Abstract: A novel production process is disclosed for the conversion of methane or natural gas, particularly shale gas, into a liquid fuel near the point of origin. The process is notably “non-Fischer-Tropsch” meaning that it does not require oxygen to be admitted into the reactor for supplying thermal energy by partial combustion, which is normally required to split methane. This freedom from high temperature operation and the other demands of an oxygenation process means that higher carbon efficiency is achievable This is made possible with mechanochemistry and “sonic catalysis” that employ kinetic energy to promote the breakdown of methane molecules, the reformation of the resulting carbon-hydrogen fragments, and the rejuvenation of the catalyst surface. A number of liquid fuels can be produced which are easily transported and fully marketable without further processing.

Abstract: A process for producing a feedstock for gasolines having very little aromatic concentrations is disclosed. The present process uses by-product olefins and alkanes to produce an alkylate for use in gasoline blending.

Abstract: Processes for upgrading Fischer-Tropsch condensate olefins by alkylation of hydrocrackate involves providing an olefin enriched condensate stream and further providing a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon stream comprising wax, hydrocracking the latter Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon stream to provide a distillate enriched hydrocracked product comprising isoparaffins, and alkylating the olefins with the isoparaffins in an alkylation zone to provide an alkylate product. The alkylate product is fed to a distillation unit together with the hydrocracked product, while a naphtha containing fraction from the distillation unit is fed to the alkylation zone together with the olefin enriched hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: Processes for upgrading Fischer-Tropsch condensate olefins by alkylation of hydrocrackate may involve providing an olefin enriched condensate stream and further providing a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon stream comprising wax, hydrocracking the latter Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon stream to provide a distillate enriched hydrocracked product comprising isoparaffins, and alkylating the olefins with the isoparaffins in an alkylation zone to provide an alkylate product. The alkylate product may be fed to a distillation unit together with the hydrocracked product, while a naphtha containing fraction from the distillation unit may be fed to the alkylation zone together with the olefin enriched hydrocarbon stream.

Abstract: A process for reacting an iso-pentane, comprising: alkylating the iso-pentane with a converted olefinic feedstock comprising at least 5 wt % C5 olefins, wherein the C5 olefins in the converted olefinic feedstock are predominantly 2-pentene, to make a naphtha and a middle distillate, and wherein a formation of iso-butane during the alkylating is less than 35 wt % of an amount of olefins in the converted olefinic feedstock.

Abstract: Biogases such as natural gas and other gases capable of being biologically derived by digestion of organic matter are converted to a clean-burning hydrocarbon liquid fuel in a continuous process wherein a biogas is fed to a reaction vessel where the biogas contacts a liquid petroleum fraction and a transition metal catalyst immersed in the liquid, vaporized product gas is drawn from a vapor space above the liquid level, condensed, and fed to a product vessel where condensate is separated from uncondensed gas and drawn off as the liquid product fuel as uncondensed gas is recycled to the reaction vessel.

Abstract: This application provides a process for the production of alkylate blending components, comprising introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising an olefin to an orifice of a nozzle, at a close distance from the orifice; and wherein the nozzle dispenses a mixture of one or more recirculated streams and the hydrocarbon feed stream through a throat of the nozzle to make alkylate gasoline blending components. This application also provides a process unit for the production of alkylate gasoline, comprising: a) a nozzle having an orifice that dispenses one or more recirculated streams comprising ionic liquid catalyst into a chamber in the nozzle, b) a conduit for introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising an olefin to the orifice at a close distance from the orifice; and c) a throat connecting the chamber in the nozzle to an alkylation zone.

Abstract: A process for alkylation of propylene, the process including: contacting a stream comprising propylene and propane with sulfuric acid in a first reaction zone under conditions to form propylene sulfate esters; contacting the propylene sulfate esters with isoparaffin and sulfuric acid in an alkylation reaction zone under conditions to react the propylene sulfate esters and the isoparaffin to form a reactor effluent comprising an acid phase and a hydrocarbon phase comprising unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product; separating the hydrocarbon phase from the sulfuric acid; separating the hydrocarbon phase to form a fraction comprising unreacted isoparaffin and a fraction comprising the alkylate product.

Abstract: A process for treating an alkylation feedstock comprising olefins, n-alkanes, and iso-alkanes, the process including: contacting at least a portion of the alkylation feedstock with sulfuric acid in a reaction zone under conditions to form sulfate esters of the olefins; separating the n-alkanes and the iso-alkanes from the sulfuric acid and the sulfate esters; recovering the n-alkanes and the iso-alkanes in a first product stream; and recovering the sulfate esters in a second product stream; wherein the sulfuric acid has a strength titrating as below 75 weight percent H2SO4/water mixtures.

Abstract: A light olefin feed for an olefin conversion process is subjected to a water wash to remove water-soluble contaminants after which the water is separated from the olefin prior to the conversion reaction. The water used for the wash is free of boiler feedwater additives, especially basic nitrogenous additives, which adversely affect catalytic function.

Abstract: A process for producing a feedstock for gasolines having very little aromatic concentrations is disclosed. The present process uses by-product olefins and alkanes to produce an alkylate for use in gasoline blending.

Abstract: A light olefin feed for an olefin utilization process is subjected to a water wash to remove water-soluble contaminants after which the water is separated from the olefin by coalescence separation at a low temperature, typically below 40° C. The coalescence separation technique is effective for separating the olefins from the water with its dissolved contaminants. If desired, a supplemental washing may be carried out by adding additional water to the feed/water mix after the initial wash step but before the coalescer in order to remove provide additional contaminant removal.

Abstract: A process for the removal of aromatic compounds from an olefin feed to a paraffin alkylation is disclosed. The process may include feeding a olefin and aromatic containing hydrocarbon stream and a dilute alkylate product stream comprising alkylate product and unreacted material from the paraffin alkylation to a distillation zone and removing the unreacted material as overheads and removing a more concentrated alkylate product stream and a portion of the aromatic compounds as bottoms resulting in an improved alkylation process.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of isobutane is disclosed wherein isobutane is fed to two separate alkylation systems. The effluent from the first alkylation system is fed to an interim debutanizer where the C4's are separated from the alkylate product. The overhead C4 product is then fed to the second alkylation system to provide the isobutane. The effluent from the second alkylation system is fed to a traditional deisobutanizer to prevent any build up of normal butanes in the system.

Abstract: A method for producing alkylated hydrocarbons is disclosed. Formation fluid is produced from a subsurface in situ heat treatment process. The formation fluid is separated to produce a liquid stream and a first gas stream. The first gas stream includes olefins. The liquid stream is fractionated to produce at least a second gas stream including hydrocarbons having a carbon number of at least 3. The first gas stream and the second gas stream are introduced into an alkylation unit to produce alkylated hydrocarbons. At least a portion of the olefins in the first gas stream enhance alkylation.

Abstract: A process for the alkylation of isobutane is disclosed wherein isobutane is fed to two separate alkylation systems. The effluent from the first alkylation system is fed to an interim debutanizer where the C4's are separated from the alkylate product. The overhead C4 product is then fed to the second alkylation system to provide the isobutane. The effluent from the second alkylation system is fed to a traditional deisobutanizer to prevent any build up of normal butanes in the system.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch C3-C4 olefin stream is simultaneously dehydrated and isomerized to convert alcohols to olefins and 1-butenes to 2-butenes and thereby lower the oxygenate content. Another Fischer-Tropsch fraction is hydrotreated and hydrocracked to provide an isobutane stream. The treated C3-C4 olefin stream having an oxygenate content less than 4000 ppm, is reacted with the isobutane stream to provide a highly branched, high octane isoparaffinic alkylate. The alkylate is useful as a blending component in motor gasoline.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch C3-C4 olefin stream is treated to lower the oxygenate content to below 4000 ppm. Another Fischer-Tropsch fraction is hydrotreated and hydrocracked to provide an isobutane-containing stream. The treated C3-C4 olefin stream is reacted with the isobutane stream in an alkylation reactor to provide a highly branched, high octane isoparaffinic alkylate. The alkylate is useful as a blending component in motor gasoline.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch C3-C4 olefin stream is treated to lower the oxygenate content to below 4000 ppm. Another Fischer-Tropsch fraction is hydrotreated and hydrocracked to provide an isobutane-containing stream. The treated C3-C4 olefin stream is reacted with the isobutane stream in an alkylation reactor to provide a highly branched, high octane isoparaffinic alkylate. The alkylate is useful as a blending component in motor gasoline.

Abstract: A Fischer-Tropsch C3-C4 olefin stream is simultaneously dehydrated and isomerized to convert alcohols to olefins and 1-butenes to 2-butenes and thereby lower the oxygenate content. Another Fischer-Tropsch fraction is hydrotreated and hydrocracked to provide an isobutane stream. The treated C3-C4 olefin stream having an oxygenate content less than 4000 ppm, is reacted with the isobutane stream to provide a highly branched, high octane isoparaffinic alkylate. The alkylate is useful as a blending component in motor gasoline.

Abstract: A novel integrated olefin processing scheme is provided where olefins and paraffins are processed to produce high octane gasoline blending components. The integrated process involves the processing of olefins by hydroisomerization to produce a hydroisomerate stream which is subsequently alkylated in an alkylation process with branched chain paraffin hydrocarbons to produce an alkylate product. The alkylate product can further be separated into various fractions, including propane, n-butane, i-butane and a C5+ alkylate stream. The C5+ alkylate stream can be separated into an i-pentane stream and a deisopentanized C5+ alkylate stream.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the alkylation of an olefin with an isoparaffin using sulphuric acid as a catalyst. In this process, a finely-dispersed emulsion of isoparaffin and sulphuric acid is prepared first, in a separate emulsion preparation zone. This preparation is carried out by injecting the isoparaffin into the acid through a set of nozzles, thereby allowing the isoparaffin to "scavenge" at high speed through the acid and thus to form an extremely homogeneous emulsion. This makes it possible to achieve proper mixing without need of impellers or other similar mixing devices that usually call for substantial maintenance and operating costs. Then, the emulsion that was so prepared and which forms an already "finished" phase per se, is fed into a reaction zone which is separate from the emulsion preparation zone and in which the olefin is injected preferably at a plurality of points and in directions perpendicular to the emulsion flow.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the removal of nitrogen compounds from an aromatic hydrocarbon stream comprising the nitrogen compounds by contacting the hydrocarbon stream with a selective adsorbent having an average pore size less than. about 5.5 Angstroms. The selective adsorbent is a molecular sieve selected from the group consisting of pore closed zeolite 4A, zeolite 4A, zeolite 5A, silicalite, F-silicalite, ZSM-5 and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention comprises a combination of a fractionation zone and an adsorption zone wherein the feedstream is passed to the fractionation zone to provide a dry bottoms product stream essentially free of the nitrogen compounds and an overhead stream. The overhead stream is condensed to provide an aqueous stream and a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is passed to an adsorption zone and a treated effluent recovered therefrom is returned to the fractionation zone.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon stream is cracked to produce a hot gaseous stream which is compressed and cooled to condense almost all of the hydrocarbons contained in the stream. A noncondensed stream remaining after the condensation step, comprised predominantly of hydrogen and C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 hydrocarbons, is subjected to pressure swing adsorption or temperature swing adsorption at an adsorption temperature of about 0.degree. to about 250.degree. C. in a bed of adsorbent which selectively adsorbs ethene and propene, thereby adsorbing substantially all of the ethene and propene from the gas stream. The ethene and/or propene is recovered upon bed regeneration. Higher alkenes are separated from alkanes by various methods.

Abstract: A process is provided to react a feedstock comprising isobutane with pentenes in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to produce a high octane alkylate as well as a higher octane isopentane gasoline blending component. A method to reduce sulfuric acid consumption during alkylation is provided wherein a diolefinic contaminant of a pentene system feed is selectively hydrogenated before alkylation. An alkylation method is provided wherein the alkylation feed is separated into a fraction comprising substantially C.sub.4 and lower olefins and a fraction comprising substantially C.sub.5 olefins and the stream comprising C.sub.5 olefins is alkylated in a different reactor than the fraction comprising substantially C.sub.4 and lower olefins.

Abstract: A process is provided to react a feedstock comprising isobutane with pentenes in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to produce a high octane alkylate as well as a higher octane isopentane gasoline blending component. A method to reduce sulfuric acid consumption during alkylation is provided wherein a diolefinic contaminant of a pentene system feed is selectively hydrogenated before alkylation. An alkylation method is provided wherein the alkylation feed is separated into a fraction comprising substantially C.sub.4 and lower olefins and a fraction comprising substantially C.sub.5 olefins and the stream comprising C.sub.5 olefins is alkylated in a different reactor than the fraction comprising substantially C.sub.4 and lower olefins.

Abstract: Method of producing alkylates in which an isoparaffin, olefin, a diffusing agent and a solid, acid catalyst are combined to form a three phase reaction mixture; a hydrocarbon phase containing primarily isoparaffin, a diffusing agent phase containing the diffusing agent, olefin and diffuse isoparaffin and a solid, acid catalyst phase, the diffusing agent being a polar solvent in which the olefin and aromatics are soluble.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading hydrocarbon feedstock comprising the steps of:(i) recovering a C.sub.4 -rich aliphatic stream from a catalytic cracking process;(ii contacting said C.sub.4 -rich aliphatic stream with an isomerization catalyst comprising a zeolite sorbing 30 to 55 mg n-hexane at 90.degree. C., 83 torr, and 15 to 40 mg 3-methylpentane at 90.degree. C., 90 torr, per g dry zeolite in the hydrogen form in a first reaction stage to selectively isomerize C.sub.4 n-olefins to C.sub.4 isoolefins; and(iii) contacting the product stream from said first reaction stage with a solid acid alkylation catalyst selected from the group consisting of MCM-36 and MCM-49, as described herein and zeolites having a Constraint Index of less than or equal to about 2, to produce isoparaffinic alkylate gasoline.

Abstract: A process for producing an alkylate product having an improved octane value from an olefin stream having a reduced concentration of the butene isomer of isobutylene. The olefin feed stream to the process system is substantially free of isobutylene and can have undergone prior processing to remove isobutylene therefrom. The olefin feed is subjected to an alkylation reaction catalyzed by a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and sulfone.

Abstract: An isoparaffin-olefin alkylation process is disclosed which improves alkylate quality by segregating the olefin feed into intermediate feedstreams which are enriched in propene, 1-butene, and/or 2-butenes with respect to the olefin feed, and alkylating these intermediate feedstreams in separate reaction zones at reaction temperatures specific to the olefin feed to increase the ratio of trimethylpentanes to dimethylhexanes in the resulting alkylate product.

Abstract: An integrated process for converting C.sub.4 /C.sub.5 hydrocarbons contained in a gasoline feedstock to more valuable motor fuel components includes various distillation steps, a hydroisomerization step, an etherification step (for producing t-amyl methyl ether), and an alkylation step. In a preferred embodiment, this process additionally includes a dehydrogenation step and a step of using formed debydrogenated hydrocarbons in the etherification step.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the addition of H.sub.2 O in acid catalyzed processing of hydrocarbons are disclosed. The H.sub.2 O is added to the hydrocarbons in the form of steam, increasing the quantity of H.sub.2 O dissolved in the acid catalyst after contact of the acid catalyst with the steam-added hydrocarbon feed. Entrained water present in the steam-added hydrocarbon feed can be decanted prior to contacting the acid with the feed.

Abstract: Unsaturated .alpha.-olefin oligomers are topped to remove monomer and dimer and then distilled to remove a trimer fraction leaving a residue of tetramer, pentamer and higher oligomers. The trimer fraction is hydrogenated to form saturated .alpha.-olefin oligomer suitable for use as a lubricant.

Abstract: Concentrations of straight chain material are material are increased by treating a thermal-cracked oil distillate boiling in the range of 120.degree. to 290.degree. C. and containing aliphatic olefins, at a temperature of 0.degree. to 330.degree. C. in liquid phase in the presence of an acid catalyst, said thermal-cracked oil distillate being obtained from a thermal cracking process of thermally cracking a petrolic heavy residual oil at a temperature not lower than 400.degree. C. and not exceeding 700.degree. C.; and then separating and removing from the reaction mixture heavy components boiling higher than said distillate.

Abstract: A process combination, with inter-cooperation, for producing high-octane alkylates comprising(a) dehydrogenating isopentane to isopentenes (amylenes),(b) introducing the mixture of said amylenes and unconverted isopentane into an HF alkylation unit for reaction with fresh or recycled isobutane,(c) separating the alkylation products into high octane alkylates, isopentane (for recycling to the dehydrogenation reactor) and isobutane (for recycling to the alkylation reactor).

Abstract: Utilization of isoparaffin is maximized in an alkylation of isoparaffin with olefin by variously detecting and/or measuring change in amount of hydrocarbon effluent, the alkylation zone and supplying a sufficient amount of olefin to said alkylation zone to keep the amount of hydrocarbon effluent said alkylation zone substantially constant, in one embodiment sensing the level of hydrocarbon in a settling zone in which alkylation zone effluent is settled, said level being representative of the amount of hydrocarbon being formed, and increasing the amount of olefin when effluent the alkylation zone is increasing, and vice versa.

Abstract: Propylene and butylenes are separately acid alkylated with at least one isoparaffin. Expansion and liquid-vapor separation is utilized to separate the propylene from the butylenes. The use of expansion and separation improves the energy efficiency of the alkylation process. The energy efficiency of the alkylation process is further improved by utilizing the bottoms product from the acid stripper associated with the isostripper to cool the acid being supplied to the riser reactor. The size requirements of the isostripper are also reduced by using liquid-vapor separation to remove at least a portion of the unreacted isoparaffin from the alkylated butylenes.

Abstract: The present process is particularly adapted to those situations where a refiner lacks sufficient isobutane to completely alkylate an olefin feedstock. A field butane stream is admixed with an olefin stream, and the mixture is fractionated to provide an isobutane-olefin concentrate and a normal butane concentrate. The former is increased in pressure and reacted in contact with a hydrofluoric acid alkylation catalyst. The latter is introduced into the reaction zone wherein it is vaporized via indirect contact with the warm reaction mixture contained therein. Vaporous normal butane is recycled into the fractionation facility whereby the exothermic heat of the alkylation reaction is utilized to fractionate the first mentioned field butanes-olefin mixture. Alkylation reactions can thus be conducted at subambient temperatures resulting in improved alkylate product quality.

Abstract: Mixed hydrocarbons of predominantly four carbon atoms each are subjected to etherification with methanol, to make ether from the tertiary olefin in the mixture; the unreacted hydrocarbons, after separation from the ether by distillation, are contaminated with methanol which is removed by absorption or extraction with a glycol before the hydrocarbons are subjected to further processing in which the methanol is detrimental.

Abstract: High octane gasoline is produced from cat cracked gasoline by cleaving the C.sub.5 olefins in the gasoline with ethylene in a first disproportionation zone. The effluent is separated to produce a C.sub.5.sup.+ stream, a first butenes stream and an ethylene-propylene stream. The ethylene-propylene stream is passed to a second disproportionation or cleavage zone along with additional propylene supplied from an external source. The effluent is separated to produce ethylene which is passed to the first disproportionation zone and a second stream of butenes. The butenes stream are combined and passed to an alkylation zone where it is alkylated with isobutane. The alkylate and remaining gasoline (C.sub.5.sup.+ stream) can be combined to produce a product higher in octane value than cat cracked gasoline.

Abstract: A continuous process for the alkylation of an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst, including; contacting an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon; separating the reaction effluent stream into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase containing catalyst-soluble oil; cooling the catalyst phase to a temperature essentially equal to the alkylation reaction temperature; recycling the cooled catalyst phase to the alkylation reaction; contacting a diolefinic hydrocabon with an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form additional catalyst-soluble oil and combining the additional catalyst-soluble oil with the circulating catalyst phase.

Abstract: An alkylation process wherein isoparaffin hydrocarbons are alkylated with olefin hydrocarbons in the presence of an alkylation catalyst comprising H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 to yield alkylated hydrocarbons suitable for use in motor fuels. Such process includes an isoparaffin pretreatment step wherein isoparaffin charge is contacted with spent alkylation catalyst to remove contaminants from the isoparaffin which are reactive with sulfuric acid under alkylation conditions.

Abstract: Dimethyl formamide when used as an absorption solvent to remove acetylenes from olefin-containing gas streams acts as well as a promoter for the oxidative conversion of H.sub.2 S, COS, and/or CS.sub.2, also contained in the feed stream, to elemental sulfur. Thus both acetylenes and sulfur compounds are efficiently removed from such olefin-containing gas streams as coke oven gas. Further, the loss of dimethyl formamide entrained and vaporized by the deacetylenized gas stream leaving the dimethyl formamide absorber is substantially reduced or effectively eliminated by the injection of a stream of liquid selected from the group consisting of paraffinic hydrocarbons having 4-8 carbon atoms per molecule containing at least one tertiary carbon atom per molecule and aromatic hydrocarbons having 6-10 carbon atoms per molecule above the point of injection of the dimethyl formamide solvent stream to the absorption column.

Abstract: Field butanes, otherwise introduced into an isostripping column, also utilized to recover alkylate product from unreacted isobutane, are separately fractionated to provide an isobutane concentrate and a normal butane concentrate. The former is increased in pressure and reacted with the olefinic feed stream in admixture with HF-acid catalyst. The latter is introduced into the reaction zone wherein it is vaporized via indirect contact with the reaction mixture. Vaporous normal butane is introduced into the fractionation facility wherein the exothermic heat of reaction serves to separate the field butane stream. Alkylation reactions can thus be conducted at sub-ambient temperatures which results in an alkylate product of improved quality. This technique also obviates the necessity for a cooling water system, thus eliminating the possibility of HF-acid contamination of water bodies.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for the alkylation of olefins in an alkylation unit feed stream in order to produce a higher yield of alkylate having a higher octane number, a lower acid consumption rate, and a lower energy consumption. Such a process involves passing a feed stream comprised of olefins and paraffins through a membrane so that the olefins are separated from the paraffins. In passing through the membrane, the olefins are facilitated in their transport by an isoparaffin sweep stream and together, the olefin/isoparaffin stream is passed into an alkylation reactor. Within the reactor, the olefins react with the isoparaffins to form alkylate.