Abstract: The present invention provides a process for nitrating aromatic compounds without the need for a solid catalyst and/or any organic solvents and/or any other additives. A typical process includes combining or admixing a nitric acid and an anhydride compound under conditions sufficient to produce a reactive intermediate. The aromatic compound to be nitrated is then added to this reactive intermediate to produce a nitroaromatic compound. The nitroaromatic compound can be substituted with one or more, typically, one to three, and often one or two nitrate (—NO2) groups.

Abstract: A continuous method for functionalizing a carbon nanotube includes preparing a carbon nanotube solution containing a nitro compound represented by chemical formula 1 as R—(NOx)y wherein R is an alkyl group of C1 to C7 or an aryl group of C6 to C20 and x and y are integers of 1 to 3 independently, a carbon nanotube and a solvent. An oxidizer for forming a nitric acid selected from the group consisting of the carbon nanotube, oxygen, air, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and a mixture thereof is mixed with the carbon nanotube solution at a front end of a functionalizing reactor and the carbon nanotube mixture is fed into the functionalizing reactor. A functionalized carbon nanotube is prepared by treating the carbon nanotube mixture fed into the functionalizing reactor under a subcritical water or supercritical water condition of 50 to 400 atm.

Abstract: The present invention, which enables to align a liquid crystal molecule, when no voltage is applied thereto, and also to control pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecule, relates to a composition for a liquid crystal alignment film comprising components represented by the following (A) to (D): (A) a meta-phenylene diamine derivative represented by the general formula [1]; (B) a meta-phenylene diamine derivative represented by the general formula [2]; (C) a para-arylene diamine represented by the general formula [3]; (D) a tetracarboxylic acid represented by the general formula [4] or a tetracarboxylic acid anhydride represented by the general formula [4?]; (wherein R1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or the like, R2 represents an alkyl group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms or the like, t moieties of Ra represent an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or the like, n represents an integer of 1 to 3, t represents an integer of 0 to 4, T represents an oxygen atom or the like, Y repre

Abstract: A process for recovering ethanol obtained from the hydrogenation of acetic acid. The crude ethanol product is separated in a column to produce a distillate stream comprising acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate and a residue stream comprising ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and water. Unreacted acetic acid can be reduced or removed through configurations of esterification secondary reactors. The ethanol product is recovered from the residue stream.

Abstract: Recovery of alcohols, in particular ethanol, from a crude ethanol product obtained from the hydrogenation of acetic acid using a reduced energy process. The crude ethanol product may be fed to a distillation column in which a substantial portion of the water is removed with the acetic acid in the residue. The ethanol product is obtained from the distillate.

Abstract: A process for producing a polyether polyol which can form low viscosity rigid foamed synthetic resins excellent in strength, dimensional stability and flame retardancy, can give a low viscosity polyol system solution containing water instead of HFCs as a blowing agent with good miscibility with isocyanate compounds and can form good rigid foamed synthetic resins by spraying, which polyether polyol is produced by reacting a phenol component (molar ratio 1) selected from phenol and phenol derivatives having a hydrogen atom at one or more ortho-positions to the phenolic hydroxyl group, an aldehyde component (molar ratio 0.3 to 0.9) selected from formaldehyde and acetoaldehyde and an alkanolamine component (molar ratio 1.5 to 3.5) selected from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and 1-amino-2-propanol and then adding an alkylene oxide to the resulting reaction product.

Abstract: A composition comprising a polymer backbone and at least one side group, wherein the side group comprises a benzene ring-based chromophore comprising a ketone at the 1-position, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group at the 2-position, and an oxygen atom at the 3-position of the benzene ring. The chromophore is a kynurenine-based compound. Methods of making and using the composition are also provided. The composition can be used in an ophthalmic lens or device for protecting the retina by blocking UV rays and filtering violet rays.

Abstract: The compound (I) or a salt thereof has an excellent controlling activity against pests. Then the compound (I) or a salt thereof is useful for an active ingredient of a pesticidal composition.

Abstract: Provided is a method that provides both spatial and temporal control of a polymer degradation process using mono- and multifunctional macromolecular monomers (“macromers”) that degrade via single- and multi-photon photolysis mechanisms over a broad range of wavelengths. The macromers can form or be incorporated into networks via covalent, non-covalent and/or ionic interactions. The spatial and temporal degradation of these networks can be controlled. More specifically, provided is a photodegradable macromer, comprising: (a) a photodegradable group; (b) a backbone structure comprising one or more repeating units that may be the same or different, which backbone structure is attached to the photodegradable group directly or through a linker; (c) one or more reactive end groups at one or more ends of the macromer; and optionally, (d) one or more therapeutic agents; and optionally (e) one or more caged groups.

Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of aryl-heteroatom-bridged compounds by reacting a halogen-substituted aromatic compound with a trialkylsilyl-substituted heteroatom-containing organic compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel imidazoline derivatives and their use as insecticidal, acaricidal, mollus and nematocidal agents. The invention also extends to insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscicidal and nematicidal compositions comprising such imidazoline derivatives, and to methods of using such derivatives and/or compositions to combat and control insect, acarine, mollusc and nematode pests. A compound of formula (I): and the salts and N-oxides thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel cationic lipids, transfection agents, microparticles, nanoparticles, and short interfering nucleic acid (siNA) molecules. The invention also features compositions, and methods of use for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of traits, diseases and conditions that respond to the modulation of gene expression and/or activity in a subject or organism. Specifically, the invention relates to novel cationic lipids, microparticles, nanoparticles and transfection agents that effectively transfect or deliver biologically active molecules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a gasoline combustion improver comprising an organic nitro compound with C—NO2 bond dissociation energy of about 60 to about 80 Kcal/mol of compound, wherein the organic nitro compound is selected from the group consisting of nitro-aromatics, heteroatom aromatic ring compounds, heteroatom nonaromatic ring compounds, and nitrated furfuryls, and wherein the organic nitro compound is not nitrotoluene or dinitrotoluene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of compounds of formula (V) wherein X, Q, R1, R1a and R2 are as defined in the specification, the compounds being useful in the preparation of therapeutic agents.

Abstract: Growth factor binding molecules having a plurality of peptide loops attached to a non-peptide organic scaffold, preferably having pseudo-six amino acid peptide loops with four amino acid sidechains. The growth factor binding molecules specifically bind various growth factors and are suitable for treating a subject having tumors or restinosis. In one embodiment a platelet-derived growth factor binding molecule is disclosed that is used to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in solid tumors.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel conformationally-defined macrocyclic compounds that can function as selective modulators of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R1a and subtypes, isoforms and variants thereof). Methods of synthesizing the novel compounds are also described herein. These compounds are useful as agonists of the ghrelin receptor and as medicaments for treatment and prevention of a range of medical conditions including, but not limited to, metabolic and/or endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disorders, obesity and obesity-associated disorders, central nervous system disorders, bone disorders, genetic disorders, hyperproliferative disorders and inflammatory disorders.

Abstract: Growth factor binding molecules having a plurality of peptide loops attached to a non-peptide organic scaffold, preferably having pseudo-six amino acid peptide loops with four amino acid sidechains. The growth factor binding molecules specifically bind various growth factors and are suitable for treating a subject having tumors or restinosis. In one embodiment a platelet-derived growth factor binding molecule is disclosed that is used to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in solid tumors.

Abstract: The purification and structure elucidation of several products of the metabolism of Et 743 by human cytochrome CYP3A4 have been accomplished. These compounds are abbreviated herein as “ETM” followed by a numeric value which represents the approximate molecular weight. Three compounds have been identified to date, namely ETM 305, ETM 775 and ETM 204.

Abstract: A continuous process for preparing alkoxynitroarenes, such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 1-isopropoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene, is provided. The continuous process of the present invention provides for the effective handling and manufacture of alkoxynitroarenes and permits the utilization of the continuous processing equipment already in place in a number of trinitrotoluene (TNT) manufacturing facilities. Thus, the present invention provides a continuous process for the large scale manufacture of TNT alternatives which does not require re-facilitization.

Abstract: The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and novel compositions containing at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and, optionally, one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents. The present invention also provides novel compositions containing at least one phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents.

Abstract: Novel polymer stabilizers are disclosed. The novel stabilizers have the general formula (R)qSn-(MR″-OCH2-R′CH]m-OT)4-q, P-[(OCH2-R′CH)mOT]3′ wherein M is O or S and R″is (CH2)pCO-, CO-(CH3)p, or CO(CH2)p-. About 0.005 to about 65 phr of the stabilizer can be used in a polymer having a halogen-containing repeating unit, such as poly(vinyl chloride), to reduce yellowing of an article made from the polymer after the article has been exposed to gamma radiation.

Abstract: A new method for producing unsymmetrically substituted fluorenyl compounds, one step of which is the preparation of 2,7-disubstituted fluoren-9-one derivatives via the nucleophilic substitution of a compound of the formula D wherein A′ is selected from the group consisting of —Br, —Cl, —F, —NO2, and —CN; A is selected from the group consisting of —NO2, —CN, —CO2R, —C(O)R, —SO2R, —SO2RF, —C(CN)═C(CN)2 and —CH═C(CN)2; RF is —CpF2p+1, p=from about 0 to about 10; R is an straight, branched or cyclic aliphatic alkyl group having about 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aromatic group such as phenyl or naphthyl; and is a carbonyl or a protected carbonyl such as a ketal or thio-ketal such as wherein R′ is —CrH2r+1; R″ is —(CH2)r—; and r is independently 2 or 3, with a nucleophilic reagent in the presence of an aprotic solvent

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-propan-2-ol, which is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of the widely used antibiotic Levofloxacin is provided. A process for the preparation of (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-2-trimethylsiloxypropane is also described. The process includes the ring opening of (R)-propylene oxide with 2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenyl trimethylsilyl ether in the presence of an optically active Co(salen) catalyst. The trimethylsilyl group of the reactant is transferred to the product aryloxy alcohol, which serves to protect the secondary alcohol in situ. Upon isolation, the trimethylsilyl group is removed and the resulting regioisomeric mixture purified to yield the desired (R)-1-(2,3-difluoro-6-nitrophenoxy)-propan-2-ol in high purity and yield.

Abstract: The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and novel compositions containing at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and, optionally, one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents. The present invention also provides novel compositions containing at least one phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and one or more compounds that donate, transfer or release nitric oxide, elevate endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulate endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and/or one or more vasoactive agents.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an allylic aromatic compound in which an aromatic amine is reacted first with a nitrite and then with an allylic olefin having an eliminatable terminal substituent. Novel allylic derivatives of disubstituted benzene compounds are also described.

Abstract: Mannich polyols having a viscosity of from 300 to 3,500 cps (0.3 to 3.5 Pa*s) at 25° C. are prepared by admixing a phenol, an alkanolamines, and formaldehyde mixed in molar ratios of from 1:1:1 to 1:2.2:2.2 resulting in an initiator which can be alkoxylated using a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to prepare polyols that have a nominal functionality of from 3 to 5.4.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to new, energy-efficient photoinitiators in the form of &agr;-amino enol ether compounds. The present invention is also directed to a method of generating reactive species, which includes exposing one or more photoinitiators to radiation to form one or more reactive species. Also described are methods of polymerizing unsaturated monomers, methods of curing an unsaturated oligomer/monomer mixture, and methods of laminating using the photoinitiators of the present invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of nitrosobenzene from aromatic amines by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst based on compounds of tungsten and/or molybdenum without the addition of the organic solvents conventionally used.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the preparation of specific 1-substituted 2,4-dinitrobenzenes by reaction of 1-halogeno-2,4-dinitrobenzenes with mono-alkali metal salts of specific diols, in which the 1-halogeno-2,4-dinitrobenzene and the mono-alkali metal salt of the diol are simultaneously added and reacted.

Abstract: Substituted N-phenyl- and N-heteroarylalkylcarbamates of the formula I ##STR1## in which Q is a group ##STR2## R is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy;Z is hydrogen or halogen; orZ and R together in the 2- and 3-position of the phenyl ring form a group --OCF.sub.2 O--;R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl;R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;X is oxygen, sulfur, --SO-- or --SO.sub.2 --;Y is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or cyano;n is 0, 1 or 2;n.sub.1 is 0 or 1; andm is 0 or 1,with the proviso that m is 1 if Q is group (1) or (2);and the diastereomers and enantiomers thereof,exhibit pre- and post-emergence herbicidal properties. The preparation of these compounds and their use as herbicidally active ingredients are described.

Abstract: Substituted N-phenyl- and N-heteroarylalkylcarbamates of formula (I), in which Q is a group (1), (2) or (3); R is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy; Z is hydrogen or halogen; or Z and R together in the 2- and 3-position of the phenyl ring form a group --OCF.sub.2 O--; R.sub.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, independently of one another, are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; X is oxygen, sulfur, --SO-- or --SO.sub.2 --, Y is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or cyano; n is 0, 1 or 2; n.sub.1 is 0 or 1; and m is 0 or 1, with the proviso that m is 1 if Q is group (1) or (2); and the diastereomers and enantiomers thereof, exhibit pre- and post-emergence herbicidal properties. The preparation of these compounds and their use as herbicidally active ingredients are described.

Abstract: A multistage process of preparing N-alkyl-3,4-dialkyl-2,6-dinitroanilines starts from 3,4-dialkyl phenol and goes through the stages of 3,4-dialkyl-2,6-dinitrophenol and 3,4-dialkyl-2,6-ditro alkoxybenzene, wherein the latter are new compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes for the preparation of new bridged cyclopentadienylmagnesium compounds of the general formula Q(CpR.sub.a)(Cp'R'.sub.a ')Mg, and the use thereof for preparing bridged metallocenes.

Abstract: The intermediate ##STR1## wherein R is a lower alkyl group, is used to prepare a N-alkyl-3,4-dialkyl-2,6,-dinitro-aniline in a relatively simple, inexpensive and safe fashion, and with a high yield.

Abstract: Disclosed are new bridged cyclopentadienylmagnesium compounds of the general formula Q(CpR.sub.a) (Cp'R'.sub.a')Mg, processes for the preparation thereof, and the use thereof for preparing bridged metallocenes.

Abstract: The synthesis and compound of a new caged calcium which is an ortho-nitrophenyl derivative of EGTA and various intermediates. It is synthesized in ten steps and 24% overall yield. The photosensitive chelator, nitrophenyl-EGTA, has a K.sub.d for Ca.sup.2+ of 80 nM and for Mg.sup.2+ of 8.8 mM. Upon exposure to ultra-violet light (in the region of 350 nm), the chelator is cleaved, yielding iminodiacetic acid photoproducts with known low Ca-affinity (K.sub.d =1 mM). The quantum yield of photolysis of nitrophenyl-EGTA in the presence of Ca.sup.a+ is 0.23 and in the absence of Ca.sup.2+ is 0.20. In experiments with chemically skinned skeletal muscle fibers, a fully relaxed fiber equilibrated with nitrophenyl-EGTA:Ca.sup.2+ complex, in the presence of physiological [Mg.sup.2+ ] (i.e. 1.0 mM), produced maximal contraction after a single flash from a frequency doubled ruby laser (347 nm). Half-maximal tension was achieved in 18 ms at 15.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for preparing formoterol and related compounds and derivatives thereof and their pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable fumarate salts and/or solvates. The present invention is also directed to certain formoterol related compounds per se.

Abstract: This invention relates to structurally novel acyclic tocotrienol analogs, which are useful for cholesterol/lipid lowering in cases of hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia, and for atherosclerosis. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions and a method of use employing those compositions.

Abstract: Process for producing 5-alkoxy-2,4-dinitroalkylbenzenes of the general formula (I) ##STR1## R.sup.1 =C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl; R=C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl group, C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl, C.sub.3 to C.sub.4 dihydroxyalkyl,in which a 3-fluoroalkylbenzene is nitrated and the obtained 2,4-dinitro-5-fluoroalkylbenzene is then reacted with a suitable alcohol at -5.degree. C. to +25.degree. C. with the addition of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Abstract: Compounds having non-linear optical activity of the general formula ##STR1## wherein D and A are electron donor and acceptor groups, respectively, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are aromatic bridging groups, X and Y are preferably groups capable of partaking in polymerization reactions are suitable for use in polymer-based light modulator devices.

Abstract: The compounds of formula I, ##STR1## wherein the substituents have various significances, and physiologically acceptable hydrolyzable derivatives thereof having the hydroxy group in the 2 position of the 3-aminopropoxy side chain in esterified form, are useful as cardioselective .beta.-adrenoceptor blocking agents.

Abstract: Disclosed are fluorobenzene derivatives, which are important intermediates for producing herbicidal oxazolidinedione derivatives, and methods of producing them. The fluorobenzene derivatives include compounds of a formula (11): ##STR1## where X is a halogen atom, R.sup.3 is a nitro, amino or isocyanato group or R.sup.1 OCONH, and R.sup.1 is an alkyl or phenyl group. Via the intermediates of the invention, oxazolidinedione derivatives can be produced with high yield.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of geminal diarylalkanes of the formula ##STR1## by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds with specific aliphatic halogen compounds (addition compounds of CCl.sub.4 , to .alpha.-olefins), to new geminal diarylalkanes and the aralkyl compounds resulting as intermediates.

Abstract: A perfluoroalkyl halogenide represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein X stands for one element selected from the group consisting of iodine and bromine, R.sub.f for a perfluorohydrocarbon group, n for an integer in the range of 1 to 3, and m for an integer in the range of 1 to 3, provided that n and m satisfy the relationship, n.gtoreq.m, is produced by a method which consists essentially in subjecting a perfluorocarboxylic acid fluoride represented by the formula, ##STR2## wherein R.sub.f and n have the same meanings as defined above, to a thermal reaction with a lithium halogenide represented by XI, wherein X has the same meaning as defined above.

Abstract: A process is provided for producing nitrophenetole where nitrochlorobenzene is reacted in a cosolvent of a monohydric alcohol and N-alkylpyrrolidone with aqueous alkali metal hydroxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to dithioacetal compounds having 5-lipoxygenase-inhibiting activity, of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is lower alkyl, di-(lower)alkylamino, aryl, or heterocyclic group which may have one or more substituents selected from halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy and phenyl,R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each lower alkyl, aryl or ar-(lower)alkyl, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are together to form 1,3-dithian ring,R.sup.4 is hydrogen or lower alkoxy, andn is O or an integer 1 to 4 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel process for effecting an ether interchange reaction by heating together in the presence of a basic catalyst, a nitroaromatic ether or thioether and an organic compound containing at least one hydroxyl or mercapto group. The novelty resides particularly in carrying out the interchange in an inert solvent while sparging the heated reactants thereby to remove at least a portion of solvent along with an evolving alcohol or thiol.The process is particularly adapted to the capping of organic polyols with nitroaromatic ether groups. The capped products are useful as intermediates for the preparation of high molecular weight polyamines which in turn find utility in various polymer applications.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of o-nitrophenetole by allowing about 1.05 to about 1.4 mole of ethanol to act on 1 mole of o-nitrochlorobenzene in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst in approximately 40 to approximately 70 percent by weight alkali metal hydroxide solution at temperatures from about 50.degree. to about 80.degree. C. in such a way that the ethanol concentration in the reaction mixture does not exceed 1.5 percent by weight throughout the course of the reaction.

Abstract: Heterocyclic dihydroxyquinoxaline compounds having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-12 -alkyl, which may optionally be substituted by hydroxy, formyl, carboxy, carboxylic esters, amides or amines, C.sub.3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl; and wherein R.sup.6 is, hydrogen, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, or OR', wherein R' is C.sub.1-4 -alkyl and R.sup.5, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 is hydrogen, provided R.sup.6 is not CF.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, NO.sub.2, C.sup.1 or Br when R.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 ; orR.sup.6 and R.sup.7 independently are NO.sub.2, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, or OR', wherein R' is C.sub.1-4 -alkyl, and R.sup.5 and R.sup.8 are each hydrogen; orR.sup.5 and R.sup.6 together form a further fused aromatic ring, which may be substituted with halogen, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3 or OR', wherein R' is C.sub.1-4 -alkyl, and R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 independently are hydrogen, halogen, CN, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2 or OR', wherein R' is C.sub.1-4 -alkyl; orR.sup.7 and R.sup.

Abstract: A process for the halogenation (bromination or chlorination)/nitration/fluorination of aromatic derivatives substituted by at least one group containing a halogenoalkyl unit. The aromatic derivative is reacted with a halogen and a nitrating agent in liquid hydrofluoric acid. The products obtained are useful as intermediates for the synthesis of compounds having a plant-protecting or pharmaceutical activity.