Abstract: A process for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon, said process comprising partially oxidising in a reaction zone, a mixture comprising a hydrocarbon and an oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst which is capable of supporting oxidation of the hydrocarbon, wherein prior to said partial oxidation, said mixture comprising the hydrocarbon and the oxygen-containing gas is passed through a heat exchanger. Preferably the heat exchanger is a compact heat exchanger. Prior to passage through the heat exchanger a mixture of hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing gas may be passed through a baffle zone which comprises a housing containing at least one baffle plate. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a process for the production of an olefin such as ethylene by the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of a hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Oxidized compounds are produced in a continuous integrated process in liquid phase, which comprises: Step I, synthesis of non acidic hydrogen peroxide solutions by direct reaction between hydrogen and oxygen by catalytic reaction utilizing a noble metal catalyst. Step II, this hydrogen peroxide solution is directly mixed with an organic substrate, a suitable catalyst and optionally a solvent. The integrated process requires no treatment step and is particularly well adapted to the production of propylene oxide.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a method by which, in carrying out a liquid-phase oxidation reaction using a catalyst comprising a tungsten species as an essential component, the catalytic activity performance can be improved or maintained and by which the catalyst component tungsten species can be prevented from being leached into liquid reaction mixtures to thereby control decrease in catalytic activity and make it possible to reuse the catalyst.

Abstract: A method for carrying out a reaction of one substance capable of being activated by a catalyst with another substance capable of reacting with said one substance activated, characterized in that the substance capable of being activated is activated by passing the substance through a diaphragm type catalyst and the reaction is thus performed in one reaction step; a method for producing an aromatic alcohol utilizing the above method; and a reaction apparatus suitable for these reactions. In the method, one substance is activated by passing through a diaphragm type catalyst and an objective reaction is carried out by using the activated substance, and the reaction can be performed in one reaction step and with safety. Moreover, the contact of the above activated substance with a compound to be reacted therewith can be freely controlled, and therefore, over-reaction can be prevented and an objective product can be produced in high yield.

Abstract: There is provided a process for modifying a first organic composition comprising (i) at least one first solvent, (ii) at least one solute, and (iii) optionally, at least one second solvent to produce a modified organic composition in which the concentration of the at least one first solvent is reduced and the concentration of the at least one second solvent is increased, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a selectively permeable membrane having a first surface and a second surface; (b) transferring a portion of the first solvent and optionally a portion of the solute from the first surface to the second surface across the membrane by contacting the first organic composition with the first surface, wherein the pressure at the first surface is greater than the pressure at the second surface, and wherein the membrane is a selectively permeable membrane such that the membrane rejection (R) of the solute is greater than 0%; (c) adding a portion of the second solvent to the organic composition retained at the f

Abstract: The invention provides a catalytic, chemospecific and stereospecific method of oxidizing a wide variety of substrates without unwanted side reactions. Essentially, the method of the instant invention, under relatively mild reaction conditions, catalytically, stereospecifically and chemospecifically inserts oxygen into a hydrocarbon C—H bond. Oxidation (oxygen insertion) at a tertiary C—H bond to form an alcohol (and in some cases a hemiacetal) at the tertiary carbon is favored. The stereochemistry of an oxidized tertiary carbon is preserved. Ketones are formed by oxidizing a secondary C—H bond and ring-cleaved diones are formed by oxidizing cis tertiary CH bonds.

Abstract: Process for preparing at least one partial oxidation and/or ammoxidation product of propylene, in which the propylene is produced from crude propane by dehydrogenation and is subjected to a heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase partial oxidation and/or partial gas-phase ammoxidation in the presence of unreacted propane as constituent of a gas mixture 2 containing <1% by volume of 1-butene.

Abstract: In a process for preparing at least one partial oxidation and/or ammoxidation product of propylene, the propylene is obtained from crude propane by dehydrogenating and subjected in the presence of unconverted propane as a constituent of a gas mixture 2 which comprises a total C4-hydrocarbon content of ≦3% by volume to a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation and/or partial gas phase ammoxidation.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof: 1

Abstract: A crystalline titanosilicate catalyst which is usable as a catalyst in the oxidation reaction of a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond and at least one other functional group, a process for producing the catalyst, and a process for producing an oxidized compound by an oxidation reaction using the catalyst. It has been found that a crystalline titanosilicate having a structural code of MWW effectively functions as a catalyst in an oxidation reaction of a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond and at least one other functional group, or a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond a functional group and having a total carbon number of not smaller than 2 and not larger than 5, wherein the carbon-carbon double bond of the compound is oxidized by using a peroxide as an oxidizing agent, thereby to highly selectively provide an intended oxidized compound.

Abstract: There are provided production processes for cyclic sulfone compounds of formula (2) or (4): 1

Abstract: A catalyst comprising a mixed metal oxide is useful for the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated carboxylic acid and for the vapor phase ammoxidation of an alkane or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene to an unsaturated nitrile.

Abstract: The process is performed in the gas phase in the presence of molecular oxygen at temperatures in the range from 200 to 500° C. in at least one reactor, which constitutes a cooling-tube reactor and contains a catalyst. Cooling liquid flows through the cooling tubes of the reactor, and from the reactor a gaseous product mixture is withdrawn. 40 to 100 wt-% of the total amount of catalyst of the cooling-tube reactor are disposed as coating on the outside of the cooling tubes, wherein the feed mixture containing the feedstock and the molecular oxygen gets in contact with the catalyst layers. Preferably, at least half the cooling tubes constitute ribbed tubes with ribs protruding on the outside, the ribs being at least partly coated with catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the nitration of conjugated alkenes of formula (I) wherein R, R1, R2, R3 and R4 have the meanings reported in the description, which allows to obtain the corresponding &bgr;-nitro-alkenes, characterised in that the nitrating agent is a mixture of an inorganic nitrite and iodine in the presence of an oxidising agent is described.

Abstract: A method for the recovery of rhodium from spent supported catalysts. In one embodiment, a method for recovering rhodium from a host material includes roasting the host material in air at a temperature sufficient to convert at least a portion of rhodium to Rh2O3, leaching the host material in a solution with a leaching constituent which is reactive with Rh2O3 to form a first intermediate species, reacting the first intermediate species in a solution with an acidifying constituent or complexing agent to form a second intermediate species, and purifying the second intermediate species. Preferably, the roasting temperature is approximately from 600° C. to 800° C. for 0.5 to 10 hours. In some embodiments, the host material is ground to particles in the range of 0.1 to 10 mm.

Abstract: A microporous crystalline material of a zeolitic nature, that corresponds to the empirical formula

Abstract: A process for regenerating a zeolite catalyst comprises thermal treatment of the catalyst at above 120° C. in the presence of a gas stream comprising hydrogen.

Abstract: An osmium-assisted process for the oxidative cleavage of oxidizable organic compounds such as unsaturated organic compounds, including alkenes and olefins into aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, or ketones. The process uses a metal catalyst comprising osmium and a peroxy compound selected from the group consisting of peroxymonosulfuric acid and salts thereof to oxidatively cleave the oxidizable organic compound. In particular, the process enables aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, or ketones to be selectively produced from the corresponding mono-, 1,1-di-, 1,2-di-, tri-, or tetra-substituted olefins in a reaction that produces the result of ozonolysis but with fewer problems. The present invention further provides a process for oxidizing an aldehyde alone or with the osmium in an interactive solvent to produce an ester or carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A method of reacting a first non-fluorous compound to produce a second non-fluorous compound includes the steps of: contacting a first non-fluorous phase including the first non-fluorous compound with a first fluorous phase at a first phase interface, the first non-fluorous compound distributing between the first fluorous phase and the first non-fluorous phase; contacting the first fluorous phase with a second non-fluorous phase at a second phase interface; and including at least a third non-fluorous compound in the second non-fluorous phase that reacts with the first non-fluorous compound to produce the second non-fluorous compound, the second non-fluorous compound having a distribution coefficient less than the first non-fluorous compound. For example, the first non-fluorous compound can be dibromine or diiodine. and the second non-fluorous compound can be an alkene.

Abstract: Improved oxidation methods are provided wherein a reaction mixture comprising a substrate to be oxidized (e.g., phenols, alkenes) and an oxidation catalyst (typically dispersed in an organic solvent system) is supplemented with a compressed gas which expands the reaction mixture, thus accelerating the oxidation reaction. In preferred practice pressurized subcritical or supercritical carbon dioxide is used as the expanding gas, which is introduced into the reaction mixture together with an oxidizing agent. The inventive methods improve the substrate conversion and product selectivity by increasing the solubility of the oxidizing agent in the reaction mixture.

Abstract: A non-chrome, copper-containing catalyst, Cu—Al—O and method of preparing the same are provided wherein the Cu—Al—O catalyst is prepared by the co-precipitation of copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) and sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4) solutions using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a precipitant. The precipitate is filtered, washed to removed excess sodium, and dried. The dried product, to be used in a powder form, is calcined at a preferred temperature of approximately 700° to 900° C. for approximately 1 to 4 hours. The dry powder, to be tableted or extruded, is calcined at a temperature of approximately 400° to 700° C. The activity of the Cu—Al—O catalyst can be promoted in hydrogenolysis applications by the addition of various agents. The Cu—Al—O catalyst can be employed in applications in place of Cu/Cr, or other copper based catalysts.

Abstract: The subject invention provides therapeutically useful and therapeutically effective compounds and compositions for the treatment of a variety of disorders. The compounds of the invention exhibit significantly reduced levels of drug-drug interactions (DDI) and are metabolized, primarily, via non-oxidative systems.

Abstract: In a continuous process for reacting an organic compound with hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst, the reaction is carried out in a reactor assembly comprising at least two reactors connected in parallel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. This process comprises passing a reaction mixture comprising hydrocarbons, oxygen, and at least one reducing agent, through a catalyst-containing layer to partially oxidize the hydrocarbon, and adsorbing the partially oxidized hydrocarbon in a downstream adsorbent-containing layer.

Abstract: Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is produced by the adiabatic nitration of toluene with nitric acid at a temperature of from about 60 to about 200° C. and at a molar ratio of toluene to nitric acid of from about 1:1.5 to about 1:3.0. The reaction mixture thus-obtained is concentrated to a water content of up to 30% by weight. The dinitrotoluene which is present in the reaction mixture is at least partially (if not completely) removed from the reaction mixture either before or after concentration of the reaction mixture. The DNT which is still present in the vapor generated during the concentration of the reaction mixture is kept liquid by the addition of a solvent to the vapors generated during concentration of the reaction mixture. The solvent added to vapor, together with any DNT present in the vapor is recovered. This solvent/DNT mixture may be recycled directly to the reaction vessel. The solvent/DNT mixture may also be separated. The separated solvent may be recycled to the solvent addition step.

Abstract: Hydrothermally synthesized catalysts comprising a mixed metal oxide are utilized to produce unsaturated carboxylic acids by the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, in the presence thereof, or to produce unsaturated nitrites by the vapor phase oxidation of an alkane, or a mixture of an alkane and an alkene, and ammonia in the presence thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to supported catalysts which are composed of titanium oxide hydrates coated with nanoscale gold particles. The catalysts of the present invention have increased activity over known catalysts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic gas phase process for the preparation of epoxides from unsaturated hydrocarbons by oxidation with molecular oxygen in the presence of carbon monoxide and nanoscale gold particles.

Abstract: A system and method for converting light hydrocarbons into heavier hydrocarbons, such as with a Fischer-Tropsch process, are provided that use a gas turbine and that uses at least two different sources of compressed oxygen-containing gas for the preparation of synthesis gas. The system and method may also include a steam turbine powered by process steam, along with the gas turbine, to provide additional power to produce the compressed oxygen containing gas.

Abstract: A continuous process for oxidation, in which the substance to be oxidized and the oxidizing gas flow countercurrently and the oxidizing gas is mixed with a split stream containing preoxidized substance before it enters the reactor. A Venturi nozzle is particularly suitable as the mixing organ in the reactor.

Abstract: Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide is carried out by a cyclical process, which includes (a) contacting an oxygen ion conducting ceramic with air at a pressure between about 1 and 50 bara in a reactor, wherein oxygen from the air reacts with the ceramic, thereby producing an oxygen-enriched ceramic, and (b) contacting the hot, oxygen-enriched ceramic with hydrocarbon gas and optionally steam in the reactor. During the partial oxidation reaction phase of the process, the oxygen-enriched ceramic reacts with the hydrocarbon, thereby producing the desired gas products and regenerating the oxygen ion conducting ceramic for the next cycle of the process.

Abstract: In the presence (1) an oxidation catalyst comprising a crystalline complex of manganese with an N,N′-disalicylidenediamine (e.g. N,N′-disalicylidene C2-8 alkylenediamines and N,N′-disalicylidene C6-12 arylenediamines), or (2) an oxidation catalyst comprising the above complex and a basic nitrogen-containing compound, a substrate (e.g., &bgr;-isophorone or a derivative thereof) is oxidized with molecular oxygen to produce a corresponding oxide (e.g., ketoisophorone). Ketoisophorone can be obtained from &bgr;-isophorone with high conversation and high selectivity.

Abstract: A process for preparing hydroperoxides which comprises oxidizing hydrocarbon by a gas containing oxygen in the presence of a specific compound and converting them selectively to corresponding hydroperoxides.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the reaction rate and/or reactivity of a hydrocarbon to an intermediate oxidation product, such as an acid, within predetermined limits, are disclosed. Control of the reaction rate and/or reactivity within predetermined limits is achieved by monitoring and controlling the oxidant consumption rate. According to the present invention, examples of ways to determine the oxidant consumption rate include, but are not limited to, monitoring the flow rates of incoming and outgoing oxidant, monitoring pressure differentials after temporarily ceasing entry and exit of gases, and monitoring the flow rates of incoming and outgoing gases, and monitoring the rates of incoming and outgoing hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Lower alkenes of from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, such as propene, are produced by the vapor phase catalytic oxidative dehyrogenation of lower alkane, such as propane, using a mixed metal oxide catalyst of formula (1) as decribed, containing manganese and at least one additional metal as essential elements, e.g., Mn1Sb0.15Ox, Mn1P0.2Ox, Mn1S0.15W0.05Cr0.1Ox. The lower alkene may be further oxidatively dehydrogenated using a mixed metal oxide catalyst of formula (1), especially formula (2), as described, to produce a mixture of unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated acid. The unsaturated aldehyde may be further oxidatively dehydrogenated in the vapor phase in the presence of mixed metal oxide catalyst of formula (1), especially formula (3).

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for oxidizing organic compounds using hydrogen peroxide to oxidize an oxidizable organic substrate in the presence of a silylated peroxide-activating metal/silica-containing catalyst and to a method of preparing such a catalyst.

Abstract: A novel method for the production of an oxygen-containing organic compound is provided. The production of an oxygen-containing organic compound is attained by oxidizing an olefin, an alcohol, or an aldehyde by catalyzing thereof with a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the presence of a catalyst formed of a polyoxo metalate substituted with a divalent transition metal cation.

Abstract: A human glycyrrhetinic-acid-like factor which inhibits certain enzymes in pathways of steroid hormone degradation is disclosed.

Abstract: The Antibiotic Complex AB-023 and its components: Antibiotic AB-023a and ibiotic AB-023b are disclosed, which are obtained by the controlled aerobic culture of Streptomyces sp. NCIMB 40212 in an aqueous nutrient culture substrate. Antibiotics AB-023 display a biological activity against pathogen fungi which attack agricultural crops and man.

Abstract: An Antibiotic Complex AB-023 and its components: Antibiotic AB-023a and Abiotic AB-023b are disclosed, which are obtained by the controlled aerobic culture of Streptomyces sp. NCIMB 40212 in an aqueous nutrient culture substrate. Antibiotic AB-023 displays a biological activity against pathogen fungi which attack agricultural crops and man.