Elemental Halogen Reactant Patents (Class 570/234)
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Patent number: 11407698Abstract: The present invention relates to a synthesis method and synthesis reactor of high-selectivity 2-methylallyl chloride by taking isobutylene and chlorine gas as raw materials and performing a gas-phase chlorination reaction in a microchannel reactor with a cooling surface. The isobutylene and the chlorine gas are reacted in a T-shaped microchannel reactor, and the mixing speed is extremely fast. Meanwhile, the huge heat exchange area per unit volume can ensure that the reaction proceeds stably at a substantially constant temperature and has good controllability. Therefore, side reactions caused by excessive local temperature can be effectively suppressed, the reaction selectivity is high, and no coking phenomenon occurs.Type: GrantFiled: October 10, 2018Date of Patent: August 9, 2022Assignees: ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, ZHEJIANG HUANGMA TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.Inventors: Hong Yin, Zhirong Chen, Xinrong Wang, Weisong Wang, Yuanrong Yu, Shengli Wang, Yuefen Wang, Zhenqiang Ma, Xingjun Zhao, Jianfang Qian
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Patent number: 10138181Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for chlorination and dehydrogenation of ethane, comprising: mixing and reacting a low-melting-point metal chloride with C2H6, such that the low-melting-point metal chloride is reduced to a liquid-state low-melting-point metal, and the C2H6 is chlorinated and dehydrogenized to give a mixed gas containing HCl, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 and C2H3Cl. In the method, the low-melting-point metal chloride is used as a raw material for chlorination and dehydrogenation, and the low-melting-point metal produced after the reaction is used as an intermediate medium. The method has the characteristics of simple process, low cost and high yield. Moreover, some acetylene and vinyl chloride can be produced as by-products at the same time when the ethylene is produced, by controlling the ratio of ethane to the chloride as desired in production.Type: GrantFiled: May 13, 2016Date of Patent: November 27, 2018Assignee: ZHONGKE YIGONG (XIAMEN) CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.Inventors: Jingguang Zhong, Xing Liu, Xuehua Liu
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Publication number: 20150045591Abstract: The preparation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as pentachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane, from tetrachloropropanes, such as 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane, in the presence of a polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, such as antimony pentachloride, is described. Also described are methods for preparing optionally chlorinated alkenes, such as, tetrachloropropenes, from chlorinated alkanes, such as pentachloropropanes, in the presence of polyvalent antimony compound that includes a pentavalent antimony compound, as well as methods for recovering polyvalent antimony compounds from such processes.Type: ApplicationFiled: October 22, 2014Publication date: February 12, 2015Inventors: Scott A. Sherwood, Stephen Robert Lester
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Publication number: 20140371494Abstract: Processes for the production of chlorinated propanes and propenes are provided. The present processes comprise catalyzing at least one chlorination step with one or more regios elective catalysts that provide a regioselectivity to one chloropropane of at least 5:1 relative to other chloropropanes.Type: ApplicationFiled: December 12, 2012Publication date: December 18, 2014Inventors: Max Markus Tirtowidjojo, Matthew Lee Grandbois, William J. Kruper, JR., Edward M. Calverley, David Stephen Laitar, Kurt Frederick Hirksekorn
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Patent number: 8877990Abstract: A process of making a chlorinated hydrocarbon through a thermal dehydrochlorination step in which an unsaturated compound represented by the following general formula (2) is obtained by thermally decomposing a saturated compound represented by the following general formula (1). CCl3—CCl2-mHm—CCl3-nHn??(1) CCl2?CCl2-mHm-1—CCl3-nHn??(2) (in the above formulas, m is 1 or 2, and n is an integer of 0 to 3.Type: GrantFiled: June 17, 2010Date of Patent: November 4, 2014Assignee: Tokuyama CorporationInventors: Tadahiro Fukuju, Kikuo Yamamoto, Masayuki Moriwaki, Yasutaka Komatsu, Akihiro Saito, Shunsuke Hosaka, Dai Tsunoda, Jun Kawakami
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Publication number: 20140323744Abstract: The specification relates to compounds and process for the preparation of a compound of formula 7, where LG is a leaving group and hal is a halide and is Cl, Br or I. The compound of formula 7 can be useful in the preparation of natural products, such as halichondrin and its derivatives.Type: ApplicationFiled: November 29, 2012Publication date: October 30, 2014Inventors: Fabio E.S. Souza, Huzaifa Rangwala, Boris Gorin, Ming Pan
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Patent number: 8822741Abstract: A process for the fluorination of haloolefins with elemental fluorine in the presence of anhydrous HF proceeds with high yield and selectivity in the product deriving from the addition of fluorine to the carbon-carbon double bond.Type: GrantFiled: July 5, 2011Date of Patent: September 2, 2014Assignee: Solvay Specialty Polymers Italy S.p.A.Inventors: Vito Tortelli, Marco Galimberti
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Patent number: 7687429Abstract: Catalysts for oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichlorethane, comprising compounds of copper and magnesium supported on gamma alumina, wherein the copper, expressed as metal, is present in a quantity from 7 to 12% by weight and the Mg/Cu ratio is from 0.05 to 1, wherein the distribution of copper in the catalyst particle is such that the ratio X/Y between the concentration of the copper atoms on the surface given by the Al/Cu ratio (X) on the surface (20-30 nm layer) and the concentration given by the Al/Cu ratio (Y) referred to the entire particle is greater than 1.3 and can reach 3.Type: GrantFiled: November 23, 2005Date of Patent: March 30, 2010Assignee: Sud Chemie - Catalysts Italia S.R.L.Inventors: Francesco Casagrande, Carlo Orsenigo
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Patent number: 7504077Abstract: With a method or a device for producing 1,2-dichloroethane or ethylene (di)chloride (EDC) with the use of a circulating reaction medium and a catalyst, whereby ethylene and chlorine are supplied to the reaction medium, the catalytic chlorination of ethylene is achieved in a manner that is particularly gentle to the product by introducing the ethylene or chlorine gas into the reaction medium via microporous gas diffuser elements for producing gas bubbles with a diameter of 0.3 to 3 mm.Type: GrantFiled: October 8, 2004Date of Patent: March 17, 2009Assignees: Uhde GmbH, Vinnolit Technologie GmbH & Co. KGInventor: Michael Benje
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Patent number: 7112709Abstract: A method for recovering much of the carbon and chlorine value in the heavy ends and other undesired by-products formed during the production of a C3 or higher polychlorinated alkane through the reaction of carbon tetrachloride with an olefine or chlorinated olefine, the improvement comprising the step of first separating the heavy ends and any other higher or lower boiling chlorohydrocarbon impurities from most of the desired product, and subjecting the separated heavy ends and impurities therewith to a high temperature exhaustive chlorination to produce carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethene, and minor amounts of hexachlorobutadiene and hexachlorobenzene by-products.Type: GrantFiled: September 9, 2003Date of Patent: September 26, 2006Assignee: Vulcan ChemicalsInventor: Rodney L. Klausmeyer
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Patent number: 6881872Abstract: Less colored trans-1,3-dichloropropene and a process for producing it, are presented. A composition comprising cis-1,3-dichloropropene, trans-1,3-dichloropropene and C6 compounds, is subjected to a distillation step and to a step of reacting chlorine or bromine, to remove cis-1,3-dichloropropene as a low boiling component, and then the residue is distilled to remove the chlorinated C6 compounds as a high boiling component and to obtain trans-1,3-dichloropropene as a low boiling component.Type: GrantFiled: March 27, 2003Date of Patent: April 19, 2005Assignee: Asahi Glass Company, LimitedInventors: Tomoko Matsumoto, Tateo Nakano, Yutaka Yokoyama
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Publication number: 20040204619Abstract: Isopropyl chloride (IPC) is prepared by the chlorination of propane or propene or propyne, or by any other means resulting in an IPC product containing significant amounts of undesired olefins. Such impure product may be purified by chlorination followed by distillation, by distillation followed by chlorination followed by distillation, by chlorination followed by treatment to reduce chlorine concentration followed by distillation, or by distillation followed by chlorination followed by treatment followed by distillation.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 25, 2004Publication date: October 14, 2004Applicant: VULCAN CHEMICALS a Business Group of Vulcan Materials CompanyInventors: Eric L. Mainz, Richard L. Wilson, John Lee Dawkins, Janice M. Nyberg
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Patent number: 6774270Abstract: A method of removing hexafluoropropylene dimers (“HFP dimers”), dimer hydrides and other oligomers from a fluid is described. The method comprises heating the fluid to isomerize the HFP dimers to the thermodynamic isomer, and contacting the fluid with a tertiary amine (or salts thereof) to form a hexafluoropropylene dimer—tertiary amine adduct. The method may further comprise the step of separating the dimer adducts from the reaction mixture.Type: GrantFiled: April 1, 2003Date of Patent: August 10, 2004Assignee: 3M Innovative Properties CompanyInventors: Zhongxing Zhang, Zai-Ming Qiu, Daniel R. Vitcak, Richard M. Flynn
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Publication number: 20040059166Abstract: In a process for the production of 1,2-dichloroethane from chlorine and ethene by direct chlorination, the heat developed in the direct chlorination reactor is recovered despite the low reaction temperature level.Type: ApplicationFiled: September 25, 2003Publication date: March 25, 2004Inventor: Joachim Motz
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Publication number: 20030065226Abstract: A method for preparing bromofluorenes includes a step of dispersing a compound selected from the group consisting of fluorene, fluorenone, and derivatives of fluorene and fluorenone in water to prepare a disperse system. Bromination is initiated by adding bromine Br2 into the disperse system. Thus, bromofluorenes can be efficiently and economically prepared without using any environmentally harmful organic solvent requiring a high cost to dispose of.Type: ApplicationFiled: September 17, 2002Publication date: April 3, 2003Applicant: ADCHEMCO CorporationInventors: Tetsuo Hachiya, Naoyuki Kitamura, Hiroaki Mori, Toshiyuki Yasuda
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Publication number: 20020103404Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the nuclear chlorination of m-xylene using elemental chlorine in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst and a co-catalyst, where the co-catalysts used are benzo-fused thiazepines, or thiazocines.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 13, 2001Publication date: August 1, 2002Inventors: Franz-Josef Mais, Alexander Klausener
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Publication number: 20020049357Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the nucleochlorination of o-xylene using elemental chlorine in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst and a co-catalyst, where the co-catalysts used are benzo-fused thiazepines or thiazocines.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 13, 2001Publication date: April 25, 2002Inventors: Franz-Josef Mais, Alexander Klausener, Heinrich Schrage
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Patent number: 6011186Abstract: A process for manufacturing allylhalide from gaseous propene and a gaseous halogen comprising introducing propene into a tubular loop reactor (2) through an inlet nozzle (3); introducing gaseous halogen into the tubular loop reactor (2) through several axially spaced groups (6) of radially placed inlet openings (4); allowing the propene and the halogen to react; and removing reaction effluent from the tubular loop reactor (2) through an outlet opening (9), wherein the concentration of halogen in any reactor volume-element is maintained below 3% by mass based on the total gas mixture, and wherein the linear gas velocity of the propene exiting the inlet nozzle is at least sufficient to maintain a continuous circulation within the tubular loop reactor (2) and equipment to be used for said process.Type: GrantFiled: April 27, 1998Date of Patent: January 4, 2000Assignee: Shell Oil CompanyInventors: Hongwei Wang, Jacob Peenstra, Paulus Johannes Maria Rek, Petrus Joannes Josephus Tromp, Arian Van Mourik
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Patent number: 5629460Abstract: A vapor phase process for the preparation of fluorinated ketones, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanone via oxidation of hydrofluorocarbons, such as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, with an oxidizing agent and elemental fluorine at temperatures ranging from 50.degree. C. to 300.degree. C. and residence times ranging from 2 to 60 seconds.Type: GrantFiled: July 26, 1996Date of Patent: May 13, 1997Assignee: AlliedSignal Inc.Inventors: Alagappan Thenappan, Michael Van Der Puv, Richard Eibeck
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Patent number: 5504266Abstract: Allyl halide is produced in high yields and purity with minimal carbon formation using a process of: (1) initially reacting propylene and molecular halogen in a molar ratio of at least about 2.5:1 in a "continuously stirred tank reactor" (CSTR) zone under conditions suitable to provide a reaction temperature of about 400.degree. C. to 525.degree. C. to partially convert propylene and chlorine into allyl chloride; and (2) feeding an effluent from Step (1) into a plug-flow reactor zone where the reaction is continued at a temperature of about 400.degree. C. to 525.degree. C. until essentially all of the chlorine is consumed. A preferred reactor for the process contains: (1) a spherical, egg-shaped or oval reactor zone; (2) a tubular reactor zone attached to the spherical, egg-shaped or oval reactor zone; (3) one or more inlets for injecting gaseous reagents into the spherical, oval or egg-shaped reactor zone; and (4) one or more outlets from the tubular reactor zone for withdrawing a gaseous product.Type: GrantFiled: May 24, 1995Date of Patent: April 2, 1996Assignee: The Dow Chemical CompanyInventors: Max M. Tirtowidjojo, Paul C. Beckett, John F. Baker
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Patent number: 5449833Abstract: A novel process for the preparation of a chlorinated polyolefin having excellent low temperature characteristics and brightness is provided which comprises allowing a polyolefin dissolved or suspended in a solvent to undergo chlorination reaction with chlorine gas or chlorinated sulfuryl in the presence of a radical initiator as a catalyst, characterized in that as said solvent there is used 1,1,2-trichloroethane and the temperature is controlled to 90.degree. C. or lower at the process for removing hydrogen chloride and/or sulfur dioxide by-produced during the reaction from the reaction system.Type: GrantFiled: September 26, 1994Date of Patent: September 12, 1995Assignee: Tosoh CorporationInventors: Nobuyuki Ito, Katsushige Okayama, Yoshinori Karasuda, Yasumichi Miyagawa
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Patent number: 5426256Abstract: Perchloroethylene and hydrogen chloride are made by thermal noncatalytic chlorination of hydrocarbons and/or their partially chlorinated derivatives using carbon tetrachloride as a reactive diluent under conditions which maximize consumption of carbon tetrachloride and minimize the production of heavy ends, such as hexachlorobenzene and other tarry products.Type: GrantFiled: June 1, 1994Date of Patent: June 20, 1995Assignee: Vulcan Materials CompanyInventor: Jimmie T. Petrosky
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Patent number: 5399797Abstract: Perchloroethylene and hydrogen chloride are made by noncatalytic thermal chlorination of hydrocarbons and/or their partially chlorinated derivatives by reacting them with chlorine in the presence of hydrogen and carbon tetrachloride as a reactive diluent, under conditions which maximize consumption of carbon tetrachloride and minimize the production of heavy ends, such as hexachlorobenzene and other tarry products.Type: GrantFiled: February 22, 1994Date of Patent: March 21, 1995Assignee: Vulcan Materials CompanyInventors: Jimmie T. Petrosky, Steven R. Hieger, Evert E. Gannaway, Charles R. Cupit
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Patent number: 5367105Abstract: A process for the production of allyl chloride, which comprises introducing propylene and chlorine into a reactor having at least one propylene-injection opening and at least one chlorine-injection opening, these openings being independent of each other, through the respective injection openings, and reacting them in a vapor phase, wherein propylene and chlorine are introduced into the reactor by injecting them in almost the same direction from the propylene-injection opening and the chlorine-injection opening which is closest to said propylene-injection opening, with a linear velocity in the propylene-injection opening, calculated as a value of at 300.degree. C. and 1 kg/cm.sup.2.G, of 100 m/sec or higher and a linear velocity of the chlorine-injection opening, calculated as a value of at 100.degree. C. and 1 kg/cm.sup.2.G, of 70 m/sec or higher, and the propylene-injection opening and the chlorine-injection opening are situated to meet the following expression (1),0.5.ltoreq.L/(dp+dc).ltoreq.Type: GrantFiled: October 22, 1993Date of Patent: November 22, 1994Assignees: Tokuyama Corporation, Nippon Furnace Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd.Inventors: Hidetaka Miyazaki, Toshiaki Hasegawa, Yoshihiko Kajimoto, Susumu Mochida
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Patent number: 5315050Abstract: Perchloroethylene and hydrogen chloride are made by thermal noncatalytic pyrolysis of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of elemental hydrogen and chlorine under conditions which maximize consumption of carbon tetrachloride while minimizing the production of heavy ends.Type: GrantFiled: February 11, 1993Date of Patent: May 24, 1994Assignee: Vulcan Materials CompanyInventor: Jimmie T. Petrosky
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Patent number: 5099085Abstract: The use of hitherto known supported catalysts in chlorination processes and oxychlorination processes leads to high pressure drops and to the formation of hot spot temperatures in the reactor. When honeycomb monolithic catalyst supports provided with a multiplicity of channels open at both ends and parallel to the longitudinal axis are used, both the heat dissipation is improved and the pressure drops across the reactor are lowered drastically. This leads ultimately to an increase in the selectivity of the reaction and to a minimization of the combustion rate.Type: GrantFiled: March 1, 1991Date of Patent: March 24, 1992Assignees: Wacker Chemie GmbH, Degussa AGInventors: Rudolf Strasser, Ludwig Schmidhammer, Klaus Deller, Helmfried Krause
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Patent number: 4899000Abstract: A process is provided for the production of allyl chloride from three carbon atom hydrocarbons (propane and/or propylene) using hydrogen chloride or hydrogen chloride/chlorine mixtures as the chlorinating agent. The process includes reaction steps operated in tandem in separate zones first comprising the reaction of perchloroethylene with hydrogen chloride and oxygen in the presence of an oxychlorination catalyst to give hexachloroethane and water, second comprising the vapor phase reaction of hexachloroethane with propane/propylene feedstock to produce allyl chloride, perchloroethylene, and hydrogen chloride, and third isolating the products of the second step and repeating the first step using as starting materials the thus isolated perchloroethylene and hydrogen chloride.Type: GrantFiled: January 27, 1989Date of Patent: February 6, 1990Inventor: John E. Stauffer
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Patent number: 4870220Abstract: A method for manufacturing methallyl chloride by reacting isobutene with chlorine in the gas phase is disclosed. The reaction is carried out in a distributed nozzle-mixing reactor which enables the reaction to proceed in a stabile manner even without addition of oxygen. At the same time, the yield of methallyl chloride is increased.Type: GrantFiled: June 15, 1988Date of Patent: September 26, 1989Assignee: Huels AktiengesellschaftInventors: Julius Jabrik, Gerhard Sticken, Rolf Viehweger
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Patent number: 4832873Abstract: Polybrominated higher alkylbenzenes may be produced by reacting the corresponding hydrocarbon material with bromine chloride in an excess bromine reaction medium in the presence of an antimony halide catalyst.Type: GrantFiled: October 9, 1987Date of Patent: May 23, 1989Assignee: Great Lakes Chemical CorporationInventors: Nicolai A. Favstritsky, Dennis M. Borden
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Patent number: 4634778Abstract: Process for preparing chlorinated ethylenic derivatives of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 represents acetyl, formyl optionally in the form of an acetal, hydroxy optionally as an ether or ester, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms substituted by one or more acetyl, formyl optionally in the form of an acetal, hydroxy optionally in the form of an ether or ester, or alkyloxycarbonyl, alkenyl of 2 to 12 carbon atoms containing one or more double bonds optionally substituted by one or more of acetyl, formyl optionally in the form of an acetal, hydroxy optionally in the form of an ether or ester, or alkyloxycarbonyl, or R.sub.1 represents 3-sulpholenyl or a radical of formula ##STR2## in which R.sub.2 denotes a hydrogen or acetyl, by reacting chlorine in a nonpolar aprotic solvent with a compound of general formula ##STR3## in which R.sub.1 is defined as above. The products of formula I, some of which are new, are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of terpene products such as vitamin E.Type: GrantFiled: November 16, 1984Date of Patent: January 6, 1987Assignee: Rhone-Poulenc SanteInventors: Gerard Mignani, Didier Morel, Pierre Chabardes
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Patent number: 4513154Abstract: A process for consecutive-competitive gas phase halogenation of organic compounds, i.e. alkanes, alkenes and benzene, alkyl benzenes and alkenyl benzenes containing labile hydrogens and having no more than 12 and 9 carbon atoms, respectively, in a thin reaction film on the surface of a porous barrier for production of highly halogenated products by substantial suppression of diffusion of partially halogenated intermediates away from the reaction film is disclosed.Type: GrantFiled: July 28, 1980Date of Patent: April 23, 1985Assignee: Allied CorporationInventor: Bruce E. Kurtz
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Patent number: 4329525Abstract: A compound is chlorinated with chlorine to produce chlorinated product and hydrogen chloride byproduct. Recovered hydrogen chloride byproduct is contacted with oxygen and a molten salt mixture containing the higher and lower valent chlorides of a multivalent metal, such as cuprous and cupric chloride, to effect recovery of the hydrogen chloride by enriching the molten salt content of the higher valent chloride. The molten salt, enriched in higher valent chloride, is then dechlorinated by use of a stripping gas, preferably hydrogen chloride, to produce a gaseous effluent containing stripped chlorine and the stripping gas, which is then recycled to the chlorination step. The presence of stripping gas, as a diluent, improves the chlorination operation.Type: GrantFiled: February 21, 1978Date of Patent: May 11, 1982Assignee: The Lummus CompanyInventors: Herbert Riegel, Vincent Strangio, Morgan C. Sze
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Patent number: 4319062Abstract: An improved process for production of allyl chloride which comprises (1) thermally chlorinating propylene above 300.degree. C., but below that at which substantial carbon formation is effected, (2) separating the allyl chloride from its by-products, (3) subjecting the unsaturated compounds in said by-products to a low temperature chlorination, (4) separating the 1,2-dichloropropane from the products of said low temperature chlorination, and (5) passing said 1,2-dichloropropane to a cracking furnace. The effluent from the cracking furnace can be recycled to the allyl chloride finishing system by adding it to the high temperature propylene chlorination reactor effluent. Reaction temperatures are optimized to eliminate problems caused by carbon formation in the high temperature chlorination reactor, while overall yields of allyl chloride are increased and effluents which are ecologically and economically undesirable are reduced.Type: GrantFiled: April 17, 1978Date of Patent: March 9, 1982Assignee: The Dow Chemical CompanyInventors: Theodore S. Boozalis, John B. Ivy, Gordon G. Willis
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Patent number: 4255597Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the production of hexachlorocyclopentadiene comprising the steps of:1. Reacting liquid cyclopentadiene and chlorine at a temperature of from about 0.degree. to about 100.degree. C. until an average of at least 4 chlorine atoms has been added per mole of cyclopentadiene to form a first-stage product;2. heating the resultant liquid reaction product of Step 1 in a second stage at a temperature of from about 140.degree. C. to below about 200.degree. C. with chlorine in the presence of from about 0.0001% to about 5.0% (by weight) of an aromatic compound until the reaction products of Step 1 contain an average of about 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, based on cyclopentadiene starting material; wherein said aromatic compound contains from 1 to 3 aromatic rings; at least one of the rings containing a nitrogen atom;3. vaporizing and heating the resulting reaction products of Step 2 in a third stage in the presence of chlorine to a temperature of above 450.degree. C.Type: GrantFiled: April 18, 1980Date of Patent: March 10, 1981Assignee: Velsicol Chemical CorporationInventors: Kalidas Paul, Glendon D. Kyker
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Patent number: 4254039Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing tetrahydrofuran which comprises reacting a cis-1,4-dihalobutene-2 with water in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of strong acid to provide 2,5-dihydrofuran and thereafter hydrogenating said 2,5-dihydrofuran.Type: GrantFiled: June 16, 1980Date of Patent: March 3, 1981Assignee: National Distillers & Chemical Corp.Inventors: Jawad H. Murib, John M. Inskeep
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Patent number: 4247532Abstract: A process is described which accomplishes improvement in the quality of the chlorine product of brine electrolysis. One or more objectionable impurities are eliminated from said chlorine through contact with hydrogen chloride, or an equivalent combination of hydrogen and chloride ions, in dilute solution.Type: GrantFiled: August 13, 1979Date of Patent: January 27, 1981Assignee: Shell Oil CompanyInventors: David I. Saletan, Heungwoo W. Chun