Abstract: A method for preparing trimethylolpropane, the method including: subjecting dimethylolbutanal (DMB) to a hydrogenation reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst and an alcohol solvent. During the hydrogenation reaction, a weight ratio of the alcohol solvent based to dimethylolbutanal is 2 to 10.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition comprising lignin and a solvent where the lignin is functionalized with an ether group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of employing a metal-organic framework (MOF) as a catalyst for cleaving chemical bonds. In particular instances, the MOF results in selective bond cleavage that results in hydrogenolyzis. Furthermore, the MOF catalyst can be reused in multiple cycles. Such MOF-based catalysts can be useful, e.g., to convert biomass components.

Abstract: Carbon-containing materials, such as biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) or coal are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels, carboxylic acids and equivalents thereof (e.g., esters and salts). For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol, butanol or organic acids (e.g., acetic or lactic acid), salts of organic acids or mixtures thereof. If desired, organic acids can be converted into alcohols, such as by first converting the acid, salt or mixtures of the acid and its salt to an ester, and then hydrogenating the formed ester. Acetogens or homoacetogens which are capable of utilizing a syngas from a thermochemical conversion of coal or biomass can be utilized to produce the desired product.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of at least one dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon, at least one dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon selected from an oxygen-containing six-membered carbon ring compound is supplied to a first dehydrogenation reaction zone together with at least one stabilizing compound selected from a non-oxygen-containing six membered carbon ring compound to the first dehydrogenation reaction zone, such that the weight ratio of the stabilizing compound to the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon supplied to the first dehydrogenation reaction zone is in the range of from 1:200 to 200:1. The dehydrogenation feed stream and the at least one stabilizing compound are contacted with a first dehydrogenation catalyst in the first dehydrogenation reaction zone under dehydrogenation conditions to convert at least a portion of the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon into an unsaturated six-membered carbon ring compound and hydrogen.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprises (i) a support; (ii) a dehydrogenation component comprising at least one metal or compound thereof selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (iii) potassium or a potassium compound present in an amount of about 0.15 to about 0.6 wt % of potassium based upon the total weight of the catalyst composition, wherein the catalyst composition has an oxygen chemisorption of greater than 50%.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising: (i) a support; (ii) a first component comprising at least one metal component selected from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (iii) a second component comprising at least one metal component selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements, wherein the catalyst composition exhibits an oxygen chemisorption of greater than 50%.

Abstract: This specification discloses an operational continuous process to convert lignin as found in ligno-cellulosic biomass before or after converting at least some of the carbohydrates. The continuous process has been demonstrated to create a slurry comprised of lignin, raise the slurry comprised of lignin to ultra-high pressure, deoxygenate the lignin in a lignin conversion reactor over a catalyst which is not a fixed bed without producing char. The conversion products of the carbohydrates or lignin can be further processed into polyester intermediates for use in polyester preforms and bottles.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons, a feed comprising dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons is contacted with a catalyst comprising a support and a dehydrogenation component under dehydrogenation conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons in the feed. The catalyst is produced by a method comprising treating the support with a liquid composition comprising the dehydrogenation component or a precursor thereof and at least one organic dispersant selected from an amino alcohol and an amino acid.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to produce phenol, a feed comprising cyclohexanone is contacted with a dehydrogenation catalyst under dehydrogenation conditions comprising a temperature of less than 400° C. and a pressure of less than 690 kPa, gauge, such 0.1 to 50 wt % of the cyclohexanone in said feed is converted to phenol and the dehydrogenation product contains less than 100 ppm by weight of alkylbenzenes.

Abstract: Described herein are high yield methods for making magnolol (5,5?-diallyl-biphenyl-2,2?-diol) and tetrahydro-magnolol (5,5?-dipropyl-biphenyl-2,2?-diol).

Abstract: Renewable resources comprising bagasse, corn stover, wood sawdust and switch grass are subject to direct catalytic conversion or bio-fermentation producing ethanol leaving complex lignin compounds for disposal. Chemical conversion of lignin compounds (recoverable from digested lignin) to substituted phenols followed by a carbon steel catalyzed pulsed flow hydrogenation produces cresol and substituted creosol compounds. The pulsed flow process produced close to 100 percent reduction of the reactants compared to 25 percent with continuous flow and is applicable to aliphatic carboxylic acid compounds such as natural oils producing valued liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: In a process for producing mono-cycloalkyl-substituted aromatic compound, benzene and cyclic monoolefin are contacted with a catalyst under alkylation conditions to produce an effluent containing mono-cycloalkyl-substituted aromatic compound. The catalyst comprises a molecular sieve.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to produce phenol, cyclohexanone is contacted in a reaction zone under dehydrogenation conditions with a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising (i) a support comprising silica; and (ii) a dehydrogenation component comprising at least one metal selected from Group 10 of Periodic Table of Elements. Contact of the dehydrogenation catalyst with the cyclohexanone is then terminated and the dehydrogenation catalyst is contacted with an inert gas and/or hydrogen at a temperature of at least 300° C. Contact of the dehydrogenation catalyst with additional cyclohexanone is subsequently reestablished.

Abstract: In a process for producing phenol, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide is cleaved to produce a cleavage effluent stream comprising phenol and cyclohexanone and at least a portion of the cleavage effluent stream is fractionated to produce a first fraction richer in cyclohexanone than the cleavage effluent stream portion and a second fraction richer in phenol and depleted in cyclohexanone as compared with said cleavage effluent stream portion. At least a portion of the second fraction is then contacted with a dehydrogenation catalyst in a dehydrogenation reaction zone under dehydrogenation conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the cyclohexanone in said second fraction portion into phenol and cyclohexanol.

Abstract: Phosphoranimide-metal catalysts and their role in C—O bond hydrogenolysis and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) are disclosed. The catalysts comprise of first row transition metals such as nickel, cobalt and iron. The catalysts have a metal to anionic phosphoranimide ratio of 1:1 and catalyze C—O bond hydrogenolyses of a range of oxygen-containing organic compounds under lower temperature and pressure conditions than those commonly used in industrial hydrodeoxygenation.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to produce phenol, cyclohexanone is contacted in a reaction zone under dehydrogenation conditions with a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising (i) a support comprising silica; and (ii) a dehydrogenation component comprising at least one metal selected from Group 10 of Periodic Table of Elements. Contact of the dehydrogenation catalyst with the cyclohexanone is then terminated and the dehydrogenation catalyst is contacted with an inert gas and/or hydrogen at a temperature of at least 300° C. Contact of the dehydrogenation catalyst with additional cyclohexanone is subsequently reestablished.

Abstract: A new method based on the synthesis and use of novel N and C protecting agents. The new N-protecting agent, here referred to as V-Phenol, generates V-protected amino acids and can be successfully applied to all conventional peptide bond formations including active esters, N,N?-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or related dehydrating agents mixed anhydride methods, PC13 and related agents. The new C-protecting agent, here referred to as HONE, can be successfully applied to peptide synthesis as an active ester not only in combination with V-protected amino acids but also with other N-protecting agents such as Cbz, Boc, Fmoc, etc.

Abstract: This specification discloses a complete method to manufacture polyester articles from freshly harvested ligno-cellulosic biomass. The process steps include pretreating the biomass and the converting the lignin to one of several possible organic steams by deoxygenating and dehydrogenating the lignin in the presence of a Raney Nickel catalyst, separating the organics, and then processing the organics into polyester feedstocks and converting those feedstocks to polyester.

Abstract: Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids may be complicated by release of lignin therefrom. Methods for digesting cellulosic biomass solids may comprise: providing cellulosic biomass solids in the presence of a digestion solvent, molecular hydrogen, and a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen; at least partially converting the cellulosic biomass solids into a phenolics liquid phase comprising lignin, an aqueous phase comprising a glycol derived from the cellulosic biomass solids, and an optional light organics phase; wherein at least a portion of the slurry catalyst accumulates in the phenolics liquid phase as it forms; combining the glycol with the phenolics liquid phase, thereby forming a combined phase; and heating the combined phase in the presence of molecular hydrogen; wherein heating the combined phase reduces the viscosity of the phenolics liquid phase and transforms at least a portion of the glycol into a monohydric alcohol.

Abstract: A novel olefin production process of the invention can be established as an industrial and practical process of producing an olefin with high selectivity by directly reacting a ketone and hydrogen in a single reaction step. In particular, a novel olefin production process is provided in which propylene is obtained with high selectivity by directly reacting acetone and hydrogen. An olefin production process of the invention includes reacting a ketone and hydrogen at a reaction temperature in the range of 50 to 300° C. in the presence of a Cu-containing hydrogenation catalyst and a solid acid substance.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprises (i) a support; (ii) a dehydrogenation component comprising at least one metal or compound thereof selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (iii) tin or a tin compound, wherein the tin is present in an amount of 0.01 wt % to about 0.25 wt %, the wt % based upon the total weight of the catalyst composition.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the disclosure, a method for preparing a phenolic compound is provided. The method includes providing a lignin depolymerization product, and hydrogenating the lignin depolymerization product under iron oxide and hydrogen gas to prepare a phenolic compound. The prepared phenolic compound is a crude phenolic composition including phenol, methylphenol, dimethylphenol or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of reducing a C—O bond to the corresponding C—H bond in a substrate which could be a benzylic alcohol, allylic alcohol, ester, or ether or an ether bond beta to a hydroxyl group or alpha to a carbonyl group.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of catalytic hydrogenation and, more particularly, to the use of specific ruthenium catalysts, or pre-catalysts, in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of ketones and/or aldehydes into the corresponding alcohol respectively. Said catalysts are ruthenium complexes comprising a tetradentate ligand (L4) coordinating the ruthenium with: two nitrogen atoms, each in the form of a primary or secondary amine (i.e. a NH2 or NH group) or N-alkyl imine functional groups (i.e. a C?N group), and two sulfur atoms, each in the form of thioether functional groups.

Abstract: This specification discloses an operational continuous process to convert lignin as found in ligno-cellulosic biomass before or after converting at least some of the carbohydrates. The continuous process has been demonstrated to create a slurry comprised of lignin, raise the slurry comprised of lignin to ultra-high pressure, deoxygenate the lignin in a lignin conversion reactor over a catalyst which is not a fixed bed without producing char. The conversion products of the carbohydrates or lignin can be further processed into polyester intermediates for use in polyester preforms and bottles.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of at least one dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon, at least one dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon selected from an oxygen-containing six-membered carbon ring compound is supplied to a first dehydrogenation reaction zone together with at least one stabilizing compound selected from a non-oxygen-containing six membered carbon ring compound to the first dehydrogenation reaction zone, such that the weight ratio of the stabilizing compound to the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon supplied to the first dehydrogenation reaction zone is in the range of from 1:200 to 200:1. The dehydrogenation feed stream and the at least one stabilizing compound are contacted with a first dehydrogenation catalyst in the first dehydrogenation reaction zone under dehydrogenation conditions to convert at least a portion of the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbon into an unsaturated six-membered carbon ring compound and hydrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to hydroalkylation processes. In the processes, a hydrogen stream comprising hydrogen and an impurity is treated to reduce the amount of the impurity in the hydrogen stream. The hydrogen is then hydroalkylated with benzene to form at least some cyclohexylbenzene. The processes also relate to treating a benzene stream comprising benzene and an impurity with an adsorbent to reduce the amount of the impurity in the benzene stream. The hydroalkylation processes described herein may be used as part of a process to make phenol.

Abstract: In a process for producing phenol, cyclohexylbenzene is oxidized to produce cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide and then the resultant cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide is cleaved to produce an effluent stream comprising phenol and cyclohexanone. At least a portion of the effluent stream is then fed to at least one dehydrogenation reaction zone, where the effluent stream portion is contacted with a dehydrogenation catalyst under conditions effective to convert at least part of the cyclohexanone in the effluent portion into phenol and hydrogen.

Abstract: An object is to provide a process for providing hydrogen or heavy hydrogens conveniently without the necessity of large-scale equipment and a process capable of performing hydrogenation (protiation, deuteration or tritiation) reaction conveniently without the use of an expensive reagent and a special catalyst. The production process includes a process for producing hydrogen or heavy hydrogens, containing subjecting water or heavy water to mechanochemical reaction in the presence of a catalyst metal, and a process for producing a hydrogenated (protiated, deuterated or tritiated) organic compound, containing subjecting an organic compound and water or heavy water to mechanochemical reaction in the presence of a catalyst metal.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the disclosure, a method for preparing a phenolic compound is provided. The method includes providing a lignin depolymerization product, and hydrogenating the lignin depolymerization product under iron oxide and hydrogen gas to prepare a phenolic compound. The prepared phenolic compound is a crude phenolic composition including phenol, methylphenol, dimethylphenol or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprising: (i) a support; (ii) a first component comprising at least one metal component selected from Group 1 and Group 2 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (iii) a second component comprising at least one metal component selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements, wherein the catalyst composition exhibits an oxygen chemisorption of greater than 50%.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel ruthenium complex which has an excellent catalytic activity in terms of reactivity for asymmetric reduction of a carbonyl compound and enantioselectivity, a catalyst using the ruthenium complex, and a method for preparing optically active alcohol compounds using the ruthenium complex. The present invention relates to a ruthenium complex having ruthenacycle structure, a catalyst for asymmetric reduction consisting of the ruthenium complex, and a method for preparing optically active alcohol using the ruthenium complex.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to produce phenol, a feed comprising cyclohexanone is contacted with a dehydrogenation catalyst under dehydrogenation conditions comprising a temperature of less than 400° C. and a pressure of less than 690 kPa, gauge, such 0.1 to 50 wt % of the cyclohexanone in said feed is converted to phenol and the dehydrogenation product contains less than 100 ppm by weight of alkylbenzenes.

Abstract: In a process for the dehydrogenation of dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons, a feed comprising dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons is contacted with a catalyst comprising a support and a dehydrogenation component under dehydrogenation conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the dehydrogenatable hydrocarbons in the feed. The catalyst is produced by a method comprising treating the support with a liquid composition comprising the dehydrogenation component or a precursor thereof and at least one organic dispersant selected from an amino alcohol and an amino acid.

Abstract: A catalyst composition comprises (i) a support; (ii) a dehydrogenation component comprising at least one metal or compound thereof selected from Groups 6 to 10 of the Periodic Table of Elements; and (iii) potassium or a potassium compound present in an amount of about 0.15 to about 0.6 wt % of potassium based upon the total weight of the catalyst composition, wherein the catalyst composition has an oxygen chemisorption of greater than 50%.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) wherein X is H or F and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful as anesthetics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrogenation process that may be used in connection with the production of phenol. In the process, a composition comprising: (i) cyclohexylbenzene; and (ii) a hydrogenable component are contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst under hydrogenation conditions. The hydrogenable component can be one or more of an olefin, a ketone or phenol. The hydrogenation catalyst has hydrogenation component and a support.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for converting in a continuous process biomass to less complex oxygenated compounds for use in downstream processes to produce biofuels and chemicals. The invention includes methods of converting the components of biomass, such as hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, to water-soluble materials, including lignocellulosic derivatives, cellulosic derivatives, hemicellulosic derivatives, carbohydrates, starches, polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, sugars, sugar alcohols, alditols, polyols, diols, alcohols, ketones, cyclic ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and mixtures thereof, using hydrogen and a heterogeneous liquefaction catalyst.

Abstract: A method is disclosed including co-processing a biomass feedstock and a refinery feedstock in a refinery unit. The method can include producing a liquid product by catalytically cracking or hyrocracking or hydrotreating a biomass feedstock and a refinery feedstock in a refinery unit having a fluidized reactor. Catalytically cracking can include transferring hydrogen from the refinery feedstock to carbon and oxygen from the biomass feedstock. Hydrocracking or hydrotreating can include transferring hydrogen from a hydrogen source to carbon and oxygen from the biomass feedstock, and to carbon from the refinery feedstock.

Abstract: Renewable resources comprising bagasse, corn stover, wood sawdust and switch grass are subject to direct catalytic conversion or bio-fermentation processes producing ethanol and organic by products leaving complex lignin compounds as waste for disposal. Chemical conversion of lignin compounds to aromatic lignin acids followed by reductive hydrogenation to cresol and substituted creosol compounds prepares these natural resources for chemical conversion to a form of gasoline and valued industrial compounds. The process disclosed herein is also applicable to organic carboxylic acid compounds such as natural oils producing valued liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for producing small molecular weight organic compounds from carbonaceous material comprising a step of contacting the carbonaceous material with carbon monoxide (CO) and steam in presence of a shift catalyst at a predetermined temperature and pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new borane complexes with substituted pyridines, a process for the synthesis of new borane complexes with substituted pyridines, solutions comprising new borane complexes with substituted pyridines and a method of using new borane complexes with substituted pyridines for organic reactions.

Abstract: In a process for producing phenol and/or cyclohexanone, benzene and hydrogen are contacted with a first catalyst in a hydroalkylation step to produce a first effluent stream comprising cyclohexylbenzene, cyclohexane, and unreacted benzene. At least part of the first effluent stream is supplied to a first separation system to divide the first effluent stream part into a cyclohexylbenzene-rich stream and a C6 product stream comprising unreacted benzene and cyclohexane.

Abstract: In a process for producing cyclohexylbenzene, benzene and hydrogen are contacted with a catalyst under hydroalkylation conditions to produce an effluent containing cyclohexylbenzene. The catalyst comprises a composite of a molecular sieve, an inorganic oxide different from said molecular sieve and at least one hydrogenation metal, wherein at least 50 wt % of said hydrogenation metal is supported on the inorganic oxide and the inorganic oxide has an average particle size less than 40 ?m (microns).

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of phenol by the hydrodeoxygenation of polyhydroxylated benzene derivatives or by the selective hydroxylation of benzene under depletive conditions, characterized in that the above-mentioned reactions are carried out in the presence of a catalyst based on multi component metal oxides comprising at least one metal selected from the groups VB, VIB, VIII, IB, IIB, IVA, VA.

Abstract: In a process for producing cyclohexylbenzene, benzene and hydrogen are contacted with a catalyst under hydroalkylation conditions to produce an effluent containing cyclohexylbenzene. The catalyst comprises a composite of a molecular sieve, an inorganic oxide different from said molecular sieve and at least one hydrogenation metal, wherein at least 50 wt % of said hydrogenation metal is supported on the inorganic oxide.

Abstract: The present invention provides an asymmetric reduction catalyst effective in preparing optically-active alcohol compounds having various functional groups, and a process for preparing optically-active alcohol compounds using said asymmetric reduction catalyst. The organic metal compound of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 may be mutually identical or different, and are an alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an alicyclic ring formed by binding R1 and R2, which may have a substituent; R3 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; Cp is a cyclopentadienyl group, which may have a substituent, bound to M1 via a ? bond; X1 is a halogen atom or a hydrido group; M1 is rhodium or iridium; and * denotes asymmetric carbon.

Abstract: Process for stereoselective hydrogenation by reacting racemic aldehydes or ketones having a stereogenic carbon atom in the position relative to the C(O) group and containing the structural element —(O)C—C—CH— by means of hydrogen in the presence of a base and a ruthenium complex containing a bidentate ligand having coordinating P and N atoms, a monophosphine ligand and anionic and/or uncharged ligands as homogeneous catalyst, with the charge being balanced by one or two monovalent acid anions or a divalent acid anion when uncharged ligands are present.

Abstract: The present invention provides an asymmetric reduction catalyst effective in preparing optically-active alcohol compounds having various functional groups, and a process for preparing optically-active alcohol compounds using said asymmetric reduction catalyst. The organic metal compound of the present invention is represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R1 and R2 may be mutually identical or different, and are an alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an alicyclic ring formed by binding R1 and R2, which may have a substituent; R3 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; Cp is a cyclopentadienyl group, which may have a substituent, bound to M1 via a ? bond; X1 is a halogen atom or a hydrido group; M1 is rhodium or iridium; and * denotes asymmetric carbon.