Abstract: Process for catalytically hydrogenating carbon-heteroatom double bonds, in particular for asymmetrically catalytically hydrogenating simple ketones, which includes the step of reacting the substrate with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst and of a base, characterized in that the hydrogenation catalyst is a 5-coordinate ruthenium complex which in each case has a monophosphine ligand and a bidentate P-N ligand.

Abstract: The invention relates to an enantiomerically enriched chiral compound comprising a transition metal M, which comprises four, five or six coordinating groups of which at least one pair is linked together to form a bidentate ligand, in which M is directly bound via one single ?-bond to a carbon atom of an optionally substituted and/or optionally fused (hetero)aromatic ring of said bidentate ligand and in which M is directly bound to a nitrogen atom of a primary or secondary amino group of said bidentate ligand, thereby forming a metallacycle between said bidentate ligand and the metal M, said metal M being selected from the metals of groups 8 and 9 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, in particular iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, or iridium. The chiral compound can be used as a catalyst, preferably in an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new class of ruthenium (II) complexes containing as ligands 2-(aminomethyl)pyridines and phosphines, proven to be extremely active catalysts in the reduction of ketones to alcohols via hydrogen transfer. By using 2-propanol as the hydrogen source with the ruthenium complexes, high yields of the corresponding alcohol can be rapidly obtained starting from linear and cyclic alkyl aryl, dialkyl and diaryl ketones. The conversion of ketones to alcohols can reach 100% if operating in a gaseous hydrogen atmosphere (2-3 atm). Where the phosphines used are optically active, starting from prochiral ketone compounds various types of optically active alcohols can be produced, being important intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry, in the agrochemical industry and for fine chemicals generally.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the hydrogenation of ketones. According to said method, the ketone is supplied, in a mixture with hydrogen, to a catalyst bed containing a copper chromite catalyst containing SiO2.

Abstract: The catalysts of formula (II): [Ru(L)m(L?)wXY], wherein X and Y represent simultaneously or independently a hydrogen or halogen atom, a hydroxy group, or an alkoxy, carboxyl or other anionic radical, m is 1 or 2, w is 1 when m is 1 and w is 0 when m is 2, L is a phosphino-amine or phosphino-imine bidentate ligand and L? a diphosphine, are useful for the hydrogenation of substrates having a carbon-hetero atom double bond.

Abstract: A catalytic transfer hydrogenation process is provided. The catalyst employed in the process is a metal hydrocarbyl complex which is coordinated to defined bidentate ligands substituted with at least one group selected from an optionally substituted sulphonated hydrocarbyl group, a sulphonated perhalogenated hydrocarbyl group, or an optionally substituted sulphonated heterocyclyl group. Preferred metals include rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. Preferred bidentate ligands are diamines and aminoalcohols, particularly those comprising chiral centres. The hydrogen donor is advantageously a secondary alcohol or a mixture of triethylamine and formic acid. The process can be employed to transfer hydrogenate ketones and imines, which are preferably prochiral. Catalysts for use in such a process are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing optically active 2-amino-, 2-chloro-, 2-hydroxy- or 2-alkoxy-1-alcohols by catalytically hydrogenating appropriate optically active 2-amino-, 2-chloro-, 2-hydroxy- and 2-alkoxycarboxylic acids or their acid derivatives in the presence of catalysts comprising palladium and rhenium or platinum and rhenium.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a hydroformylation process for the conversion of an ethylenically unsaturated compound to an alcohol comprising a first step of reacting at an elevated temperature in a reactor the ethylenically unsaturated compound, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a phosphine-containing cobalt hydroformylation catalyst, which are dissolved in a solvent, followed by a second step of separating a mixture comprising the alcohol and heavy ends from a solution comprising the catalyst and the solvent, followed by a third step of recycling the solution to the reactor.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched amino aldehydes and amino alcohols, wherein a corresponding enantiomerically enriched amino nitrile is subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen, a hydrogenation catalyst, preferably a Pd-catalyst and a mineral acid. For the preparation of an amino aldehyde hydrogen preferably is present at a hydrogen-pressure between 0.1 and 2 MPa, in particular between 0.5 and 1 MPa. The amino aldehyde preferably is isolated in the form of a chemically and configurationally stable derivative. For the preparation of an amino alcohol, preferably at least during part of the hydrogenation hydrogen is present at a hydrogen-pressure between 2 and 10 MPa, in particular between 4 and 6 MPa. In a preferred embodiment the hydrogen-pressure initially is between 0.5 and 2 MPa and subsequently, after most of the nitrile starting material is converted, the hydrogen pressure is increased to a value between 2 and 10 MPa.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound containing at least one carbonyl group comprises bringing the organic compound in the presence of hydrogen into contact with a shaped body which can be produced by a process in which (i) an oxidic material comprising copper oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide is made available, (ii) pulverulent metallic copper or pulverulent cement or a mixture thereof is added to the oxidic material, and (iii) the mixture resulting from (ii) is shaped to form a shaped body.

Abstract: The invention relates to stereoisomerically enriched diamines, to metal complexes comprising these diamines and also to their use in a process for asymmetrically reducing ketones using silanes, in particular polymethylhydrosiloxane, as reducing agents.

Abstract: In a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of a polymethylolalkanal or a monomethylolalkanal of the formula (I) where R may be identical or different and are each a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, an aryl or arylalkyl group having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms or a methylol group, in the presence of a copper-containing catalyst, the hydrogenation feed comprising the polymethylolalkanal or monomethylolalkanal has a total content of metal ions of groups 3 to 14 of the Periodic Table of the Element of up to 5 ppm.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a continuous hydrogenation process in which a hydrogenable compound is dissolved in a working solution with hydrogen and a heterogeneous catalyst. At least part of the hydrogen-containing waste hydrogenation gas generated in the reaction is compressed and then recycled into the hydrogenation reactor. A jet pump is used for the compression of the waste hydrogenation gas and a liquid or gaseous feedstock of the hydrogenation process is used as the motive agent. Preferred motive agents are the hydrogenation gas or a working solution recycled into the process. The process is particularly suitable for performing the hydrogenation step in the anthraquinone process for the production of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: Organometallic complexes are provided, which include a catalyst containing a transition metal, a ligand and a component having the formula GArF. ArF is an aromatic ring system selected from phenyl, naphthalenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, or indenyl. The aromatic ring system has at least a substituent selected from fluorine, hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or fluorinated hydrocarbyl, G is substituted or unsubstituted (CH2)n or (CF2)n, wherein n is from 1 to 30, wherein further one or more CH2 or CF2 groups are optionally replaced by NR, PR, SiR2, BR, O or S, or R is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl, GArF being covalently bonded to either said transition metal or said ligand of said catalyst, thereby rendering said cationic organometallic complex liquid.

Abstract: The invention is concerned with new phosphine ligands of formula I wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heteroaryl, or alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heteroaryl each of which independently is substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino, aryl, —SO2—R7, —SO3?, —CO—NR8R8?, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, trialkylsilyl, diarylalkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl or triarylsilyl; R3 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl; R4? and R4 are independently of each other hydrogen, alkyl or optionally substituted aryl; or R4? and R4 together with the C-atom they are attached, form a 3-8-membered carbocyclic ring; dotted line is optionally a double bond; R5 and R6 are independently of each other hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, R7 is alkyl or aryl; and R8 and R8? are independently of each other hydrogen, alkyl or aryl; the substituents attached by the bold bonds are in cis relation to each other; metal complexes with such ligands in asymmetric reactions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for preparation of 2-phenyl ethanol. More specifically, the present invention relates to a process for preparing 2-phenyl ethanol by catalytic transfer hydrogenation of styrene oxide, in the presence of a supported transition metal catalyst. The catalyst system comprises of a palladium supported on silica, alumina, clay or charcoal.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing styrene monomer of the formula (2) is produced by a first, second or third process. The first process includes (a) reacting a compound of the formula (1) with a compound of the formula (3), in the presence of a metal catalyst; (b) reacting the product of the step (a) with a base; and (c) reacting the product of the step (b) with hydrogen, in the presence of a metal catalyst and a phosphine or amine, thereby producing the target styrene monomer. The second process includes reacting a compound of the formula (1) with a compound of the formula (12), in the presence of a metal catalyst, thereby producing the target styrene monomer. The third process includes reacting a compound of the formula (13) with a compound of the formula (14) or (15), in the presence of a base, thereby producing the target styrene monomer.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process for the hydrogenation of alkylaryl ketones, which process involves contacting a feed containing the alkylaryl ketones and from 0.5% to 30% by weight of phenolic compounds with hydrogen in the presence of a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst. The invention further relates to a process for preparing a hydrogenation catalyst with improved activity.

Abstract: In a process for preparing alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds over a catalyst comprising rhenium on activated carbon, the catalyst used comprises rhenium (calculated as metal) in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0.0001 to 0.5, platinum (calculated as metal) in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0.0001 to 0.5 and, if appropriate, at least one further metal selected from among Zn, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Ru, Mn, Cr, Mo, W and V in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0 to 0.25, and the activated carbon has been nonoxidatively pretreated It is also possible to prepare ethers and lactones if the hydrogen pressure is not more than 25 bar. In this case, the activated carbon in the catalyst may also have been nonoxidatively pretreated.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation, using molecular hydrogen (H2) of a catalytic system, wherein the catalytic system includes a base and a complex of formula (II): Ru(P2N2)Y2??(II) wherein Y represent simultaneously or independently a hydrogen or halogen atom, a hydroxy group, or an alkoxy, carboxyl or other anionic radical, and P2N2 is a tetradentate diimino-diphosphine ligand.

Abstract: A method of hydroborating an alkene or alkyne, or reducing an organic functionality, oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols using a fluorous borane-sulfide is disclosed. The method includes regeneration and recycling the fluorous borane-sulfide.

Abstract: The invention concerns an oxazaborolidine compound fixed on a material selected among Raney nickel, Raney cobalt and Raney iron, the method for preparing same, and the use of the compound as reduction reaction catalyst of ketone to produce chiral alcohols.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process for the hydrogenation of alkylaryl ketones, which process involves contacting a feed containing the alkylaryl ketones and from 0.5% to 30% by weight of phenolic compounds with hydrogen in the presence of a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst. The invention further relates to a process for preparing a hydrogenation catalyst with improved activity.

Abstract: A process for producing &agr;-phenylethyl alcohol, which comprises supplying a raw material containing acetophenone into a reactor and hydrogenating acetophenone in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, wherein the concentrations of organic acids and sulfur-containing acids in the raw material containing acetophenone are 1 &mgr;mol/g or less and 0.5 &mgr;mol/g or less, respectively.

Abstract: Non-chiral and, in particular, optically active alcohols are prepared from a carbonyl compound with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, a base and optionally a diamine in an advantageous manner by using a catalyst that contains both a support-bonded Ru(II) complex bisphosphine ligand and a diamine ligand.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an alcohol from an olefin wherein the olefin is reacted with syngas in the presence of a catalyst system having a homogeneous hydroformylation catalyst and a heterogeneous catalyst having copper on a support.

Abstract: The first embodiment of the present invention provides a process, which includes: in a continuous process in a membrane reactor, asymmetrically hydrogenating at least one C═C, C═N or C═O double bond with a catalyst. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a ligand, which includes at least one di-1,3-aminophosphine homochiral active center; optionally, a linker; and a molecular weight-enlarging polymer; wherein the active center is bound to the molecular weight-enlarging polymer through the linker or is bound directly to the molecular weight-enlarging polymer; and wherein the linker is defined in the claims. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for preparing the above-noted ligand, and a catalyst that includes the above-noted ligand.

Abstract: A compound is provided including an organometallic complex represented by the formula I: [CpM(CO)2(NHC)Lk]+A−  I wherein M is an atom of molybdenum or tangsten, Cp is substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl radical represented by the formula [C5Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5], wherein Q1 to Q5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H radical, C1-20 hydrocarbyl radical, substituted hydrocarbyl radical, halogen radical, halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl radical, —OR, —C(O)R′, —CO2R′, —SiR′3 and —NR′R″, wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of H radical, C1-20 hydrocarbyl radical, halogen radical, and halogen-substituted hydrocarbyl radical, wherein said Q1 to Q5 radicals are optionally linked to each other to form a stable bridging group, NHC is any N-heterocyclic carbene ligand, L is either any neutral electron donor ligand, wherein k is a number from 0 to 1 or L

Abstract: The present invention provides a process, which includes: in a homogeneous liquid phase including water, and over a fixed-bed catalyst, continuously hydrogenating at least one hydroformylation product obtained from a hydroformylation of one or more C4-16 olefins to produce at least one output mixture; wherein the fixed-bed catalyst includes at least one element of transition group eight of the Periodic Table of the Elements; wherein the output mixture includes at least one corresponding alcohol and from 0.05 to 10% by weight of water; and wherein in a steady-state operation of the process, from 3 to 50% more hydrogen is fed to the hydrogenation than is consumed by the hydrogenation.

Abstract: A process for oxygenating organic substrates such as aliphatic hydrocarbons has been developed. The process involves contacting the organic substrate with oxygen in the presence of a bicyclo imide promoter and a metal co-catalyst. The process is preferably carried out using sulfolane as the solvent. Optionally, the oxygenated product can be hydrogenated to give the corresponding alcohol which can optionally in turn be dehydrated to provide the corresponding olefin.

Abstract: A process for preparing an &agr;-haloketone of the formula (1) where R1 is an optionally heteroatom-containing and optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical, R2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl radical, and X is a halogen radical, by reacting a carboxylic acid derivative of the general formula (2) where L is a leaving group, with a mono- or dienolate of a silyl ester of the formula (3) where R3 and R4 are identical or different alkyl, aryl, alkenyl or aralkyl radicals; and hydrolyzing the reaction product immediately afterwards by adding acid and decarboxylating to (1). The product &agr;-haloketone may be reduced to the corresponding &agr;-haloalcohol.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds useful as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds, methods for the synthesis of said catalysts, and methods for synthesizing chiral compounds with high enantioselectivity.

Abstract: A process for the heterogeneous and enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral organic &agr;-keto compounds with platinum as the catalyst in the presence of a soluble or immobilized chiral aromatic nitrogen base with at least one basic nitrogen atom adjacent to stereogenic carbon atoms, whereby prochiral &agr;-ketoacetals are hydrogenated to optically active &agr;-hydroxyacetals.

Abstract: A catalyst which consists of amorphous carbon with molecular planes that have curved surfaces and contain six-membered and non-six-membered carbon rings, optionally having at least one catalytically active, low-valency metal covalently bound thereto. Methods of producing the catalyst and applications thereof are included.

Abstract: The present invention is a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes to alcohols at low temperatures and pressures using organometallic molybdenum and tungsten complexes and the catalyst used in the process. The reactants include a functional group which is selected from groups represented by the formulas R*(C═O)R′ and R*(C═O)H, wherein R* and R′ are selected from hydrogen or any alkyl or aryl group. The process includes reacting the organic compound in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture. The catalyst is prepared by reacting Ph3C+A− with a metal hydride. A− represents an anion and can be BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3− or Bar′4−, wherein Ar′=3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

Abstract: A method of increasing enantioselectivity in a reduction reaction of a prochiral substrate with a borane reagent including a borohydride species (for example, a borohydride stabilized borane-tetrahydrofuran complex) catalyzed by a chiral catalyst includes the step of maintaining the concentration of borohydride species in the borane reagent below approximately 0.005 M during the reduction of the prochiral substrate. A method of increasing enantioselectivity in a reduction reaction of a prochiral substrate with a borane reagent including a borohydride species that is catalyzed by a chiral catalyst includes the step of reducing the detrimental effect the borohydride species has on enantioselectivity by adding a Lewis acid. For example, the prochiral substrate can be a ketone and the chiral catalyst can be a chiral oxazaborolidine.

Abstract: In reduction of an epoxy group-containing organic compound, for example, a C5-C20 saturated or unsaturated epoxy cycloaliphatic compound, in the presence of a nickel catalyst, by bringing the compound into contact with hydrogen, the target compound can be produced at a high yield by adding a basic substance (for example, an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkali metal carbonate, an alkali metal alkoxide, and an amine compound having 1 to 3 C1-C12 alkyl groups), to the reduction reaction system, to thereby restrict production of by-products due to a side deoxidation reaction.

Abstract: Commercially feasible methods for synthesizing various epothilones precursors needed for the preparation of final epothilones are provided, including techniques for the synthesis of epothilone segment A and C precursors. Segment C precursors are prepared using starting nitriles, which can alternately be oxidized to ketones and converted, or reacted to form the diol with subsequent conversion to the segment. Segment A precursors are prepared by reacting a starting enone with a chiral catalyst to give an intermediate alcohol in high enantomeric excess, followed by conversion of the alcohol to the desired Segment A precursor.

Abstract: A heterogeneous liquid-phase process for the hydrogenation of aldehydes of Formula (I) and (III) to the corresponding alcohols of Formula (II) and (IV) which process comprises contacting alcoholic or aqueous-alcoholic solution of aldehydes and hydrogen gas with a catalyst comprising a reduced mixture of CuO and ZnO in presence of a metal of group IIIA of the Periodic Table, such as aluminium, as a promoter at a temperature of between about 110° and 180° C. and a pressure of between about 20 and 500 psig.

Abstract: A process for producing a 5-arylpentanol of formula (2): wherein R1 represents an aryl group which may be substituted with one or two or more of an alkyl or alkoxy group and has 6 to 12 carbon atoms in total, R3 represents a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl or alkenyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 represents R2 defined below when R2 is a monovalent group or represents R2H when R2 is a divalent group, which comprises effecting hydrogenolysis of a pyran compound of formula (1): wherein, R1 and R3 are as defined above, R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or alkenyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylidene or alkenylidene group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and a dotted line represents a possible bond and any one of the three bonds represented by dotted lines and solid lines is a double bond, in the presence of one or more catalysts selected from (a) a catalyst carrying two or more elements selected from noble metals in Group VIII in the periodic table and (b) an acid type

Abstract: In a producing method of alcohols such as cyclohexanedimethanol, a benzyl ester is obtained, for example, by the reaction between a benzyl compound and carboxylic acid in the presence of oxygen and a catalyst including palladium, gold ultra fine particles, and at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of Group IIA, IIIA, VIA, IIB, VB, and VIII of the periodic table, and alkali metal. The alcohols are produced by hydrogenating a benzene ring of the benzyl ester and then hydrolyzing the resultant esters. Alternatively, the benzyl ester is hydrolyzed to produce benzyl alcohols, and a benzene ring of the benzyl alcohols is hydrogenated to produce the alcohols.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing an optically active ruthenium-phosphine complex represented by the following formula (1): wherein L represents a bidentate ligand compound of a tertiary phosphine; X represents a halogen atom; and * means chiral center (L* is an optically active substance), which comprises reacting a ruthenium-phosphine complex represented by: RumXnLpAq or [RuX(D)(L)]X wherein, X and L have the same meanings as described above (L is a racemic modification); A represents triethylamine (Et3N), etc.; and m, n, p and q each stands for an integer and D represents benzene, etc. with ½ equivalent of a specific optically active chiral diamine, thereby inactivating one of the enantiomers; and then with a specific optically active diamine derivative, thereby activating the other enantiomer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of high purity and yield &agr;-asarone, trans 2,4,5-trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde, 2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl propionone, from &bgr;-asarone or &bgr;-asarone rich Acorus calamus oil containing &agr; and &ggr;-asarone by hydrogenating, followed by treatment with DDQ with or without solid support of silica gel or alumina in dry organic solvent and &agr;-asarone can also be obtained by treating the hydrogenated product of &bgr;-asarone or &bgr;-asarone rich Acorus calamus with DDQ in an aqueous organic solvent to obtain an intermediate 2,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl propionone, which in turn is reduced with sodiumborohydride to obtain the corresponding 2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl propanol and followed by final treatment with a dehydrating agent.

Abstract: A process for the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols by (a) the reaction of a prochiral ketone with a silane agent, which is present in a stoichiometric quantity, in the presence of a catalyst derived from a Zn, Co or Cd precursor compound and from a chiral amine, imine, alcohol or amino alcohol ligand; (b) the hydrolysis of the siloxane obtained using an appropriate agent; and (c) the separation and purification of the optically active alcohol formed. Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is a preferred silane agent, zinc is a preferred metal, and the precursor compound is produced by reacting a salt or complex of the respective metal with the reducing agent. In another embodiment, an appropriate salt of the chosen metal is used directly in the reaction with the chiral ligand to produce the catalytic form after reaction with the ligand. The process enables high enantiomeric excesses (ee) to be obtained in chiral alcohols.

Abstract: A catalytic transfer hydrogenation process is provided. The catalyst employed in the process is a metal cyclopentadienyl complex which is coordinated to defined bidentate ligands. Preferred metals include rhodium, ruthenium and iridium. Preferred bidentate ligands are diamines and aminoalcohols, particularly those comprising chiral centers. The hydrogen donor is advantageously a secondary alcohol or a mixture of triethylamine and formic acid. The process can be employed to transfer hydrogenate ketones and imines, which are preferably prochiral. Catalysts for use in such a process are also provided.

Abstract: A process for producing a 5-arylpentanol of formula (2): 1

Abstract: A method for reducing a malonate having the formula R1R2C(CO2R3)(Co2R4) to a diol having the formula R1R2C(CH2OH)2 comprising treating said malonate with sodium aluminum hydride.

Abstract: A novel phosphine ligand is an enantiomerically enriched compound of formula 5 or the opposite enantiomer thereof, wherein Ar1 and Ar2 represent the same or different aromatic groups of up to 20 C atoms. A transition metal complex of this ligand is useful as a catalyst in stereoselective hydrogenation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel optically active benzylalkylcarbinols, to their preparation and to their use, in particular in perfumery.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of producing fluorinated alcohols which find particular use in the syntheses of pharmaceutical drugs. The methods comprise generally, the steps of (a) reacting a halogenated alkane with an alkyl vinyl ether to form an unsaturated halogenated aldehyde; (b) reducing the unsaturated halogenated aldehyde to form an unsaturated halogenated alcohol; and (c) reducing the unsaturated halogenated alcohol to form a fluorinated alcohol.