Abstract: The present invention describes a novel process for preparing 3-chloro-2-vinylphenol which, owing to the chemoselectivity achieved, also allows direct conversion into (3-chloro-2-vinylphenyl)methane-sulphonate.

Abstract: Process and systems for alkane bromination and, in one or more embodiments, to separate, parallel methane and higher alkanes bromination in a bromine-based process. An embodiment discloses a bromine-based process for converting alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons that includes alkanes bromination, the process comprising: brominating a methane stream comprising methane and having less than about 2 mol % of ethane to form methane bromination products comprising brominated methane and a first fraction of hydrogen bromide; separately brominating a C2+ alkane stream comprising an alkane having 2 or more carbon atoms to form C2+ methane bromination products comprising brominated alkanes having 2 or more carbon atoms and a second fraction of hydrogen bromide; and catalytically reacting at least a portion of the brominated methane and the brominated alkanes to form higher molecular hydrocarbons.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods for producing cycloheptatriene from at least 7,7-dichloronorcarane and a liquid component comprising a C8 to C30 succinic anhydride, a carboxylic acid, or a C8 to C30 alkyldimethylamine at about 205 deg. C. to about 230 deg. C.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes may be thermally or catalytically reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrogen bromide. Poly-brominated alkanes present in the alkyl bromides may be further reacted with methane over a suitable catalyst to form mono-brominated species. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrogen bromide may then be reacted over a suitable catalyst at a temperature sufficient to form olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and hydrogen bromide. Various methods and reactions are disclosed to remove the hydrogen bromide from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, to generate bromine from the hydrogen bromide for use in the process, to store and subsequently release bromine for use in the process, and to selectively form mono-brominated alkanes in the bromination step.

Abstract: The present invention provides an integrated process for producing aromatic hydrocarbons and/or C4+ non-aromatic hydrocarbons from low molecular weight alkanes, which includes contacting the low molecular weight alkanes with a halogen and coupling the monohaloalkanes to form aromatic hydrocarbons and/or C4+ non-aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Processes and systems for synthesizing hydrocarbon products, such as high molecular weight hydrocarbons, olefins or mixtures thereof, from alkyl bromides wherein one or more streams of alkyl bromides may be reacted in sequential or concurrent stages at different temperatures. The catalyst used in the synthesis stages may be the same or different and at least in one instance is chosen to form hydrocarbon products having a significant C6+ paraffin content. The stages may be conducted in one or more reactors and the catalyst may be deployed in fixed beds or fluidized beds.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing hydrocarbons from smaller hydrocarbons includes the steps of hydrocarbon halogenation, simultaneous oligomerization and hydrogen halide neutralization, and product recovery, with a metal-oxygen cataloreactant used to facilitate carbon-carbon coupling. Treatment with air or oxygen liberates halogen and regenerates the cataloreactant.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 450° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Propane and butane which comprise a portion of the products may be recovered or recycled back through the process to form additional C5+ hydrocarbons. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process.

Abstract: Processes and systems for synthesizing alkyl bromides to hydrocarbon products, such as high molecular weight hydrocarbons, olefins or mixtures thereof, wherein one or more streams of alkyl bromides may be synthesized in sequential or concurrent stages at different temperatures. The catalyst used in the synthesis stages may be the same or different and at least in one instance is chosen to form hydrocarbon products having a significant C6+ paraffin content. The stages may be conducted in one or more reactors and the catalyst may be deployed in fixed beds or fluidized beds.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is thermally reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrogen bromide. Poly-brominated alkanes present in the alkyl bromides are further reacted with methane over a suitable catalyst to form mono-brominated species. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrogen bromide is then reacted over a suitable catalyst at a temperature sufficient to form olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and hydrogen bromide. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrogen bromide from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, to generate bromine from the hydrogen bromide for use in the process, and to selectively form mono-brominated alkanes in the bromination step.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as an X or Y type zeolite, at a temperature of from about 250° C. to about 500° C. so as to form olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the olefins and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing hydrocarbons from smaller hydrocarbons includes the steps of hydrocarbon halogenation, simultaneous oligomerization and hydrogen halide neutralization, and product recovery, with a metal-oxygen cataloreactant used to facilitate carbon-carbon coupling. Treatment with air or oxygen liberates halogen and regenerates the cataloreactant.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing hydrocarbons from smaller hydrocarbons includes the steps of hydrocarbon halogenation, simultaneous oligomerization and hydrogen halide neutralization, and product recovery, with a metal-oxygen cataloreactant used to facilitate carbon-carbon coupling. Treatment with air or oxygen liberates halogen and regenerates the cataloreactant.

Abstract: Synthesis of mono-substituted alkylcyclopentadienes by mixing alkyl iodides with cyclopentadienyl magnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran is described.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid is then reacted over a suitable catalyst at a temperature sufficient to form olefins, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof and hydrobromic acid vapor. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process, and to selectively form monobrominated alkanes in the bromination step.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 450° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Propane and butane which comprise a portion of the products may be recovered or recycled back through the process to form additional C5+ hydrocarbons. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process.

Abstract: An oxidative halogenation process involving contacting methane, a C1 halogenated hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof with a source of halogen and a source of oxygen, at a molar ratio of reactant hydrocarbon to source of halogen in a feed to the reactor greater than 23/1, and/or at a molar ratio of reactant hydrocarbon to source of oxygen in a feed to the reactor greater than about 46/1; in the presence of a rare earth halide or rare earth oxyhalide catalyst, to produce a halogenated C1 product having at least one more halogen as compared with the C1 reactant hydrocarbon, preferably, methyl chloride. The process can be advantageously conducted to total conversion of source of halogen and source of oxygen. The process can be advantageously conducted with essentially no halogen in the feed to the reactor, by employing a separate catalyst halogenation step in a pulse, swing or circulating bed mode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making fulvenes, particularly 6-aryl-6-alkylfulvenes, 6-aryl-6-alkenylfulvenes, and related compounds, by combining alkyl- or alkenyl-arylketones with magnesium cyclopentadienyl reagents in nonprotic, including ethereal, solvents. The use of these compounds in preparing bis(cyclopentadienyl)methanes and related compounds, and ansa-metallocenes, is disclosed.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 450° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Propane and butane which comprise a portion of the products may be recovered or recycled back through the process to form additional C5+ hydrocarbons. Various methods are disclosed to remove the hydrobromic acid vapor from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and to generate bromine from the hydrobromic acid for use in the process.

Abstract: A process for converting gaseous alkanes to liquid hydrocarbons wherein a gaseous feed containing alkanes is reacted with a dry bromine vapor to form alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid vapor. The mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid are then reacted over a synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 400° C. so as to form higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and hydrobromic acid vapor. Hydrobromic acid vapor is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. A portion of the propane and butane is removed from the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons and reacted with the mixture of alkyl bromides and hydrobromic acid over the synthetic crystalline alumino-silicate catalyst to form C5+ hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of cyclopropaneacetylene by reacting a ketophosphonate with a diazo-transfer reagent in the presence of non-nucleophilic base in an aprotic solvent to generate a reaction mixture containing a ketodiazophosphonate compound and then reacting the reaction mixture with cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde in a non-nucleophilic base and a protic solvent to yield cyclopropaneacetylene.

Abstract: 1-chloropropylethyne is prepared by dehydrochlorination with a base of 1-chloro-1-cyclopropylethene, which is itself prepared by treating 1-cyclopropylethanone with dichlorotriarylphosphorane or dichlorotrialkylphosphorane in the presence of a base.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing bisindenylalkanes of formula I: wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 independently represent H or a C1-C6 hydrocarbon group or R1 and R2 or R1 and R3 or R3 and R4 together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered ring, said ring being optionally substituted with a C1-C4 hydrocarbon group, and R5 represents a C1-C6 hydrocarbon group, comprising reacting, at a temperature which does not exceed about 5° C., a metallated indene of formula II with a disubstituted hydrocarbon of formula III: wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 have the same meaning as defined above, M represents a metal ion, and X independently represents a suitable leaving group, in a suitable reaction medium wherein the molar ratio of II to III is 2.05 or higher. The process is particularly suitable for preparing bisindenylethane, i.e., R1-R4 represent H and R5 represents an ethylene group.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing tetramethylcyclopentadiene from 2,3-dibromobutane is described. A 2-bromo-2-butene Grignard is reacted with an ethyl formate to produce a 3,5-dimethyl-2,5-heptadiene-4-ol magnesium bromide which is then quenched with acetic acid to produce 3,5-dimethyl-2,5-hepadiene-4-ol.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel methods for the preparation of cyclopropylacetylene which is an essential reagent in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one; a useful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitor with superior anti-retroviral activity. In the process, for example, cyclopropane carboxaldehyde is alkylated to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-cyclopropyl-ethanol; which in turn undergoes elimination to form 1,1-dichloro-2-cyclopropyl-ethene; which in turn undergoes elimination to form cyclopropyl acetylene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method to prepare cyclopropenes.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel methods for the synthesis of cyclopropylacetylene which is an essential reagent in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one; a useful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitor. In the process, cyclopropane carboxaldehyde is condensed with malonic acid to form 3-cyclopropylacrylic acid; 3-cyclopropylacrylic acid is halogenated to form (E,Z)-1-halo-2-cyclopropylethylene; and (E,Z)-1-halo-2-cyclopropylethylene is dehydrohalogenated to form cyclopropyl acetylene. This improvement provides for high conversion of inexpensive, readily available starting materials into cyclopropylacetylene, high overall yields and can be conducted on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel methods for the synthesis of cyclopropylacetylene which is an essential reagent in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one; a useful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitor. In the process, for example, cyclopropane carboxaldehyde is alkylated to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-cyclopropyl-ethanol; which in turn is hydroxy protected to form 1,1,1-trichloro-2-cyclopropylethyltosylate; which in turn undergoes elimination to form cyclopropyl acetylene. This improvement provides for high conversion of inexpensive, readily available starting materials into cyclopropylacetylene, high overall yields and can be conducted on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The process for the preparation of a selectively substituted cyclopentadiene compound which includes reacting a halide of a substituting compound in a mixture of the cyclopentadiene compound and an aqueous solution of a base in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, wherein during the reaction the quantity of base relative to the cyclopentadiene compound may at any moment be between 5 and 30 mol/mol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the halogenation of cyclopropylmethyl ketone with at least one dihalo-triorganophosphorane of the general formula I R3PHal2   (I), in which the radicals R can be the same or different and denote a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic C1-C20 hydrocarbon radical, a phenyl or (C1-C4 alkyl)phenyl radical, which may be optionally substituted by one or two fluorine, chlorine and/or nitro groups, P stands for phosphorus and Hal denotes chlorine, bromine, or iodine, at a temperature of from 800° to 130° C.

Abstract: An efficient and facile process for the preparation of cyclopropylacetylene from thioanisole and cyclopropyl substituted ketones or aldehydes is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel methods for the synthesis of cyclopropylacetylene which is an essential reagent in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-ben zoxazin-2-one; a useful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitor. In the process, cyclopropane carboxaldehyde is condensed with malonic acid to form 3-cyclopropylacrylic acid; 3-cyclopropylacrylic acid is halogenated to form (E,Z)-1-halo-2-cyclopropylethylene; and (E,Z)-1-halo-2-cyclopropylethylene is dehydrohalogenated to form cyclopropyl acetylene. This improvement provides for high conversion of inexpensive, readily available starting materials into cyclopropylacetylene, high overall yields and can be conducted on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to novel methods for the synthesis of cyclopropylacetylene which is a reagent in the asymmetric synthesis of (S)-6-chloro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-ben zoxazin-2-one which is a useful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

Abstract: A thermosetting resin is formed from cyclopentadiene and a propargyl halide. The resin can be used with carbon fibers to form a carbon-carbon composite.

Abstract: The process of invention reacts an alkynyl halide with a mixture that includes a dialkylaminomagnesium halide or a bis(dialkylamino)magnesium compound to produce a cycloalkylacetylene compound. Preferably, the dialkylaminomagnesium halide compound is of the general formula R.sub.2 NMgX (where R is a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl substituent or R.sub.2 N represents a heterocyclic alkyl amine and X is Cl, Br, or I) and the bis(dialkylamino)magnesium compound is of the general formula (R.sub.2 N).sub.2 Mg (where R is a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl substituent or R.sub.2 N represents a heterocyclic alkylamine). In a preferred method of the invention, the reaction is conducted at moderate temperatures for a period of about 12 to 24 hours. The reaction mixture preferably includes tetrahydrofuran (THF), or a hydrocarbon, or a hydrocarbonether mixture.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for hydrotreating an organic feedstock containing a halogenated component and contaminated with distillable oxygen compounds, and/or distillable nitrogen compounds having boiling points lower than the halogenated compounds by means of removing the distillable oxygen compounds and distillable nitrogen compounds with a fractionation zone and then contacting the resulting organic feedstock having a reduced concentration of distillable oxygen and nitrogen compounds and a gaseous recycle stream containing hydrogen with a hydrogenation catalyst in a hydrogenation reaction zone to produce an anhydrous liquid stream comprising hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous compounds having a reduced concentration of organic halide and a hydrogen halide compound. The resulting effluent from the hydrogenation zone is optionally separated to produce a hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous stream having a reduced level of halogen and an anhydrous stream comprising a hydrogen halide compound.

Abstract: An improved synthesis of cyclopropylacetylene involving cyclization of 5-halo-1-pentyne in strong base is disclosed, and is useful for preparing compounds with a cyclopropylethynyl substituent, such as an intermediate for a highly potent HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor or other pharmaceutically active compounds.

Abstract: A method is provided for forming a supported cyclopentadiene-type compound comprising contacting a cyclopentadiene-type compound containing an active halogen with an inorganic support having surface hydroxyl group. Also there is provided a method of preparing a supported metallocene comprising reacting the supported cyclopentadiene-type compound with a transition metal compound under suitable conditions. There is also provided a process for producing bridged cyclopentadiene-type ligands having a bridge having branch that has a terminal vinyl group. Also metallocenes of these ligands are provided. Still further there is provided a process for producing bridged cyclopentadiene-type ligands having a bridge having a branch that has a terminal active halogen. The resulting new ligands and supported metallocenes produced therefrom are also provided.

Abstract: An alkylative cycloaddition method is provided that is particularly useful for the synthesis of many of the Vitamin D analogues with differing side chains. Thus, a preferred synthesis is of Vitamin D analogues having a side chain R.sub.1 where a first precursor having the structure ##STR1## with X being a halide or a pseudo halide, and a second precursor are provided, the second precursor being a 1,7 enyne. These precursors are reacted in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form compounds having the structure ##STR2## where R.sub.2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, fluorine, or a protecting group, and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, fluorine, or a protecting group.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of a halogenated organic feedstock to produce a stream of hydrocarbonaceous compounds having an exceedingly low concentration of halogenated organic compounds and an aqueous stream containing hydrogen halide.

Abstract: Preparation of alkenes as well as of cyclopentane and cyclohexane from the corresponding vicinal dichloro and dibromo alkanes and from .alpha.,.omega.-Dichloropentane and .alpha.,.omega.-dibromopentane and .alpha.,.omega.-dichlorohexane and .alpha.,.omega.-dibromohexane respectively, in which these starting compounds are caused to react with with silicon.

Abstract: An alkylative cycloaddition method is provided that is particularly useful for the synthesis of many of the Vitamin D analogues with differing side chains. Thus, a preferred synthesis is of Vitamin D analogues having a side chain R.sub.1 where a substantially geometrically pure first precursor having the structure ##STR1## and a second precursor are provided, the second precursor being a 1,7 enyne. These precursors are reacted in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form compounds having the structure ##STR2## where R.sub.2 hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, fluorine, or a protecting group, and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, fluorine, or a protecting group.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)perfluoroalkyl, R.sup.2 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)perfluoroalkyl or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)alkyl, R.sup.3 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)perfluoroalkyl or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)alkyl, R.sup.4 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)alkyl and R.sup.5 is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)alkyl, with the proviso that no more than two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can be (C.sub.1 -C.sub.5)perfluoroalkyl; and transition metal complexes thereof.

Abstract: Hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, and cyclopentanes and synthetic lubricating compositions. The preferred structures contain 1 to 6 alkyl groups which have 4 to 36 carbon atoms and may have different and varying carbon chain structures. The cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes are prepared by hydrogenation from the corresponding cyclopentadiene intermediates. The cyclopentadienes are prepared by reaction with hydrocarbylating agents or alcohols. Mixtures are also disclosed.

Abstract: Hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, and cyclopentanes are synthetic lubricating compositions. The preferred structures contain 1 to 6 alkyl groups which have 4 to 36 carbon atoms and may have different and varying carbon chain structures. The cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes are prepared by hydrogenation from the corresponding cyclopentadiene intermediates. The cyclopentadienes are prepared by reaction with hydrocarylating agents or alcohols. Mixtures are also disclosed.

Abstract: Hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, and cyclopentanes are synthetic lubricating compositions. The preferred structures contain 1 to 6 alkyl groups which have 4 to 36 carbon atoms and may have different and varying carbon chain structures. The cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes are prepared by hydrogenation from the corresponding cyclopentadiene intermediates. The cyclopentadienes are prepared by reaction with hydrocarbylating agents or alcohols. Mixtures are also disclosed.

Abstract: Organic hydrocarbons which comprise useful compounds may be obtained in a two-step process utilizing methane as a feedstock. The desired compounds are prepared by treating said methane with a halogenating agent such as chlorine, followed by contacting the methyl halide with a conversion catalyst comprising a silicalite. The silicalite which is employed is a silica polymorph consisting of crystalline silica which, after calcination in air at a temperature of 600.degree. C. for 1 hour, has a mean refractory index of 1.39.+-.0.01 and a specific gravity at 25.degree. C. of 1.70.+-.0.05 g/cc.

Abstract: Hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, and cyclopentanes are sythetic lubricating compositions. The preferred structures contain 1 to 6 alkyl groups which have 4 to 36 carbon atoms and may have different and varying carbon chain structures. The cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes are prepared by hydrogenation from the corresponding cyclopentadiene intermediates. The cyclopentadienes are prepared by reaction with hydrocarbylating agents or alcohols. Mixtures are also disclosed.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of (2,2)-paracyclophane by conversion of p.methylbenzyltrimethylammonium halide to the corresponding hydroxide and by Hofmann elimination from p.methylbenzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, wherein both reactions are carried out in the same aqueous solution of an alkaline hydroxide and in the presence of a copper or iron compound.

Abstract: A 1,2-di[trans(equatorial-equatorial)cyclohexyl]-ethane derivative of the following general formula ##STR1## wherein R and R', independently from each other, represent a linear alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.