Abstract: A process for alkylating an aromatic compound comprising reacting at least one aromatic compound with a mixture of olefins selected from olefins having from about 8 to about 100 carbon atoms, in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid catalyst, wherein the resulting product comprises at least about 50 weight percent of a 1, 2, 4 tri-substituted aromatic compound or a 1, 2, 3 tri-substituted aromatic compound or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process for alkylating an aromatic compound comprising reacting at least one aromatic compound with a mixture of olefins having from about 8 to about 100 carbon atoms, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst wherein the resulting product comprises at least about 60 weight percent of a 1,2,4 tri-alkylsubstituted aromatic compound.

Abstract: A system for alkylating hydrocarbons which includes an improved method of safely handling alkylation catalyst is disclosed. The process includes passing the alkylation catalyst from a settler vessel to a catalyst receiving vessel, via a catalyst cooler, for containment therein in the presence of a condensible gas. Also disclosed is a method for controlling the pressure in the catalyst receiving vessel by controlling the rate of removal of vapors.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing linear alkyl benzene, the process including the steps of obtaining a hydrocarbon condensate containing olefins, paraffins and oxygenates from a low temperature Fischer-Tropsch reaction; a) fractionating a desired carbon number distribution from the hydrocarbon condensate to form a fractionated hydrocarbon condensate stream; b) extracting oxygenates from the fractionated hydrocarbon condensate stream from step (a) to form a stream containing olefins and paraffins; c) combining the stream containing olefins and paraffins from step (b) with the feed stream from step (g) to form a combined stream; d) alkylating olefins in the combined stream from step (c) with benzene in the presence of a suitable alkylation catalyst in an alkylation reactor; e) recovering linear alkyl benzene from the alkylation reactor; f) recovering unreacted paraffins from the alkylation reactor; g) dehydrogenating the unreacted paraffins in the presence of a suitable dehydrogenation catalyst

Abstract: A process is provided for producing an alkyl aromatic compound having substituents at the 3- and 5-positions by alkylating an aromatic compound having two substituents in the meta positions with an olefin having 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the presence of a Broensted acid, followed by addition of a Lewis acid and isomerization in the copresence of the Broensted acid and the Lewis acid. According to the present invention, 3,5-dimethylethylbenzene, 3,5-dimethylcumene, etc. may be produced in a stable manner with high yield and high selectivity under mild and simple reaction conditions. The alkyl aromatic compounds having substituents at the 3- and 5-positions are useful as intermediates for functional chemicals for use in pharmaceutical, agricultural and electronic materials. With the method of the present invention, the catalyst used can be recovered and recycled. Thus, desired alkyl aromatic compounds may be obtained economically in an industrially advantageous manner while reducing the load on the environment.

Abstract: A process for alkylating an aromatic compound comprising reacting (a) a first amount of at least one aromatic compound with a first amount of a mixture of olefins having from about 8 to about 100 carbon atoms, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst; and reacting the product of (a) with an additional amount of at least one aromatic compound and an additional amount of a strong acid catalyst, and optionally, with an additional amount of a mixture of olefins selected from olefins having from about 8 to about 100 carbon atoms, wherein the resulting product comprises at least about 80 weight percent of a 1,2,4 tri-alkylsubstituted aromatic compound.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen for a fuel cell from a hydrocarbon fuel composition, by providing a hydrocarbon fuel composition, which is obtained by contacting a liquid hydrocarbon feed comprising an alkylating agent with an acidic catalyst, under conditions effective to alkylate at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed; converting the hydrocarbon fuel composition into hydrogen; and optionally, introducing the hydrogen produced into a fuel cell. In a preferred embodiment the liquid hydrocarbon feed further comprises sulphur-containing impurities, at least a portion of which are alkylated during the alkylation step.

Abstract: A method of continuously producing polyalkylbiphenyls involves reacting biphenyl and an olefin in the presence of a solid acid catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture containing monoalkylbiphenyls and dialkylbiphenyls, separating a fraction containing biphenyl and at least a part of the monoalkylbiphenyls, circulating the separated fraction to the reactor such that the ratio of biphenyls to monoalkylbiphenyls is designed to be 0.1 or more and is designed to be less than the soluability of biphenyl to monoalkylbiphenyl at a circulation temperature, and recovering polyalkylbiphenyls.

Abstract: In a process for preparing an olefinic hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least 5% by weight of mono-olefin oligomers of the empirical formula: CnH2n where n is greater than or equal to 6, a feedstock comprising n-butene and propylene in a molar ratio of about 1:0.01 to about 1:0.49 is contacted under oligomerization conditions with surface deactivated ZSM-23. The resultant mono-olefin oligomers comprise at least 20 percent by weight of olefins having at least 12 carbon atoms, wherein said olefins having at least 12 carbon atoms have an average of from about 0.8 to about 2.0 C1–C3 alkyl branches per carbon chain.

Abstract: A method of alkylating aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins using solid hydrogen fluoride-equivalent catalysts is described. Preferred catalysts comprise solid polymeric onium polyhydrogen fluoride complexes.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical device is provided which includes a contact structure interposed between a pair of electrodes arranged beneath a beam. In some embodiments, the device may include additional contact structures interposed between the pair of electrodes. For example, the device may include at least three contact structures between the pair of electrodes. In some embodiments, the beam may be suspended above the pair of electrodes by a support structure affixed to a first end of the beam. Such a device may further include an additional support structure affixed to a second end of the beam. In some cases, the device may be adapted to pass a signal from the first end to the second end of the beam. In addition or alternatively, the device may be adapted to pass the signal between one or both ends of the beam and one or more of the contact structures.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the selective production of para-xylene which comprises reacting toluene with methanol in the presence of a catalyst comprising a porous crystalline material having a Diffusion Parameter for 2,2 dimethylbutane of about 0.1-15 sec−1 when measured at a temperature of 120° C. and a 2,2 dimethylbutane pressure of 60 torr (8 kPa). The porous crystalline material is preferably a medium-pore zeolite, particularly ZSM-5, which has been severely steamed at a temperature of at least 950° C. The porous crystalline material is preferably combined with at least one oxide modifier, preferably including phosphorus, to control reduction of the micropore volume of the material during the steaming step.

Abstract: This invention concerns fluorine-modified perfluorinated ion-exchange microcomposites, comprising a perfluorinated ion-exchange polymer containing pendant sulphonic acid groups and/or carboxylic acid groups, entrapped within and highly dispersed throughout a network of inorganic oxide, said network having a plurality of fluoride groups bonded thereto; processes for their preparation and their use as catalysts in chemical processes such as alkylation of aromatic compounds.

Abstract: A method of converting an HF alkylation process into a solid catalyst alkylation process is disclosed. In this method, an HF alkylation unit having an HF stripper downstream of the HF alkylation reactor is modified to a benzene rectifier. By modifying the HF stripper, this invention not only makes use of the existing HF stripper but also allows the entire downstream product recovery section, which comprises four fractionation columns, to be used in the modified process with only relatively minor modifications. Thus this invention maximizes the use of existing equipment and minimizes the investment necessary to eliminate the use of HF in detergent alkylation.

Abstract: A process for the removal of corrosive compounds from a fluid stream, comprising the steps of: in an extraction column with an outer steel tube and an inner tube of corrosion resistant material having an open inlet end and an open outlet end and being arranged coaxially with and spaced apart within at least top portion of the outer tube, introducing at elevated temperature at the inlet end of the inner tube the fluid stream and an extraction agent and effecting in the mixed stream of the fluid and extraction agent extraction of the corrosive compounds; introducing into an annular space between the walls of the outer and the inner tube a shell stream of a non-corrosive fluid, thereby absorbing in the shell stream amounts of the corrosive compounds diffusing through the wall of the inner tube; passing the shell stream to the bottom portion of the outer tube; cooling the mixed stream at the outlet end of the inner tube by introducing into the stream a cooling stream; passing the cooled stream to the bottom porti

Abstract: The invention provides a process for hydrotreating an organic feedstock containing a halogenated component and contaminated with distillable oxygen compounds, and/or distillable nitrogen compounds having boiling points lower than the halogenated compounds by means of removing the distillable oxygen compounds and distillable nitrogen compounds with a fractionation zone and then contacting the resulting organic feedstock having a reduced concentration of distillable oxygen and nitrogen compounds and a gaseous recycle stream containing hydrogen with a hydrogenation catalyst in a hydrogenation reaction zone to produce an anhydrous liquid stream comprising hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous compounds having a reduced concentration of organic halide and a hydrogen halide compound. The resulting effluent from the hydrogenation zone is optionally separated to produce a hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous stream having a reduced level of halogen and an anhydrous stream comprising a hydrogen halide compound.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of a halogenated organic feedstock to produce a stream of hydrocarbonaceous compounds having an exceedingly low concentration of halogenated organic compounds and an aqueous stream containing hydrogen halide.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylaromatic compounds employing olefinic liquid from thermally or catalytically cracked plastics as alkylating agent. The process comprises contacting a feedstream comprising alkylatable aromatics and the olefinic liquid with acidic alkylation catalyst under alkylation conditions in an alkylation zone; and recovering an effluent stream comprising alkylaromatic compounds. The alkylation can be performed with the product of plastics pyrolysis or with non-degraded plastic feedstock in-situ with thermal/catalytic degradation of the plastic.

Abstract: This invention relates to catalysts for alkylation reactions and their preparation. More particularly, the invention relates to an alkylation process using a hydrogen fluoride-containing alkylation catalyst, which catalyst may be safely and easily handled, transported, and stored.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are alkylated in a fluidized riser-reactor using a solid catalyst which is regenerated within the process by contact with hydrogen. The alkylation and regeneration steps are separated to prevent the admixture of hydrogen and any olefins present in the process. Two separate modes of regeneration are performed simultaneously: a mild liquid-phase washing and a vapor-phase hot hydrogen stripping operation.

Abstract: A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a tube sheet having partition grooves used to form joints with partition plates contained within the exchanger head. The partition plates define chambers within the head of the exchanger which direct the fluid through the exchanger tubes and which allow for the use of an unequal number of tubes per tube-side pass.

Abstract: It has been found that the aromatic byproducts normally formed in the dehydrogenation of normal paraffins to linear monoolefins are detrimental in the usual processes of aromatic alkylation using the dehydrogenation product mixture as an alkylation feedstock. In particular, when solids are used as the alkylation catalysts with recycle of the unreacted feedstock to the dehydrogenation reactor the aromatic byproducts increase to a level where they exert a significant decrease in the stability of the alkylation catalyst. When the aromatic byproducts are removed in whole or in part alkylation may be performed at a substantially lower temperature, which affords alkylated aromatics whose alkyl portion has greater linearity than that observed at a higher alkylation temperature.

Abstract: It has been found that the aromatic byproducts normally formed in the dehydrogenation of normal paraffins to linear monoolefins are detrimental in the usual processes of aromatic alkylation using the dehydrogenation product mixture as an alkylation feedstock. In particular, when solids are used as the alkylation catalysts with recycle of the unreacted feedstock to the dehydrogenation reactor the aromatic byproducts increase to a level where they exert a significant decrease in the stability of the alkylation catalyst. When the aromatic byproducts are removed in whole or in part alkylation may be performed at a substantially lower temperature, which affords alkylated aromatics whose alkyl portion has greater linearity than that observed at a higher alkylation temperature.

Abstract: It is disclosed that aromatic compounds can be alkylated with mono-olefinic HVI-PAO dimer in contact with an acidic catalyst to produce novel alkylated aromatic compositions. It has been found that the novel HVI-PAO dimer alkylated aromatic compositions exhibit an extraordinary combination of properties relating to low viscosity with high viscosity index and low pour point which renders them very useful as lubricant basestock. Further, it has been found that the novel alkylaromatic compositions of the present invention show improved oxidative stability. Depending upon the substituent groups on the aromatic nucleus, useful lubricant additives can be prepared for improved antiwear, antioxidant and other properties. HVI-PAO dimer is prepared as a product or by-product from 1-alkene oligomerization using reduced chromium oxide on solid support.

Abstract: A method for preparing .alpha.-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid or its precursor is here disclosed which comprises a step A of forming p-isobutylstyrene from p-isobutylethylbenzene and a step B of forming .alpha.-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionaldehyde from p-isobutylstyrene or a step C of forming .alpha.-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid or its alkyl ester from p-isobutylstyrene.Furthermore, a method for preparing said p-isobutylethylbenzene is also disclosed which comprises alkylating isobutylbenzene or 4-ethyltoluene with ethylene or propylene.

Abstract: The invention provides an inexpensive synthesis process for preparation of diethynylbenzene monomers that are useful in the preparation of polyacetylenes. This process provides for the preparation of thermally sensitive monomers in a one-pot reaction using readily available materials at low temperatures in an environment capable of absorbing large amounts of energy. Divinylbenzene is first brominated and then dehydrobrominated with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide preferably in the presence of a phase transfer agent followed by distillation to recover the diethylnylbenzene product.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are disclosed for transferring acid catalyst from a transport vehicle where liquid acid is carried under a relatively low vapor pressure level to a process vessel in an alkylation process where liquid acid is contained at a higher pressure level, while minimizing the loss of acid vapor to the environment. The acid transfer is accomplished without venting the process vessel by employing a relatively small volume pressure lock chamber between the transport vessel and the storage vessel. In a preferred embodiment the small volume pressure lock chamber also serves as a storage vessel for make-up acid which is added to the alkylation process as required.

Abstract: A process for the simultaneous hydroconversion of a first feedstock comprising unsaturated, halogenated organic compounds and a second feedstock comprising saturated, halogenated organic compounds which process comprises: (a) contacting the first feedstock comprising unsaturated, halogenated organic compounds with hydrogen in a first hydrogenation reaction zone operated at hydrogenation conditions selected to minimize the polymerization of unsaturated organic compounds and to produce a first hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous stream; (b) contacting at least a portion of the first hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous stream and the second feedstock comprising saturated, halogenated organic compounds with hydrogen in a second hydrogenation reaction zone operated at hydrogenation conditions selected to produce a second hydrogenated hydrocarbonaceous stream and to generate at least one water-soluble hydrogen halide compound; (c) contacting the resulting effluent from the second hydrogenation zone containing hydrogenated hy

Abstract: A novel liquid acid catalyzed alkylation process utilizing a liquid acid catalyst comprising a surfactant and a liquid acid is disclosed which incorporates a fixed bed of contact material to improve the alkylation reaction zone efficiency. The fixed bed of contact material also allows the process to be efficiently operated at lower acid to olefin mole/mole feed ratios than normally used.

Abstract: A novel liquid acid catalyzed alkylation process is disclosed which incorporates a fixed bed of contact material to improve the alkylation reaction zone efficiency. The fixed bed of contact material also allows the process to be efficiently operated at lower acid to olefin mole/mole feed ratios than normally used.

Abstract: Resorcinol is prepared in high yield and purity by an improved process through superacid (such as perfluorinated alkanesulfonic acids of one to eighteen carbon atoms or polymeric perfluorinated resinsulfonic acids, such as acidified Nafion-H, catalyzed cleavage rearrangement reaction of meta-bis(2-hydroperoxy-2-propyl)benzene (meta-diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide). Part of the process is the preparation of needed meta-diisopropylbenzene in high purity (98-100%) substantially free of other isomers by treating any mixture of diisopropylbenzenes with an excess of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or a perfluorinated alkanesulfonic acid of one to eighteen carbon atoms and a Lewis acid fluoride, or by alkylating (transalkylating) cumene with a propyl alkylating agent in the aforementioned superacid systems.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a mixture of mono- and diallkylated aromatic hydrocarbons suitable for use as a detergent or as a surfactant in enhanced oil recovery processes. Two alkylation reaction stages are used in series, with a separate amount of an acyclic olefin being charged to each reaction stage. The effluent of the second alkylation reaction stage is separated by fractionation to form a mixture of mono- and dialkylated hydrocarbons. A portion of this mixture is recycled to the second alkylation reaction stage, with remainder being withdrawn as the product stream.

Abstract: A process for producing pseudocueme or durene is described, comprising methylating xylene by the use as a catalyst of at least one crystalline silicate selected from the group consisting of crystalline borosilicate, fluorine-containing crystalline borosilicate, fluorine-containing crystalline aluminosilicate, and fluorine-containing crystalline boroaluminosilicate. The specific crystalline silicate catalyst increases the conversion of xylene and the selectivity of pseudocumene or durene. The process of the invention can be performed either in one step or in two steps. The two-step reaction provides various industrial advantages, such as a high degree of utilization of the methylating agent and a great increase in the selectivity of the product.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons by the HF-catalyzed reaction of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a C.sub.8 -plus acyclic olefin. The production of linear alkylbenzenes is preferred. The HF is regenerated in a regeneration column in which high boiling compounds are removed from the HF fed to the column. The main stream of HF enters an upper intermediate point in the regeneration column. A second portion of the HF is fed to the top of the regeneration column as reflux. This second portion of HF is withdrawn from the reaction zone rather than from the overhead receiver of the HF regeneration column as in the prior art regeneration method.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons by the HF catalyzed reaction of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a C.sub.8 -plus acyclic olefin. A portion of the HF used as catalyst is regenerated by passage into a stripping column which has a primary function of stripping dissolved HF out of a hydrocarbonaceous mixture produced in the alkylation zone. This eliminates the requirement for a separate HF regeneration column and the costs associated with this column.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons by the alkylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as benzene, with a C.sub.8 -plus acyclic olefin which preferably is a normal olefin. The hydrocarbonaceous effluent of the alkylation reaction zone is separated by fractional distillation to yield both a product stream containing monoalkylated aromatics and a small bottoms stream containing dialkylated aromatics and other high boiling compounds but which is substantially devoid of the product monoalkylated aromatics. The product stream is a portion of a sidecut stream withdrawn from the first of two vacuum columns, with a second portion of the sidecut being passed into the second column. The bottoms stream of the first column is also passed into the second column and the overhead vapor of the second column enters an upper portion of the first column.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon is catalytically converted by using a fluorine compound represented by the general formula Z.sup.+ MF.sub.6.sup.-, wherein Z is a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen group, and M is a niobium atom, an antimony atom or a tantalum atom as a catalyst, wherein a catalytically inactive component is settled as a heavy liquid phase or deposited as a solid in a reaction product solution from the conversion of hydrocarbon, the heavy liquid phase or the solid is removed from the reaction product solution, thereby removing substantially the catalytically inactive component therefrom, and the remaining catalytically active component is reused in the conversion of hydrocarbon. An amount of a fresh catalyst solution to be supplemented is considerably reduced by effectively reusing the catalytically active component.

Abstract: A process for the HF-catalyzed alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons is disclosed. A first overhead vapor stream removed from a first fractionation column which is used to regenerate the liquid-phase HF is passed directly into an upper intermediate point of a second fractionation column. A hydrocarbon stream containing the feed aromatic hydrocarbon and the product hydrocarbon is separated from liquid-phase HF and is then passed into the second fractionation column. HF dissolved in the hydrocarbon stream is removed from the second column as part of a second overhead vapor stream.

Abstract: A process for the HF-catalyzed alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons is disclosed. A liquid-phase alkylation zone effluent stream comprising product alkylaromatic hydrocarbon is passed into an intermediate point of a first fractionation column. A sidecut is removed from the first column at a higher intermediate point and passed into a sidecut stripping column. The bottoms stream of the sidecut stripping column contains the feed aromatic and about 4-10 mole percent paraffinic hydrocarbons and is recycled to the alkylation zone. The overhead vapor stream of the sidecut stripping column is passed into the first column to aid in fractionation.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the alkylation of an aromatic hydrocarbon with an olefin-acting alkylating agent. The aromatic hydrocarbon is commingled with a first portion of said alkylating agent in a first alkylation reaction zone at alkylation reaction conditions in contact with a hydrofluoric acid catalyst. The acid phase of the effluent from the first alkylation reaction zone is separated, and the hydrocarbon phase, comprising alkylate and unreacted aromatic hydrocarbon is commingled with a second portion of said alkylating agent at alkylation reaction conditions in a second alkylation reaction zone in contact with a hydrofluoric acid catalyst separately charged thereto, the hydrofluoric acid catalyst being that separated from the effluent of the first alkylation reaction zone. The acid phase is separated from the effluent from the second alkylation reaction zone and recycled to the first alkylation reaction zone, and the alkylate product is recovered from the hydrocarbon phase.