropriate fatty acid previously reacted with a thionyl halide. The administration of such molecules provides supplemental amino acids with enhanced bioavailability and the additional benefits conferred by the specific fatty acid.

Abstract: Severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohols are prepared by reacting an organic carboxylic acid or alkali metal salt of an organic carboxylic acid with a sulfonyl halide, a sulfuryl halide, a mixed sulfuryl ester halide or a mixed sulfuryl amide halide to yield a sulfonic-carboxylic anhydride compound which is then reacted with a dioxane to cleave the ring of the dioxane, yielding a cleavage product which cleavage product is then aminated with an alkylamine and hydrolyzed with base to yield the severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohol.

Abstract: A method for producing unprotected or carbamate-protected amines of formulae (II) and (III) or R1—NH2 (II) or R1—NHCO2R2 (III) by reacting hydroxamic acids of formula (I) (R1CONHOH) with a) alkylphosphonic acid anhydrite's, b) alcohol R2OH and c) optionally with a base, at a temperature ranging from 100 to +120° C., wherein the hydroxamic acid (I) is produced prior to or during reacting (in situ) and R1 is an optionally substituted linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl radical, substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl or heteroaryl radical and R2 is an open-chain, cyclic or branched allyl, aryl or C1 to C12-alkyl radicals, or aryloxy, allyloxy or alkoxy radical possibly substituted with open-chain, cyclic or branched C1 to C12-alkyl radicals.

Abstract: Severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohols are prepared by reacting acid anhydrides or organic carboxylic acid halides with SO3 to yield a sulfonic carboxylic anhydride compound which is then reacted with a dioxane to cleave the ring of the dioxane yielding a cleavage product which is then aminated with an alkylamine and hydrolyzed with a base to yield the severely sterically hindered secondary aminoether alcohol.

Abstract: Conformationally restricted polyamine compounds useful in treatment of cancer and other diseases marked by abnormal cell proliferation are disclosed. Improved methods of synthesizing such compounds are also disclosed. In one method of the invention, a carbene-bearing or carbene equivalent-bearing compound is reacted with the double bond of an alkene compound to form a cyclopropyl ring as the first step in the synthesis.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the production of a sphingoid base according to formula comprising the steps of (1) dissolving a starting compound according to formula III or a salt thereof in a substantially inert solvent, (2) protecting the NH2 group with a NH2 protecting group, (3) activating the C-4 HR3 group for an elimination reaction with the C-5 HR4 group, (4) causing an elimination reaction to take place to form a double bond between the C-4 and C-5 carbon atom, and (5) removing the NH2 protecting group.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a diasteromerically enriched phenylglycine amide derivative in which an enantiomerically enriched phenylglycine amide is converted into the corresponding Schiff base with the aid of compound R2—C(O)—R3, and the Schiff base obtained is subsequently converted into the diastereomerically enriched phenyglycine amide derivative with the aid of a cyanide source, a reducing agent or an allyl organometallic compound. The phenylglycine amide derivatives obtained are interesting starting materials for the preparation of for example enantiomerically enriched &agr;- and or &bgr;-amino acids and derivatives thereof, such as amides and esters, and amines.

Abstract: An improved process for the production of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine in high purity from N,N-dimethylaminopropionitrile utilizing a low pressure hydrogenation process is described. The basic process comprises contacting the nitrile with hydrogen at low pressure in the presence of a catalyst under conditions sufficient to effect the conversion of the nitrile to the primary amine product.

Abstract: An amino group of an &agr;-amino acid ester is protected as an imine, and it is then reacted with a halomethyllithium to obtain an N-protected-&agr;-aminohalomethylketone. Further, this N-protected-&agr;-aminohalomethylketone is treated with an acid to obtain an &agr;-aminohalomethylketone. This process is suited for industrial production, and can produce an &agr;-aminohalomethylketone and its related compounds economically and efficiently.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula (I) and (Ia) in the form of racemates, mixtures of diastereomers or in essentially enantiomerically pure form, (I), (Ia), where R is hydrogen, C1-C8alkyl, C5-C12cycloakyl, phenyl or phenyl substituted by from 1 to 3 C1-C4alky or C1-C4alkoxy groups; n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 4 and R1 are identical or different subtitutuents selected from the group consisting of C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4fluoroalkyl and C1-C4alkoxy; X1 and X2 are each, indenpendently of one another, secondary phosphino; T is C6-C20arylene or C3-C16heteroarylene; and X2 is bound in the ortho position relative to the T-cyclopenitadienyl bond.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of generating N(CF3)2 anions by reacting a metal fluoride of formula MFx with a compound of formula RFSO2N(CF3)2, (CF3)2N(SO2CF2)mSO2N(CF3)2 or RFCON(CF3)2. The invention further relates to the use of the N(CF3)2 anions as a reagent for the introduction of halogen or other organic groups into organic molecules.

Abstract: An amino group of an &agr;-amino acid ester is protected as an imine, and it is then reacted with a halomethyllithium to obtain an N-protected-&agr;-aminohalomethylketone. Further, this N-protected-&agr;-aminohalomethylketone is treated with an acid to obtain an &agr;-aminohalomethylketone. This process is suited for industrial production, and can produce an &agr;-aminohalomethylketone and its related compounds economically and efficiently.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of chiral (S)-2,3-disubstituted-1-propylamine derivatives, in which a carbonyl group of (S) 3,4-disubstituted-1-butanecarbonyl derivatives is converted to an amine group, and the conversion reaction is performed through Curtius rearrangement or Hoffman rearrangement.

Abstract: The present invention relates to squaraine dye containing terminal aminoanthracene or acridine groups and to a process for preparation thereof.