Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for heat integration in the preparation of saturated C3-C20-alcohols, in which a hydrogenation feed comprising at least one C3-C20-aldehyde is hydrogenated in the presence of a hydrogen-comprising gas in a hydrogenation zone and a discharge is taken off from the hydrogenation zone and subjected to distillation in at least one distillation column to give a fraction enriched in saturated C3-C20-alcohols.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: This disclosure is directed to methods of preparing organic aldehydes, each method comprising contacting a terminal olefin with an oxidizing mixture comprising: (a) a dichloro-palladium complex; (b) a copper complex; (c) a source of nitrite; under aerobic reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the terminal olefin to an aldehyde.

Abstract: 4,8-Dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol in which the weight ratio of (E)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol to the sum of (E)- and (Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol is at least 80% or in which the weight ratio of (Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol to the sum of (E)- and (Z)-4,8-dimethyl-3,7-nonadien-2-ol is at least 80%, is used as fragrance. The fragrances have a unique rose-like, floral character. Citrus-like, minty, green accompanying notes reminiscent of rhubarb arise.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing an optically active alcohol including reacting a titanium compound, an aromatic magnesium compound and a carbonyl compound in the presence of an optically active biphenol compound having a predetermined structure and an ether compound having a predetermined structure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new types of processes for the improved preparation of homofarnesol, in particular of (3E,7E)-homofarnesol and homofarnesol preparations with an increased content of (3E,7E)-homofarnesol (also referred to as all E-homofarnesol).

Abstract: Compositions and methods for practical, stereoselective allylation and crotylation for aldehyde substrates are described. The compositions and methods comprise reagents for allylation and/or crotylation and acids. In some embodiments, the reagents and acids are pre-mixed.

Abstract: Isopropyl alcohol is a very useful chemical that is widely used in the industry as a solvent. Economical and easy process to make ispopropyl alcohol using novel composite catalyst is described in the instant application. Production of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) from dimehtyl ketone (DMK) and hydrogen (H2) in gas-phase using a ruthenium nano-particle-supported on activated charcoal/nano-zinc oxide composite catalyst is described. Gas phase production of isopropyl alcohol using DMK and hydrogen is also described using optimal time on stream, temperature, catalyst ratio and DMK/H2 ratio. Ruthenium nano-zinc oxide composite catalyst is formulated using different ratios of ruthenium activated charcoal and n-ZnO is described. CAT-IV is shown to be the best performer for the efficient production of isopropyl alcohol.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for practical, stereoselective allylation and crotylation for aldehyde substrates are described. The compositions and methods comprise reagents for allylation and/or crotylation and acids. In some embodiments, the reagents and acids are pre-mixed.

Abstract: Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy or sugary materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for producing ethanol. The process comprises the step of hydrogenating an acetic acid feed stream in a first reactor to form a crude ethanol product. The crude ethanol product may comprise, among other components, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and residual acetic acid. The process further comprises the step of recovering acetaldehyde from the crude ethanol product. The process further comprises the steps of feeding a first portion of the recovered acetaldehyde to the first reactor and reacting the first portion of the recovered acetaldehyde in the first reactor to form additional ethanol. In addition, the inventive process may comprise the steps of feeding a second portion of the recovered acetaldehyde to a second reactor and reacting the second portion of the recovered acetaldehyde in the second reactor to faun an additional product.

Abstract: Ruthenium/activated charcoal (Ru/AC) treated with synthesized nano-ZnO (n-ZnO) is used for the first time as a novel composite catalyst in one-step self-condensation of acetone (DMK) to methyl isobutyl ketone in the gas phase. The DMK self-condensation was performed under atmospheric pressure, in a tubular glass fixed-bed microreactor, under DMK and H2 continuous flow at temperature in the range of 523 to 648 K. Addition of n-ZnO to Ru/AC resulted in a pronounced increase in the degree of dispersion of Ru and in the acidic/basic sites concentration ratio. For the one-step synthesis of MIBK at 623 K, the composite catalyst with 2.5 wt % Ru loading was an active and selective bi-functional composite catalyst with balanced acid/base and hydrogenation properties. At 523 K, isopropyl alcohol, product of DMK-direct hydrogenation, was produced in high selectivity for instantly investigated composite catalyst.

Abstract: Several metal-supported catalyst compositions based on nano-crystalline zinc oxide were synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Carbon dioxide temperature programmed desorption (CO2 TPD), and nitrogen adsorption at ?196° C. The Pd-supported nano-ZnO mixed with different oxides such as Cr2O3, CrO3, MgO, and ?-Al2O3 showed high catalytic activity in acetone condensation in gas-phase process under hydrogen flow. This reaction involves the base-acid coupling of acetone to form mesityl oxide, followed by its hydrogenation to methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). The novel catalyst 1% wt. n-Pd/n-ZnCr2O4 was utilized during gas-phase reaction during production of MIBK. MIBK selectivity was 70-72% at 66-77% acetone conversion at 300-350° C. Diisobutyl ketone (DIBK) was the main by-product, with a total MIBK+DIBK selectivity up to 88%. The prepared catalysts showed stable activity and may be used repeatedly and for a longer period of time.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a synthetic porous crystalline molecular sieve requires an aqueous reaction mixture comprising a source of X2O3 (X is a trivalent element), a source of YO2 (Y is a tetravalent element) and a source of MOH (M is an alkali metal). The H2O/MOH molar ratio is within the range of 70 to 126 and the source of X2O3 and YO2 is an amorphous material containing both X2O3 and YO2 and having YO2/X2O3 molar ratio of 15 or less. The molecular sieve products are useful as catalysts and/or absorbents. Such molecular sieves having MFI structure type, TON structure type or the structure type of zeolite beta and a composition involving the molar relationship (n) YO2:X2O3 wherein n is from 2 to less than 15 are novel compositions of matter.

Abstract: Catalytic reactions conducted during acid digestion of cellulose materials, including paper, a wide range of grasses including prairie grass, switch grass, pine wood sawdust, bagasse dried after sugar cane processing, cotton, waste cellulose products and starch materials, are taught for direct conversion to ethanol. The cellulose material is thoroughly wet in concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of transition metal complexes possessing a degree of symmetry. Ethanol formed during the reaction can be removed by distillation affording a continuous process.

Abstract: A method of producing an o-disubstituted aromatic compound, containing: continuously conducting at least the following steps (a) to (d): (a) a step of mono-lithiating one halogen atom of an o-dihaloaromatic compound, using a first microreactor; (b) a step of making the thus-obtained monolithiated product to react with an electrophilic compound, using a second microreactor, to obtain a monosubstituted-monohaloaromatic compound; (c) a step of lithiating the other halogen atom of the o-dihaloaromatic compound, using a third microreactor; and (d) a step of making the thus-obtained lithiated product successively to react with an electrophilic compound, using a forth microreactor.

Abstract: Described herein is (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (geranyl acetol), termed here fuscumol, which has been identified as a male-produced pheromone emitted by Tetropium fuscum (F.) and Tetropium cinnamopterum. Also described are novel derivatives thereof e.g. esters, methods for the synthesis thereof and to a composition comprising fuscumol plus host volatiles e.g. a synthetic blend of monoterpenes plus ethanol, for attracting male and female T. fuscum and female T. cinnamopterum.

Abstract: A reduced or partially reduced nickel-molybdenum catalyst prepared by a process having the steps of 1) reacting nickel carbonate and molybdenum oxide precursors to form nickel molybdate and 2) treating the nickel molybdate under reducing conditions to form the reduced or partially reduced nickel-molybdenum catalyst. There is also a process for making the catalyst. There is also a process for using the catalyst in the hydrogenation of an oxo aldehyde, thereby forming an oxo alcohol of high selectivity. There is also a process for forming an oxo alcohol from the hydroformylation/hydrogenation of an olefinic feedstream. There is also a process for forming an oxo alcohol by contacting formates, dimers, trimers, and organic acids with hydrogen in the presence of a reduced or partially reduced nickel-molybdenum catalyst. The foregoing processes are also useful with a catalyst having the general formula YxZ wherein Y is nickel and/or cobalt and Z is molybdenum and/or tungsten; and wherein x ranges between about 0.

Abstract: This invention comprises a process for hydrogenation of aldehydes to alcohols using novel homogeneous catalysts. The catalysts are generated in situ under hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases in a suitable solvent, by mixing a rhodium catalyst precursor, such as Rh(CO)2 acetoacetonate and a defined ligand.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a hydroformylation process for the conversion of an ethylenically unsaturated compound to an alcohol comprising a first step of reacting at an elevated temperature in a reactor the ethylenically unsaturated compound, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a phosphine-containing cobalt hydroformylation catalyst, which are dissolved in a solvent, followed by a second step of separating a mixture comprising the alcohol and heavy ends from a solution comprising the catalyst and the solvent, followed by a third step of recycling the solution to the reactor.

Abstract: Alkyl-substituted butenols having the formula (I): R1—CH2—CH?CR2—CH2OH ??(I) wherein R1 is a saturated or olefinically unsaturated alkyl or cycloalkyl group having from 4 to 16 carbon atoms and wherein R1 is optionally substituted by an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or alkaryl having up to 12 carbon atoms; R2 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms are produced by a process which comprises: (1) reacting an aldehyde of the formula (II): R1—CH2—CHO ??(II) wherein R1 has the same meaning as in formula (I), with the corresponding lower aldehyde to form an unsaturated aldehyde in an inert organic solvent; (2) continuously contacting an optionally calcined copper/zinc catalyst with the unsaturated aldehyde under isothermal conditions at temperatures of from about 45 to about 60° C. and under a hydrogen pressure of from 1 to about 300 bar.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a C13-alcohol mixture which is suitable, in particular, as precursor for the preparation of compounds having surfactant properties and of plasticizers.

Abstract: A process for producing primary alcohols from secondary alcohols and/or tertiary alcohols and/or ketones, wherein the process comprises reacting a compound selected from a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol, a ketone, or mixtures thereof, with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst based on: (i) a source of Group VIII metal, (ii) a bidentate ligand having the general formula (I): R1R2M1-R-M2R3R4??(I) wherein M1 and M2 are independently P, As or Sb; R1 and R2 together represent a bivalent substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aliphatic group whereby the two free valencies are linked to M1; R3 and R4 independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, or together represent a bivalent or non-substituted cyclic group whereby the two free valencies are linked to M2; and R represents a bivalent aliphatic bridging group; and (iii) an acid having a pKa of 3 or less which is in excess over the Group VIII metal.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound containing at least one carbonyl group comprises bringing the organic compound in the presence of hydrogen into contact with a shaped body which can be produced by a process in which (i) an oxidic material comprising copper oxide, zinc oxide and aluminum oxide is made available, (ii) pulverulent metallic copper or pulverulent cement or a mixture thereof is added to the oxidic material, and (iii) the mixture resulting from (ii) is shaped to form a shaped body.

Abstract: The invention relates to secondary C10 to C18 surfactant alcohols of the general formula (I), wherein R represents methyl or ethyl and R? represents a linear or branched alkyl group with 6–13 C atoms, excepting 5-ethyl-2-nonanol and 6-ethyl-3-decanol, in addition to fatty alcohol alkoxylates, alkyl phosphates, alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether phosphates and alkyl ether sulphates. The secondary C10 to C18 surfactant alcohols can be produced by a simple aldol condensation of linear or branched saturated or unsaturated C7–C14 aldehyde excepting 2-ethyl hexanal, with acetone or methyl ethyl ketone and the subsequent hydrogenation of the condensation product.

Abstract: This invention describes a convenient method for the preparation and use of a ruthenium catalyst for a chiral reduction of ketones and imines.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a liquid phase process for producing isopropanol by the hydrogenation of acetone in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst; the improvement comprising; contacting acetone with hydrogen under continuous liquid phase conditions; and, employing a sponge metal catalyst promoted with an effective amount of chromium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous process for the selective hydrogenation of olefinically unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give unsaturated alcohols in particular of citral to give a mixture of geraniol and nerol, in a reactor containing a liquid phase, in which at least one catalyst is suspended, and which can additionally contain a gas phase, wherein the liquid phase and, if present, the gas phase are passed through a device in the reactor having openings or channels.

Abstract: Guerbet alcohols of the formula (I) CH3(CH2)nCHR1CH2OH??(I) wherein R1 is a linear alkyl radical having n-1 carbon atoms and n is a number of from 5 to 11 are produced by a process which comprises contacting a fatty alcohol of the formula (II) R2OH??(II) wherein R2 is a linear alkyl radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms with a carbonyl compound and an alkall metal hydroxide. The use of heavy metal catalysts usually associated with the production of Guerbet alcohols is avoided thereby reducing the potential for heavy metal pollution of the environment.

Abstract: In a process for preparing alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds over a catalyst comprising rhenium on activated carbon, the catalyst used comprises rhenium (calculated as metal) in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0.0001 to 0.5, platinum (calculated as metal) in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0.0001 to 0.5 and, if appropriate, at least one further metal selected from among Zn, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Ru, Mn, Cr, Mo, W and V in a weight ratio to the activated carbon of from 0 to 0.25, and the activated carbon has been nonoxidatively pretreated It is also possible to prepare ethers and lactones if the hydrogen pressure is not more than 25 bar. In this case, the activated carbon in the catalyst may also have been nonoxidatively pretreated.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation, using molecular hydrogen (H2) of a catalytic system, wherein the catalytic system includes a base and a complex of formula (II): Ru(P2N2)Y2??(II) wherein Y represent simultaneously or independently a hydrogen or halogen atom, a hydroxy group, or an alkoxy, carboxyl or other anionic radical, and P2N2 is a tetradentate diimino-diphosphine ligand.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing aliphatic C3-C10-alcohols, in particular 2-ethylhexanol, from high boilers by thermal treatment in the presence of an alkali metal compound and subsequent hydrogenation of the volatile products.

Abstract: A supported catalyst comprises a cationic rhodium(I) complex of the formula wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different hydrocarbon groups of up to 30 C atoms, or R1 and R2 are linked to form a ring, and a heterogeneous support medium that provides anionic binding sites. Such a complex is particularly useful as a catalyst in a process of hydrogenating an aldehyde to produce the corresponding primary alcohol.

Abstract: A process for preparing functional group-containing olefinic compounds comprises the steps of (a) reacting at least one alkylidene phosphorane with at least one carbonyl-containing compound that comprises at least one group that is a leaving group, or that is capable of subsequent conversion to a leaving group, to form an olefinic compound that comprises at least one leaving group, the carbonyl-containing compound being selected from the group consisting of ketones and aldehydes; and (b) reacting the olefinic compound with at least one functional group-containing nucleophile to form a functional group-containing olefinic compound.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an aminothiol compound having a general formula I wherein R1-R5 are substitutable ligands. Such compound can perform as a superior catalyst in an asymmetric addition reaction of organic metal compounds and aldehyde. According to the present invention, the aminothiol compound is needed only less than 0.02% based on main reactants to obtain enantioselectivity higher than 98% enantiomeric excess, whereby the asymmetric reactions can become very economic.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of saturated C3-C20-alcohols in which a liquid hydrogenation feed comprising at least one C3-C20-aldehyde is passed over a bed of a hydrogenation catalyst in the presence of a hydrogen-containing gas, which comprises adding to the hydrogenation feed an amount, homogeneously soluble therein, of a salt-like base. The addition of base suppresses side reactions, such as acetalization, aldolization, Tischtschenko reaction or ether formation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of tetrahydrogeraniol, wherein the product mixtures and distillation residues from linalool, citronellal, citronellol or geraniol/nerol synthesis are fed directly to catalytic hydrogenation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process, which includes: in a homogeneous liquid phase including water, and over a fixed-bed catalyst, continuously hydrogenating at least one hydroformylation product obtained from a hydroformylation of one or more C4-16 olefins to produce at least one output mixture; wherein the fixed-bed catalyst includes at least one element of transition group eight of the Periodic Table of the Elements; wherein the output mixture includes at least one corresponding alcohol and from 0.05 to 10% by weight of water; and wherein in a steady-state operation of the process, from 3 to 50% more hydrogen is fed to the hydrogenation than is consumed by the hydrogenation.

Abstract: The present invention provides the adsorbent which adsorbs the aldehyde efficiently for a long period. The present invention also includes an adsorption device, an article and a method using the same. The adsorbent of the invention comprises a zeolite, wherein the zeolite has NH4+ as ionic species; a crystal structure of ZSM-5 or ferrierite; a molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 from 30 to 190; and the zeolite retains a quarternary ammonium salt which adsorbs the aldehyde with the reaction of the aldehyde. In the case of a formaldehyde, the zeolite has NH4+ as ionic species.

Abstract: A process for producing an optically active propargyl alcohol represented by the following formula (4): 1

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of 3-alkoxyalkanols useful as solvents for coating materials, photoresists, or the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel dihydrotagetone alcohol of the general formula 1, wherein R is an alkyl or aryl group and a process for preparation thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composition, a method of making and a method of using critical clusters for asymmetric synthesis using substantially optically-pure chiral solvent molecules in a supercritical fluid. The solvent molecules are capable of forming a multipoint hydrogen bonded solvate as they encage at least one solute molecule. The encaged solute molecule is capable of reacting to form an optically active chiral center. In another aspect, there is disclosed a method of directing the position of bonding between a solute molecule and a ligand involving encaging the solute molecule and the ligand with polar solvent molecules in a supercritical fluid under conditions of temperature and pressure sufficient to change electric charge distribution in the solute molecule.

Abstract: Ethylenically unsaturated compounds are hydroformylated in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst comprising at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII with at least one phosphorus-containing compound as ligand, where this compound contains two groups which contain P atoms and are bound to a molecular skeleton derived from bisphenol A.

Abstract: A process for producing alcohols, to obtain a straight-chain alcohol having a carbon number of n (where n=3 to 6), a branched chain alcohol having a carbon number of n (where n=3 to 6) and a branched chain alcohol having a carbon number of 2n (where n=3 to 6) from a mixed aldehyde comprising a straight-chain aldehyde having a carbon number of n (where n=3 to 6) and a branched chain aldehyde having a carbon number of n (where n=3 to 6) in an optional proportion, which comprises supplying the mixed aldehyde to a distillation column, withdrawing from the bottom of the column an aldehyde rich in the straight-chain aldehyde, dimerizing the straight-chain aldehyde, followed by hydrogenation to obtain the branched chain alcohol having a carbon number of 2n, while obtaining, as a fraction from the top of the column, an aldehyde rich in the branched chain aldehyde and having a straight-chain aldehyde concentration in the fraction of at least 30 wt %, subjecting the fraction to hydrog