Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. The apparatus may be designed such that it can synthesize more than one nitroalkane using the same equipment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing nitroalkanes by reaction of at least one alkane with at least one nitrating agent in the gas phase, wherein the nitration is carried out in a microstructured reaction zone having parallel channels having hydraulic diameters of less than 2.5 mm and a total specific internal surface area of more than 1600 m2/m3 and the alkane and the nitrating agent are conveyed under a pressure of from 1 bar to 20 bar through the reaction zone and reacted at a temperature of from 150° C. to 650° C. and the reaction products are cooled downstream of the reaction zone and discharged and the at least one nitrating agent is introduced over from two to ten introduction points along the reaction zone.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. Energy and capital costs may be reduced by recycling a majority of the aqueous phase back to the reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the formation of 2-nitropropane and/or 2,2-dinitropropane by the nitration of propane with dilute nitric acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are processes and apparatuses for concentrating at least one organic acid using an alkyl acetate as an entrainer. The processes and apparatuses may use the same alkyl acetate as an entrainer to concentrate a mixture of organic acids.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. The apparatus may be designed such that it can synthesize more than one nitroalkane using the same equipment.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for concentrating an organic acid by using a nitroalkane as an entrainer for the azeotropic removal of water from an aqueous organic acid solution. The nitroalkane may be the same as a nitroalkane that is the product of a high pressure nitration process that produces nitroalkanes and aqueous organic acid.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. Energy and capital costs may be reduced by recycling a majority of the aqueous phase back to the reactor.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. By using an isothermal reactor with multiple input ports for aqueous nitric acid, a hydrocarbon feedstock may be sequentially exposed to a plurality of flows of aqueous nitric acid as it flows through the reactor.

Abstract: The invention related to a novel process, novel process steps and novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active compounds, especially renin inhibitors, such as Aliskiren, the invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a compound of the formula I, or a salt thereof, wherein R1 as well as Act are as defined in the specification, and processes of manufacturing this compound as well as intermediates in this process.

Abstract: Provided is a process for making nitrated hydrocarbons by reacting aqueous nitric acid with a hydrocarbon feedstock and a carboxylic acid under specific reaction conditions.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing nitro compounds against discoloration. The method comprises reacting nitro compounds containing color-forming impurities with nitric acid, neutralizing and washing the product, and distilling therefrom purified nitro compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. The apparatus may be designed such that it can synthesize more than one nitroalkane using the same equipment.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing nitro compounds against discoloration. The method comprises reacting nitro compounds containing color-forming impurities with nitric acid, neutralizing and washing the product, and distilling therefrom purified nitro compounds.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. Energy and capital costs may be reduced by recycling a majority of the aqueous phase back to the reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a process for making nitrated hydrocarbons by reacting aqueous nitric acid with a hydrocarbon feedstock and a carboxylic acid under specific reaction conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed are a process and apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. Energy and capital costs may be reduced by using a dividing wall column.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for making HOF.RCN and using it to oxidise organic substrates in a quick and safe way. The process comprises passing diluted fluorine through a conduit and RCN in water through another conduit into a microreactor to form HOF.RCN and reacting this with an organic substrates.

Abstract: Provided is a process for the formation of nitrated compounds by the nitration of hydrocarbon compounds with dilute nitric acid. Also provided are processes for preparing industrially useful downstream derivatives of the nitrated compounds, as well as novel nitrated compounds and derivatives, and methods of using the derivatives in various applications.

Abstract: This application discloses provides a process for the introduction of nitro-group functionality into a compound which contains also a site of unsaturation and/or oxygen functionality by direct (one step) oxidation of an oxime functional group mediated by a molybdenum VI/VII peroxo complex, the process comprising: (a) providing a substrate of Formula I containing an oxime functional group; wherein R1 and R2 are selected independently from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl and linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl groups, optionally substituted, with the proviso that at least one of R1 or R2 contains a carbon/carbon double bond; and (b) contacting said substrate of Formula I with a molybdenum oxidation complex, thereby oxidizing said oxime functional group to a nitro functional group to yield the structure of Formula III. Where R1 and R2 are as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of remedying deterioration of an insulating film which, during the remedial treatment of an insulating film deteriorated by plasma treatment, does not leave residual remedial agent on the wiring material such as the copper wiring layer, can be conducted using a dry process, and exhibits excellent applicability to mass production. The insulating film that has been deteriorated by plasma treatment is brought into contact with a remedial agent composed of a compound with a molecular structure having at least one of a nitro group and a carbonyl group, and at least one of a hydrocarbon group and a hydrogen group.

Abstract: The method provides nitro compounds at a high conversion and selectivity by nitrating substrates under comparatively mild conditions in the absence of catalysts. Organic substrates are nitrated using no catalysts or ozone, but using (1) at least one nitrogen compound selected from N.sub.2 O or NO and oxygen. It is advantageous for the nitration reaction to employ a nitrogen compound obtained by a reaction of the nitrogen compound with oxygen, particularly a nitrogen oxide comprising N.sub.2 O.sub.3 as a main component. Additionally, organic substrates are nitrated using (2) NO.sub.2. The substrates include a compound having a methine-carbon atom, and a compound having a methyl group or methylene group in an adjacent position to an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Catalysts based on rhodium and water-soluble phosphine obtained by using rhodium perchlorate as the precursor rhodim salt. Also, processes for the preparation of these catalysts and to their use are provided.

Abstract: A method of preparing a monohalogenated nitroalkane which comprises reacting equal molar quantities of an alkali metal hydroxide and a nitroalkane in a suitable medium to form a nitronate salt therein, promptly mixing the medium containing the nitronate salt with an equal molar quantity of a halogen to form a monohalogenated nitroalkane in the medium, promptly adding a material to the medium containing the monohalogenated nitroalkane to terminate any further halogenation therein, and recovering the monohalogenated nitroalkane from the medium.

Abstract: Nitromethane is preparaed from a nitriding agent comprising an oxygenated nitrogen compound and a carbon compound containing two carbon atoms and at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen.

Abstract: Infrared laser-induced production of nitrated products is achieved by irradiating compounds selected from propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, and cyclopropane in the gas phase while in a stainless steel cell 5.times.5.times.10 cm equipped with zinc selenide windows to admit the infrared laser radiation in the range of 10.4 or 9.4 micrometers provided by a continuous wave CO.sub.2 laser. KC1 windows on the short path are to monitor infrared spectra of reactants and products. Nitrogen dioxide or nitric acid is present as the second reactant and the nitrating agent. The infrared laser-induced method far exceeds the yield of nitrated products found in the argon-ion laser-induced nitration of isobutane reported in the literature. Applicants' method at least equals the yield from thermally activated systems with a minimum formation of undesirable side products. A representative sample, 220 torr of gaseous butane, and 20 torr NO.sub.2 is irradiated in one experiment for 30 seconds with 75 W/cm.sup.

Abstract: A process to decolorize and stabilize nitro compounds by contacting the nitro compound with an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite particulate material.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitrohydrocarbon compounds by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, an olefinic unsaturated compound having at least three carbon atoms with NO.sub.2 alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: A method for preparing nitrones from mixtures of arylhydroxylamines and alkylhydroxylamines containing zinc oxide solids is provided which does not require filtration of the mixture prior to reaction. This is accomplished by introducing a dilute acid solution to the mixture so as to solubilize the zinc oxide powder. The hydroxylamines within solution may be reacted with an aldehyde to produce a nitrone where the dilute acid dissolves the zinc oxide.

Abstract: The tendency of nitromethane to detonate when used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine surprisingly has been found to be reduced by adding to the fuel a detonation reducing amount of an additive selected from the group consisting of nitroethane, 2-nitropropane, and mixtures thereof. Nitromethane fuel compositions having a reduced tendency to detonate are also provided.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitro compounds by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, an aldehyde having from two to ten carbon atoms with nitrogen dioxide alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: A reactor for nitration of saturated hydrocarbons having less than five con atoms, alone or in admixture, in the gaseous phase under pressure is made up of a reaction enclosure, in which a tube or pipe bank is in contact with a heated fluid of high heat-exchange capacity. The inside perimeter of the tubes does not exceed 800 mm, and if circular not in excess of 250 mm, and the ratio of the surface of the tube bank, in contact with the reaction medium, to the volume of the reaction enclosure is 1:1 to 3:1.The reactor apparatus further includes a mechanical means to uniformly distribute the delivery of reaction medium gases to the various tubes of the bank so that the load difference between the most loaded tube and that of the least loaded tube is equal to 10% at the most.The reactor also includes a tube bank injector which feeds the tube bank to assure homogeneous mixing of all the reaction fluids in the tube bank.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitro compounds by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, an alcohol having from two to ten carbon atoms with nitrogen dioxide alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitro compounds by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, a ketone having from three to ten carbon atoms with nitrogen dioxide alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitroalkanes and nitroaromatics by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, an organic carboxylic acid having from two to ten carbon atoms with NO.sub.2 alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: Nitration of organic compounds and organic nitrogen compounds produced.Organic nitrogen compounds are formed in the vapor phase by organic radical formation by reaction of an organic compound with hydroxyl radicals derived from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide and the nitration of the organic radicals, suitably with nitrogen dioxide. The process may be conducted as a single stage process using an excess of nitrogen dioxide over that required for hydroxyl radical formation. The production of hydroxyl radicals is maximized by the use of a catalytic solid surface such as a solid acid or an acidic oxide or mixed oxide. The product may be a mixture of some or all of the nitrite, nitrate and nitro-derivative which may be used as such, e.g. as a fuel additive, as a source of the individual compounds or as a feedstock for a further synthesis.

Abstract: Organic nitrogen compounds are formed in the vapor phase by organic radical formation by reaction of an organic compound, suitably an alkane, with hydroxyl radicals derived from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide and the nitration of the organic radicals, suitably with nitrogen dioxide. The process is conducted using a molecular oxygen additive which directs the reaction towards the formation of the nitrate corresponding to the organic compound which may predominate in the organic reaction products.

Abstract: An improved process for forming nitroparaffins by gaseous phase nitration of hydrocarbons higher than methane. The improvement comprises carrying out the nitration in the presence of a small amount of at least one carboxylic acid, preferably acetic acid.

Abstract: A process for selectively forming nitro compounds by contacting, at elevated temperature and pressure and in a homogeneous gas phase, an organic carboxylic acid having from two to ten carbon atoms with NO.sub.2 or HNO.sub.3 alone or in the presence of oxygen and/or water.

Abstract: An improved process for forming nitroparaffins by gaseous phase nitration of hydrocarbons higher than methane. The improvement comprises carrying out the nitration in the presence of a small amount of oxygenated hydrocarbons selected from aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process of making nitroalkanes which comprises reacting a lower alkanol, e.g. methanol, and nitric acid (HNO.sub.3) in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst which is an oxide or a salt of a metal of Group II of the periodic table, e.g. calcium chloride.

Abstract: An improved process for the vapor phase nitration of alkanes comprising feeding the alkane with an inert diluent gas and vaporizing the nitric acid on the surface of a catalyst bed which is the salt or oxide of a group II metal of the periodic chart.

Abstract: It is the discovery of the present invention to provide an improved method of rectifying the crude production stream obtained by the vapor phase nitration of hydrocarbons by subjecting the absorber bottom mixture to extractive distillation with water.

Abstract: An improved process for the vapor phase nitration of methane comprising delivering preheated (1000.degree.-1250.degree. F.) methane at a flow rate of not less than 20,000 SCFH into a reaction chamber of 3.334 inches in diameter maintained at about 950.degree. F., delivering nitric acid into the reaction chamber through a plurality of orifices perpendicularly mounted with respect to the methane flow, whereat the nitric acid vaporizes, mixes with the methane and reacts therewith, and exiting the reaction mixture after a reaction time of 30 to 250 milliseconds and recovering nitromethane from the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A process for making nitroalkanes in which an alpha-bromoalkanoic acid is reacted with an alkali metal nitrite, e.g. NaNO.sub.2, in the presence of the magnesium ion (Mg.sup.++) in an aprotic solvent to form a chelate. Neutralization of the chelate with a mineral acid produces a nitroalkane having one less carbon atom than the reactant bromoalkanoic acid.

Abstract: Nitroparaffins are made in the homogeneous gaseous phase by nitration of ethane, performed in the presence of an active agent carrying an NO or NO.sub.2 group that is easily transferable. The process is applicable particularly to making nitromethane with high yields.

Abstract: A process making nitroparaffins comprises a nitration reaction in the gass phase, under pressure, in a closed loop with recycling of the products that have not reacted, with continuous deconcentration purge and continuous input of hydrocarbon and nitrating agent. The process is applicable to nitration of saturated hydrocarbon less than C.sub.5, above or in mixture.

Abstract: Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids using diazabicycloalkenes and, if desired, also a simple copper salt, as the means for decarboxylation.

Abstract: Nitroparaffins are made by nitration in the gaseous phase under pressure, ssibly in the presence of a gas containing oxygen. The reagent to be nitrated is a mixture containing a substantial amount of propane, the reaction temperature and pressure, the contact time and the quantitative ratios between the nitrating agent, the mixture to be nitrated and the oxygenated gas being selected so that the nitration reaction is conducted in a homogeneous gaseous phase. The process makes it possible to obtain a percentage of different nitroparaffins in response to industrial demand and further to use the cheapest raw materials at a given moment.

Abstract: A method of producing FDNE using readily available fluoroolefins as a fluorine source.