Abstract: Olefins and diolefins, such as 1,3-butiadiene, may be produced by a method utilizing a series of bromination and dehydrobromination reactions. Bromine may be reacted with n-butane to form dibromobutane. The dibromobutanes may be dehydrobrominating to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with hydrogen bromide in the presence of oxygen to form bromobutenes, and dehydrobrominating the bromobutenes to form 1,3-butadiene. The method may include reacting butene with bromine to form dibromobutanes, and dehydrobrominating the dibromobutanes to form 1,3-butadiene.

Abstract: A process is disclosed that includes brominating a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkane with elemental bromine to form a bromo-alkane. The bromo-alkane is reacted to form a C2, C3, C4, C5 or C6 alkene and HBr. The HBr is oxidized to form elemental bromine.

Abstract: A process for making a bio-naphtha and optionally bio-propane from a complex mixture of natural occurring fats & oils, wherein said complex mixture is subjected to a refining treatment for removing the major part of non-triglyceride and non-fatty acid components, thereby obtaining refined fats & oils; said refined fats & oils are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by an hydrodeoxygenation or from said refined fats & oils are obtained fatty acids that are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by hydrodeoxygenation or decarboxylation of the free fatty acids or from said refined fats & oils are obtained fatty acids soaps that are transformed into linear or substantially linear paraffin's as the bio-naphtha by decarboxylation of the soaps.

Abstract: Provided is a method for efficiently producing high-purity hydrogenated biphenol based on a simple method that can be industrially utilized using easily-available biphenol as a starting material. The method for producing hydrogenated biphenol according to the present invention is a method for producing hydrogenated biphenol by hydrogenating biphenol represented by the following formula (1): to obtain hydrogenated biphenol represented by the following formula (2): the method comprising: a reaction step of hydrogenating the biphenol represented by formula (1); and a purification step of washing or crystallizing a reaction product obtained from the reaction step using an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A processes for producing a dehydrogenation reaction product stream comprising the step of contacting a hydrocarbon stream comprising cyclohexane and methyl cyclopentane with a dehydrogenation catalyst comprising at least one metal or compound thereof and at least one molecular sieve and under conditions effective to convert at least a portion of the cyclohexane to benzene and to convert at least a portion of the methyl cyclopentane to at least one paraffin. The hydrocarbon stream is produced by hydroalkylating benzene and hydrogen to form a hydroalkylation reaction product stream which is separated to yield the hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A unique, integrated non-obvious pathway to convert biomass to biofuels using integration of chemical processes is described herein. The present invention is simple, direct, and provides for the shortest or minimum path between biomass and transportation fuels with alcohols as intermediates, while avoiding hydrogen use during processing. Furthermore, the present invention allows the manufacture of “drop-in” substitutable fuels to be used as-is without modifications instead of conventional petroleum based fuels. The processing described herein is done under mild conditions, under relatively low pressures and temperatures, and under non-corrosive conditions obviating use of special equipment or materials.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a high-carbon number saturated hydrocarbon compound by subjecting a mixed biomass solution containing benzyl phenyl ether (C6H5CH2OC6H5) to a two-step reaction process using a difunctional catalyst having an acid catalyst combined with a metal catalyst. The method allows development of a fuel substituting for and supplementing petroleum through decomposition and conversion of a biomass containing lignin or the like, thereby providing a non-petroleum based biofuel.

Abstract: Synthetic fuels are produced from synthesis gas in a four-stage reactor system with a single recycle loop providing the requisite thermal capacity to moderate the high heat release of the reactions and to provide the reactants and reaction environments for the efficient operation of the process. The first stage converts a portion of the synthesis gas to methanol, the second stage converts the methanol to dimethylether, the third stage converts the methanol and dimethylether to fuel and the fourth stage converts the high melting point component, durene, and other low volatility aromatic components such as tri- and tetra-methylbenzenes to high octane branched paraffins.

Abstract: The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing palladium, molybdenum, tin, and tungsten. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for isomerizing at least one hydrocarbon in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid and at least one hydrogen halide (HX) in an apparatus (V1), wherein the hydrogen halide (HX) is removed in an apparatus (V2) in gaseous form from the isomerization product and is at least partly recycled into apparatus (V1).

Abstract: The preparation of cyclohexadienes from one or more plant oils is disclosed. The cyclohexadiene can be used to form polymers or derivatized to form other monomers that can be used to form polymeric materials.

Abstract: A method of making para-xylene or toluene is carried out by: (a) reacting a C5 or C6 linear monoene (itself, or formed from a C5 or C6 linear alkane) with a hydrogen acceptor in the presence of a hydrogen transfer catalyst to produce a C5 or C6 diene; (b) reacting the C5-C6 diene with ethylene to produce a cyclohexene having 1 or 2 methyl groups substituted thereon; and then (c) either (i) dehydrogenating the cyclohexene in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor with a hydrogen transfer catalyst to produce a compound selected from the group consisting of para-xylene and toluene, or (ii) dehydrogenating the cyclohexene in the absence of a hydrogen acceptor with a dehydrogenation catalyst, to produce para-xylene or toluene.

Abstract: A polyoctenamer is described which at room temperature is liquid, colourless and clear, and which is produced by ring-opening, metathesis polymerization of cyclooctene.

Abstract: In the processes for treating municipal sewage and storm water containing biosolids to discharge standards, biosolids, even after dewatering, contain typically about 80% water bound in the dead cells of the biosolids, which gives biosolids a negative heating value. It can be incinerated only at the expense of purchased fuel. Biosolids are heated to a temperature at which their cell structure is destroyed and, preferably, at which carbon dioxide is split off to lower the oxygen content of the biosolids. The resulting char is not hydrophilic, and it can be efficiently dewatered and/or dried and is a viable renewable fuel. This renewable fuel can be supplemented by also charging conventional biomass (yard and crop waste, etc.) in the same or in parallel facilities. Similarly, non-renewable hydrophilic fuels can be so processed in conjunction with the processing of biosolids to further augment the energy supply.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a simple and economic method of extracting a crystalline Carotenoid compound, such as Beta-carotene, Lycopene, with a purity of at least 99%. The present invention further describes a process to prepare such a highly pure crystalline Carotenoid compound from microbial biomass, using an Anti-purity compound removal process followed by a mono-solvent extraction method. Further the process describes value addition of the co-products recovered during the extraction process thus resulting in a highly economical industrial method for the production of such high purity crystalline Carotenoids compound.

Abstract: Process for the alkylation of a cycloalkene, which process comprises alkylating a cycloalkene with an oxygenate under alkylating conditions in the presence of a zeolite; to yield an alkylated cycloalkene. Composition obtainable by such a process and use of such a composition as a gasoline blending component.

Abstract: A unique, integrated non-obvious pathway to convert biomass to biofuels using integration of chemical processes is described herein. The present invention is simple, direct, and provides for the shortest or minimum path between biomass and transportation fuels with alcohols as intermediates, while avoiding hydrogen use during processing. Furthermore, the present invention allows the manufacture of “drop-in” substitutable fuels to be used as-is without modifications instead of conventional petroleum based fuels. The processing described herein is done under mild conditions, under relatively low pressures and temperatures, and under non-corrosive conditions obviating use of special equipment or materials.

Abstract: Processes and reactor systems are provided for the conversion of oxygenated hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols useful as liquid fuels, such as gasoline, jet fuel or diesel fuel, and industrial chemicals. The process involves the conversion of mono-oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, furans, carboxylic acids, diols, triols, and/or other polyols, to C4+ hydrocarbons, alcohols and/or ketones, by condensation. The oxygenated hydrocarbons may originate from any source, but are preferably derived from biomass.

Abstract: A method of treating a hydrocarbon stream comprising cyclopentadiene (CPD) and one or more diolefins, the method comprising: providing a hydrocarbon stream comprising an initial CPD concentration, an initial target diolefin concentration, and an initial secondary diolefin concentration; subjecting the hydrocarbon stream to preseparation conditions effective to separate (a) a crude target diolefin feedstock having a decreased concentration of CPD and an increased target diolefin concentration, and (b) a CPD dimerization feedstock having a decreased target diolefin concentration and an increased CPD concentration that is 1.5 or more times the initial CPD concentration; subjecting the CPD dimerization feedstock to CPD dimerization conditions effective to produce a raw DCPD stream comprising 20 wt. % or more DCPD; and, separating a high purity DCPD product stream comprising 90 wt. % or more DCPD from the raw DCPD stream.

Abstract: Isobutene, isoprene, and butadiene are obtained from mixtures of C4 and/or C5 olefins by dehydrogenation. The C4 and/or C5 olefins can be obtained by dehydration of C4 and C5 alcohols, for example, renewable C4 and C5 alcohols prepared from biomass by thermochemical or fermentation processes. Isoprene or butadiene can be polymerized to form polymers such as polyisoprene, polybutadiene, synthetic rubbers such as butyl rubber, etc. in addition, butadiene can be converted to monomers such as methyl methacrylate, adipic acid, adiponitrile, 1,4-butadiene, etc. which can then be polymerized to form nylons, polyesters, polymethylmethacrylate etc.

Abstract: Provided is a process for making cyclohexylbenzene.

Abstract: A process for producing a monoalkylation aromatic product, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, utilizing an alkylation reactor zone and a transalkylation zone in series or a combined alkylation and transkylation reactor zone.

Abstract: A reactant selected from the group consisting of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, dienes, and aromatics is reacted with a halide selected from the group including chlorine, bromine, and iodine to form a first reaction product. The first reaction product is reacted with a solid oxidizer to form a product selected from the group including olefins, alcohols, ethers, and aldehydes, and spent oxidizer. The spent oxidizer is oxidized to form the original solid oxidizer and the second reactant which are recycled.

Abstract: Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and olefins are manufactured from alkanes by mixing an alkane and a halogen selected from the group including chlorine, bromine, and iodine in a reactor to form alkyl halide and hydrogen halide. The alkyl halide only or the alkyl halide and the hydrogen halide are directed into contact with metal oxide to form an alcohol and/or an ether, or an olefin and metal halide. The metal halide is oxidized to form original metal oxide and halogen, both of which are recycled.

Abstract: Processes are provided to produce a dilute ethylene stream and a dilute propylene stream from a cracked gas stream. One process comprises separating the cracked gas stream to produce a C3− stream and a C3+ stream; hydrogenating the C2− stream in a hydrogenation zone to remove a portion of the acetylene to produce the dilute ethylene stream and routing the C3+ stream to storage or other process unit. Another process comprises separating a cracked gas stream in a depropanizer zone to form a C3− stream and a C4+ stream; separating the C3− stream in a deethanizer zone to form a C2− and a C3 stream; hydrogenating a portion of the acetylene in the C2− stream in a hydrogenation zone to produce a dilute ethylene stream; and routing the C3 stream to storage or other process unit.

Abstract: A process is provided to produce a dilute ethylene stream and a dilute propylene stream to be used as feedstocks for producing olefin-based derivatives. Specifically, the dilute ethylene stream is used as a feedstock to produce ethylbenzene, and the dilute propylene stream is used as a feedstock to produce cumene, acrylic acid, propylene oxide and other propylene based derivatives.

Abstract: A unified process for reactive distillation under pressure for the alkylation of light aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and cumene with straight chain C6-C18 olefins using a solid acid alkylation catalyst supported in the reflux zone of the distillation column. The process is continuous, using a reactive distillation configuration such that at least a portion of the olefin is injected below the benzene rectification zone at the top of the column. The aromatic hydrocarbon is injected continuously at a low rate above the rectification zone at the base of the column and above the reboiler. The alkylation reaction takes place primarily in the liquid phase on the solid acid catalyst and is characterized in that the molar ratio of aromatic hydrocarbon to olefin in the liquid phase may be adjusted.

Abstract: For the purification of the norbornene obtained by the reaction of dicyclopentadiene or cyclopentadiene and ethylene, the crude reaction mixture containing light impurities having boiling temperatures lower than that of norbornene; medium-heavy impurities having the boiling temperatures between that of norbornene and that of ethylnorbornene; and heavy impurities containing ethylnorbornene and compounds boiling higher than ethylnorbornene, boiling temperatures greater than that ethylnorbornene, a first distillation of the crude reaction mixture is carried out in a tailing column (C1), removing a portion of the heavy impurities and a portion of the medium-heavy impurities; then a second distillation of the crude mixture, thus tailed, is carried out in a topping column (C2), removing the light impurities; and a third distillation of the mixture, thus topped, is subsequently carried out in a tailing column (C3), removing the remainder of the heavy and medium-heavy impurities.

Abstract: This process for the manufacture of norbornene from dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and ethylene is characterized in that the DCPD is subjected to partial monomerization to CPD by preheating: at a temperature of 140° C. to 240° C.; and under a pressure of 20 to 300 bar abs., before reacting it with the ethylene; with an ethylene/DCPD molar ratio of 1 to 20; at a temperature of 200° C. to 320° C.; under a pressure of 20 to 300 bar abs.; and with a residence time of 1 to 10 minutes, under stable reaction conditions between the DCPD, the CPD and the ethylene.

Abstract: Linear alpha olefins are typically produced by starting with a trialkylaluminum compound, such as triethylaluminum, and then subjecting the trialkylaluminum compound to alkyl chain growth conditions in the presence of ethylene and elevated temperature and pressure, frequently in the presence of a chain growth catalyst. Under such alkyl chain growth conditions, the alkyl groups attached to the aluminum may be extended by two carbon atoms per reaction with ethylene. The process is permitted to continue until the alkyl groups have reached the desired length at which point they are displaced from the trialkylaluminum compund as alpha olefins, usually in the presence of an excess of ethylene and a displacement catalyst. This invention discloses a new chain growth catalyst system comprising, in combination, non-bridged metallocenes and aluminum complexes having amidinate ligands and inert anions.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing tetramethylcyclopentadiene from 2,3-dibromobutane is described. A 2-bromo-2-butene Grignard is reacted with an ethyl formate to produce a 3,5-dimethyl-2,5-heptadiene-4-ol magnesium bromide which is then quenched with acetic acid to produce 3,5-dimethyl-2,5-hepadiene-4-ol.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstock containing C5 olefins, C5 diolefins, CPD, DCPD, and aromatics is processed by the steps of heating a hydrocarbon feedstock containing CPD, DCPD, C5 diolefins, benzene, toluene, and xylene in a heating zone, to dimerize CPD to DCPD, thereby forming a first effluent; separating the first effluent into a C6+ stream and a C5 diolefin stream; separating the C6+ stream into a C6-C9 stream and a C10+ stream; separating the C10+ stream into a fuel oil stream and a DCPD stream; and hydrotreating the C6-C9 stream to thereby form a BTX stream.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting dicyclopentadiene to cyclopentane and/or cyclopentene, wherein dicyclopentadiene is fed to a catalytic distillation column, the dicyclopentadiene is cracked to cyclopentadiene in the catalytic distillation column, the cyclopentadiene is hydrogenated to cyclopentane in the catalytic distillation column, and the cyclopentane is recovered from the catalytic distillation column. The dicyclopentadiene is fed into and cracked to cyclopentadiene at the bottom of the catalytic distillation column. Hydrogen is then fed to the catalytic distillation column below the catalytic zone, where cyclopentadiene is hydrogenated as it is produced, thus suppressing polymerization of the cyclopentadiene. The resulting cyclopentane and/or cyclopentene vapor phase stream is condensed, thereby producing a liquid stream of cyclopentane and/or cyclopentene and a vapor stream of hydrogen and other off-gas by-products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a carbon-bridged biscyclopentadiene compound by reacting one or two cyclopentadiene compounds LH with a carbonyl compound in the presence of at least one base and at least one phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: Aliphatic feeds are converted to olefins and/or aromatics in a multi pressure reactor system. A high pressure first stage reactor generates much or all of the hydrogen needed to reduce catalyst coking in lower pressure downstream reactors. High pressure operation protects catalyst stability in the first reactor, while produced hydrogen helps protect downstream catalyst. Low pressure downstream operation improves yields.

Abstract: A process for purifying crude dicyclopentadiene which comprises the steps of: cracking the crude dicyclopentadiene to form a monomeric-containing effluent which comprises at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of: C.sub.4 acyclic dienes, C.sub.5 acyclic dienes, cyclopentadiene and methylcyclopentadiene; separating the monomeric-containing effluent into a cyclopentadiene-enriched stream and a cyclopentadiene-poor stream; dimerizing the cyclopentadiene-enriched stream to form a dimerizer effluent; contacting a membrane separator under pervaporation conditions with the dimerizer effluent wherein the C.sub.4 acyclic dienes, C.sub.5 acyclic dienes and cyclopentadiene permeate through the membrane separator and wherein a dicyclopentadiene product having a purity of at least about 98% is retained as retentate.

Abstract: Recently, as a process for manufacturing cyclopentadiene resin-shaped articles, an attention has been given to reaction injection molding (RIM). To conduct RIM, it is necessary to use high purity dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) as the raw material. Vapor-phase thermal cracking of DCPD is usually used as a step of process for manufacturing high purity DCPD. Hithertofore, when conducting thermal cracking of DCPD, coke formation within cracking tubes is the most serious and troublesome problem. A vapor-phase thermal cracking process for resolving the problem by a very simple procedure is described herein. Further, a process for manufacturing high purity DCPD suitable as a raw material for use in RIM utilizing the vapor-phase thermal cracking process just mentioned above is also described.

Abstract: This invention is a process of converting n-pentane to cyclopentene. In accordance with a preferred embodiment n-pentane feed is converted in a dual temperature stage-dual catalyst process without interstage processing of the first-stage product mixture.

Abstract: Aliphatic oxygenates are converted to high octane gasoline by an integrated reactor system wherein three reaction zones are utilized. In a first reaction zone the oxygenates are directly converted to gasoline and an isobutane by-product. In a second reaction zone oxygenates are dehydrated to an intermediate product comprising C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 olefins, which are then further reacted with the isobutane by-product in a third reaction zone to yield a gasoline alkylate. Ethylene-containing vapors may be separated from the second reaction zone and recycled to the first reaction zone for further processing.

Abstract: Alkenes are prepared by the hydroboration of enamines followed by an elimination reaction to form the alkene. This process has wide applicability and is useful for the stereospecific synthesis of [Z] isomers. It is preferred to use 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1 nonane as the hydroborating agent and to use methanol to catalyze the elimination reaction.

Abstract: A process for the stereospecific synthesis of [E] alkenes from enamines comprising the steps of hydroborating the enamine; esterifying the organoborane so formed and oxidizing the boronic ester in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and in the absence of added base under conditions sufficient to form the [E] alkene in high yield.

Abstract: An improved process for reacting crude aqueous methanol feedstock with iso-olefinic hydrocarbons to produce C.sub.5.sup.+ methyl tertiary-alkly ethers, which comprises: contacting the aqueous methanol feedstock with a liquid hydrocarbon extractant rich in C.sub.4.sup.+ iso-alkene under liquid extraction conditons; recovering an organic extract phase comprising the hydrocarbon extractant and a major amount of methanol introduced in the feedstock; reacting the extracted methanol and C.sub.4.sup.+ isoalkene in contact with an acid etherification catalyst under catalytic reaction conditions to produce ether product; recovering an aqueous methanol raffinate phase containing the major amount of water introduced with the feedstock and a minor amount of feedstock methanol; and converting methanol from the aqueous raffinate phase to produce hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A 1-cyclohexyl-2-cyclohexylphenylethane derivative of the following general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, independently from each other, represent a linear alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for extracting sym-octahydroanthracene (s-OHA) from a product isomer mixture formed by the aluminum chloride catalyzed isomerization of sym-octahydrophenanthrene (s-OHP). Isolation of the s-OHA product isomer is accomplished by contacting the reaction product mixture with a specified liquid hydrocarbon solvent into which the s-OHA product isomer and unconverted s-OHP isomer dissolve and separate from a residue. The undissolved residue comprises a complex made up of aluminum chloride catalyst and small amounts of the s-OHA and s-OHP isomers. This catalyst complex may be recycled into a fresh starting mixture of s-OHP isomer for catalysis of a subsequent s-OHP isomerization reaction.