Abstract: The invention relates to a treatment method for urban waste incineration residues in a finely divided form, in which the residues to be treated are homogenized and their composition is subjected to a chemical analysis. Then, the residues are mixed with water and a reagent containing active alumina in proportions determined in relation to the chemical analysis of the residues, in order to generate complex aluminates, whereas active alumina is in excess.

Abstract: A process for stabilizing a substantially inorganic substrate and inorganic substrates admixed with organic chemicals comprises treating the substrate with sulfur at an elevated temperature thus converting the substrate into a solid, inert product which resists the leaching of metals, metal ions and other inorganic ions originally present in the substrate.

Abstract: Improved concrete or mortar materials wherein cement in the precursors for these is replaced by electric arc furnace dust in amounts from 0+% to 4% or more based on the amount of cement by weight. In addition, the electric arc furnace dust can be used as an additive to obtain the same effect.

Abstract: A solidified waste is formed from a difficult-to-compact hydraulic cement slurry for use in the disposal of hazardous waste. The slurry contains inorganic non-compactible hydraulic cement particles, a concrete superplasticizer compound, water, and filler particles containing radionuclide and/or toxic contaminants. The slurry is then transferred to a storage vessel, such as a subterranean formation, to cast a stronger, denser solidified waste than a comparable solidified waste containing no superplasticizer.

Abstract: A waste vitrification apparatus (10) having rotatable mixer impeller (16) functioning as a shaft electrode (60) and metallic vessel (14) functioning as a vessel electrode (62). A stream (12) of waste material and vitrifiable material are mixed and melted in the vessel (14) for vitrification. The waste vitrification method converts a feed stream (12) by mixing the feed stream into a glass melt (13) and melting glass batch of the feed stream (12) to form a foamy mass. The stream is dispersed by the impeller (16) to form a foam which is then densified in a settling zone (22), recovered through a spout (24) and solidified in storage containers. Means are provided to adjust the location of the mixing impeller (16) in the vessel (14) to change the depth of the settling zone (22). The impeller (16) is mounted on a drive shaft (18) having a recirculating coolant flow.

Abstract: A process for extraction of sodium from NORM-containing materials in which the NORM-containing materials are treated with a first acid, forming a spent acid solution comprising dissolved carbonates, salts, iron and/or sulfates, and a NORM-containing solid material. The NORM-containing material is separated from the spent acid solution and treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, dissolving the NORM and forming a NORM-containing acid. Any undissolved solids are removed from the NORM-containing acid which is then saturated with barite. To precipitate the NORM in the NORM-containing acid, water is added, preferably in stages to the barite-saturated NORM-containing acid. Essentially, all NORM-free components in scales, sludges, and soils are separated from the NORM and its carrier. The NORM-containing product, preferably barite, is a fine powder suitable for use in several subsequent disposal technologies.

Abstract: A method of immobilizing or stabilizing lead paint contaminated construction or demolition debris in which the debris is shredded, mixed with water and a chemical, such as fly ash, lime, Portland cement or kiln dust. The treated debris is then collected and allowed to stand for a period of time sufficient for the lead paint to be converted from a soluble form to an insoluble form. Excess water may be drained and collected and the treated and lead paint stabilized debris disposed of.

Abstract: A non-shrink grout including Portland cement, sand and an additive which is a polymer incorporating at least one of a calcium compound and aluminum metal so as to be reactive with the cement. The grout when fresh expands during curing by gas formation and by hydration and expands when hardened. The grout is useful in construction.

Abstract: A process for providing more efficient and effective chemical stabilization of solid residues containing lead is described. The process consists of introducing into the residue, or solutions in contact with these residues, polyprotic acid oxyanions that can form insoluble acid oxyanion-lead complexes in solution. Included in this category of compounds are phosphates, borates, vanadates, selenates, arsenates, carbonates, chromates and sulfates. To maximize the effectiveness of acid oxyanion treatment of lead-bearing residues that also contain noncarbonate hardness producing elements such as calcium and magnesium, the introduction of an alkali-metal carbonate, such as sodium carbonate, along with the acid oxyanion is recommended. This alkali-metal carbonate additive can increase the solubility of acid-oxyanions, particularly in solutions with high levels of calcium and magnesium, thereby promoting the more efficient formation of insoluble lead-oxyanion complexes.

Abstract: The core samples of solidified hazardous waste, such as nuclear waste, are extracted from waste material in a drum by inserting rotating tubular core drills into the waste material and then withdrawing the core drills with core samples of the waste material accumulated within the core drills. Preferably, the core samples are retained within plastic tubular retainers which are withdrawn from the core drills and capped. While the rotating tubular core drills are being inserted into the sample, pressurized gas is applied through are annular space between the tubular sample retainers and the walls of the core drills to cool the cutting heads and to expel cuttings away from the end of the drills up to the top surface of the material. In addition, the pressurized gas serves to keep contaminants off the outside surface of the plastic tubular sample containers.

Abstract: A concrete product which uses 100% of the melt slags and pulverizes the melt slags into aggregates and fine powders, grinds the aggregates so that the percentage of absolute volume of the aggregates is over 60%, mixes the aggregates, fine powders, water and cement, and forms the mixture into the concrete product by vibration or press molding.

Abstract: A novel glass batch material produced from materials comprising refractory brick and one or more fluxes and an associated method, and a method of making glass utilizing the novel glass batch material. The present invention provides a method of safely and inexpensively disposing of and utilizing used refractory linings from glass melting furnaces.

Abstract: The organic chemical waste content of contaminated materials such as soils and debris is immobilized by mixing such wastes with an agent consisting of a mixture of particulate rubber and biogenic amorphous silica. Where the semi-volatile content of the waste is known to predominate a greater portion of particulate rubber is advantageous and where such waste is known to be entirely semi-volatile organic material such agent advantageously consists essentially or comprises particulate rubber. Conversely, where the organic content of such wastes is predominately volatile organic material a greater portion of biogenic amorphous silica should be employed and where such organic waste is known to be entirely volatile organic such additive is advantageously biogenic amorphous silica.

Abstract: Apparatus (10) and a method for vitrifying hazardous waste includes a melting vessel (12) in which hazardous waste and any other necessary components for forming a glassy mixture upon heating are introduced for heating by a heater (38), and a metallic containment vessel (46) of the apparatus receives the melting vessel so as to receive and contain any material that exits the melting vessel upon failure. Any failure of the melting vessel (12) is detected by a sensor (48). Different embodiments of the heater (38) provide current flow through molten material (18) being heated, induction heating and electric resistance heating. A stirrer (39) can be utilized to mix the material (18) during the heating. The containment vessel (46) is preferably hermetically sealed around the melting vessel (12) to contain gases as well as any melted material received from the failed melting vessel (12).

Abstract: A process is provided for the removal of fluoride from a metal sulphate solution, such as a zinc sulphate solution, which presents an option for the disposal of waste treatment sludge from the aluminum anodizing industry. The fluoride is removed from metal sulphate solution by mixing the sludge with the solution for a predetermined period of time and then performing a solid/liquid separation.

Abstract: A synthetic cover for bulk material piles and loads in transit may be formed from a mixture of liquid, binder, and fibers. These constituents may be mixed and applied to cover a waste pile. The cover will harden to minimize water infiltration, wind blown dust, odor and affinity to birds, flies and other insects. The liquid may include water; the binder may include portland cement, portland cement with flyash, cement kiln dust with or without bentonite, or stone dust. The fibers may comprise shredded paper or wood or plastic fibers.

Abstract: A ceramic material made from raw coal fly ash or raw municipal solid waste fly ash and (1) sodium tetraborate or (2) a mixture of sodium tetraborate and a calcium containing material that is triple superphosphate, lime, dolomitic lime, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A device to capture, contain and collect hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline and diesel before they can be spilled or leaked from the ventilation valve or fuel intake port of the fuel tank of a vessel and on to the surface of the water during fueling operations at marine fueling facilities. The device is formed as a low-profile box with a floor section and upright wall sections having stratified layers of a textile material and a solidifying polymer enclosed within a outer envelope of textile material. A seamed area at the center of the device with slits in the textile material allows the device to circumscribe the annular conduit of a device passing through the seamed area.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to improve retainability (distribution coefficient) for C-14 of a radioactive waste solidified body. The waste is solidified with a solidification agent containing a soluble substance which yields an insoluble substance by a reaction with carbonic ions, insoluble carbonates, or a mixture of the above substances. And, as for a pre-treatment, the soluble substance which yields an insoluble substance by a reaction with carbonic ions is previously reacted with liquid waste, and subsequently the solidification is performed. The retainability (distribution coefficient) for C-14 of the solidified body of the waste increases about one order.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the synthesis of a layered, clay-like material starting from a silicon oxide containing material in a finely divided state by reacting a glass phase containing material at a pH from 5 to 8, in the presence of water, with a source of layer-forming metal ions and an activator for the formation of clay under atmospheric conditions to obtain a material with a stable structure. Preferably aluminium and/or magnesium ions are employed as layer-forming metal ions. Furthermore, according to a suitable embodiment, boron glass or cullet is employed as a material containing silicon oxide. The conversion of the mixture of materials into a substance having an ordered structure takes place preferably at a pH of approximately 7 and a temperature of 30.degree.-45.degree. C., in which the starting materials appropriately have a particle size of approximately 100 microns. An activator for the formation of clay is added to accelerate the process of conversion.

Abstract: An expansive Portland cement incorporating an expansive additive which is a polymer incorporating a calcium compound reactive with the cement is described. The shrinkage compensating concrete produced is much less likely to crack and is used in slabs and other structural systems where cracking of the concrete is a problem.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for solidification of waste fluids such as used antifreeze solutions, thereby facilitating disposal of said waste fluids. The method is applicable to aqueous waste fluids, which may be formed by addition of appropriate amounts of water, if necessary, to the original waste fluids. The method comprises mixing an ion adsorption agent with the aqueous waste fluid, followed by addition of a water-absorbent acrylic polymer material. Following agitation or stirring of the aqueous waste fluid/ion adsorption agent/water-absorbent polymer mixture, solidification is achieved. The solidified mixture is readily handled for disposal such as by incineration.

Abstract: Pollution remedial compositions are disclosed which comprise a soluble silicate, a surfactant, a polyol, and water.

Abstract: There is provided a process for reversibly solidifying hydrocarbons for transportation or storage to prevent spillage of the hydrocarbon. The process involves mixing the hydrocarbons with a sufficient quantity of a hydrocarbon wax, such as paraffin, heated to the liquid state, and cooling the resulting mixture until it solidifies into a firm, united mass. The minimum amount of hydrocarbon wax required to solidify the oil will depend on the type of crude oil, the type of wax being used and the temperature that the solidified mass is being maintained at during shipping. In the case of crude oil shipment by ocean tanker the crude may be pre-treated with the hydrocarbon wax in the storage compartments and the mixture transported in solid form. The solidified, united mixture effectively prevents spillage of the crude in the event of the hull being ruptured and is not displaced by sea water. The buoyant solidified mixture prevents the ship from sinking in the event of a hole being formed in the hull of the ship.

Abstract: An industrial waste management facility (IWMF) for disposing of spent potlining includes a co-current gas-fired rotary kiln for containing a molten pool of spent potlining throughout the entire length of the rotary kiln from the inlet to the outlet, an ash quencher and cooler for receiving molten residue from the discharge end of the rotary kiln, a secondary combustion chamber, and a down-draft transition chamber for channeling discharge gases from the rotary kiln to the secondary combustion chamber. Pneumatic injection slingers feed and distribute spent potlining into the inlet end of the rotary kiln. A discharge dam provides a predetermined average depth of molten bath material in the rotary kiln over its entire length. A blended ratio of comminuted materials injected through the pneumatic injection slinger feeder is adjusted and controlled in response to signals received from a radiative optical kiln bath temperature measurement system.

Abstract: A method of disposing hazardous industrial solid waste, preferably mill tailings, which comprises treating the waste to form a paste and pumping the paste to an underwater paste deposit site in a water saturated area, said area providing permanent water cover for the paste and means for controlling the rate of release of contaminants from the paste into the environment, the paste being pumpable and not readily mixable with ambient water at the deposit site.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of reclaiming hazardous inorganic wastes to produce an environmentally benign abrasive for use in loose grain processes, as a coated or bonded abrasive, or as a polishing grain. A tough and useful abrasive, with a MOH hardness of 7 to 8, is manufactured from emission control dusts of the aluminum industry or sludges from other industries, and may include small amounts of lead and cadmium oxides as toughening agents. The abrasive particles are sized by air sifting or by water sedimentation separating methods. The process for the manufacture of abrasive material comprises the steps of removing soluble salts from a waste stream by hot water extraction; using a computer matrix to group the waste stream into different batches for mixing with other glass-making materials to form a batch mixture; oxidizing the organic compounds contained in the batched mixture; melting the batch mixture to form a glasseous substance; and fritting the glasseous substance to form the abrasive.

Abstract: A method of treating photographic effluent containing one or more metal ions with an oxidation number greater than one, comprising the addition of a water-soluble silicate to the effluent in an amount to render it glass-like and less permeable to water. Conveniently the effluent has been treated by the addition of calcium hydroxide and the silicate, preferably water-glass may then be added either to the treated effluent suspension and the mixture separated or to the pre-separated solid.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for preparing the inorganic hardenable slurry and the use of same in the solidification of wastes. In addition to water, the essential parts of the slurry are inorganic components including borates, cement-base powder and other additives such as magnesium oxide, gypsum and silica. The slurry is low in viscosity before solidification and flows freely,and within approximately 30 minutes after preparation the slurry becomes hardened into a highly solidified substance. The solidification of the slurry is resulted mainly from reaction of borates and the cement-base powder and to obtain a best result the weight of borates must be the same as that of the cement-base powder or even higher than the weight of the latter. The solidification mechanism differs entirely from the simple hydration reaction that brings about solidification of cement.The present invention also teaches a method for solidifying wastes with this hardenable slurry, i.e.

Abstract: A process for treating alkaline wastes for vitrification. The process involves acidifying the wastes with an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid, then adding formic acid as a reducing agent, and then mixing with glass formers to produce a melter feed. The nitric acid contributes nitrates that act as an oxidant to balance the redox of the melter feed, prevent reduction of certain species to produce conducting metals, and lower the pH of the wastes to a suitable level for melter operation. The formic acid reduces mercury compounds to elemental mercury for removal by steam stripping, and MnO.sub.2 to the Mn(II) ion to prevent foaming of the glass melt. The optimum amounts of nitric acid and formic acid are determined in relation to the composition of the wastes, including the concentrations of mercury (II) and MnO.sub.2, noble metal compounds, nitrates, formates and so forth.

Abstract: A method for treating materials such as wastes for solidification to form a solid, substantially nonleachable product. Addition of reactive silica rather than ordinary silica to the material when bringing the initial molar ratio of its silica constituent to a desired ratio within a preselected range increases the solubility and retention of the materials in the solidified matrix. Materials include hazardous, radioactive, mixed, and heavy metal species. Amounts of other constituents of the material, in addition to its silica content are also added so that the molar ratio of each of these constituents is within the preselected ranges for the final solidified product. The mixture is then solidified by cement solidification or vitrification.

Abstract: A toxic waste fixant for detoxification of a contaminated material includes a mixture of ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, organophilic clays, an oxidizer and aluminium sulfate. The respective amounts are preferably about 15-19% b.w. of ferric sulfate, about 15-19% b.w. of manganese sulfate, about 37-46% b.w. of organophilic clay, about 16-19% b.w. of an oxidizer and about 0-12,5% b.w. of alumimium sulfate. All or part of the ingredients in said fixant may be added as a pretreatment into contaminated materials such as soils, sediments, or sludges. This pretreatment can range from 0 to 100% b.w. to said material. The fixant is blended with various amounts of Portland cement, and/or blast furnace slag, or lime, or gypsum, or coal fly ash, or cement kiln dust as a means to derive a chemical fixation treatment for contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges to prevent the leaching of organic and inorganic compounds and elements.

Abstract: A method of solidifying oil base shale cuttings and used drilling mud on site by thoroughly mixing the shale cuttings and drilling mud with an activated lime mixture to form a uniform dispersion of the lime mixture throughout the composite. Water from the drilling mud or from water added as needed activates the admixed lime causing a reaction which generates substantial heat and steam. The generated heat will dry the mixture and neutralize its acidic components producing an environmentally safe end product which may be cultivated into a ground surface without the need for special storage pits or the like.

Abstract: A system for vitrifying all kinds of waste, including toxic, industrial, household and radioactive wastes such as those generated by nuclear power plants, including dry active wastes, ion exchange resins and aqueous wastes wherein the wastes are conditioned, blended, mixed with glass formers and then fed into a heating chamber where organic constituents of the waste are burned and inorganic constituents are melted with the glass formers to form a waste glass. The aqueous waste may be conditioned by concentrating its solids content up to as much as 90% solids. The dry active waste is conditioned, and mixed to some extent by shredders. The conditioned waste may be blended to achieve a uniform heat energy content of the waste being fed into the heating chamber. The heating chamber has a larger combustion zone to handle the greater amount of organic waste than would be expected in conventional melters, and a melting zone having a replaceable crucible and liner.

Abstract: Apparatus and method are provided for encapsuling hazardous wastes materials stored in drums. The drum is enclosed in an overcapsule that is grouted to the drum and the contents of the drum are stabilized if necessary with a solidification grout. Once the grouts have set, the overcapsule is positioned onto an undercapsule and grouted to the undercapsule so that the entire capsule with the drum containing hazardous waste inside may safely be transported and stored. The capsule is shaped so that the individual capsules may be stacked one on the other.

Abstract: Methods for the encapsulation and solidification of waste material, particularly radioactive ion exchange resin bead media, are provided along with the apparatus to accomplish the methods, and the final encapsulated storage article. The ion exchange resin is solidified within a containment vessel by the addition of a thermosettable polymeric binder without the need for a pre-mixing vessel. The resulting exothermic conditions occasioned by the curing of the polymer are controlled by the sequential delivery of the polymeric binder, preferably through an injection lance.

Abstract: A composition for the fixation of hydrocarbons from contaminated oily soil and hazardous wastes. The hazardous waste and contamined oily soil are components in a cold mix asphaltic concrete. The soil and hazardous materials are mixed with asphaltic roof cuttings and mineral aggregate to form the mixture. The mixture is coated with a cold mix emulsion to form an asphaltic concrete. The hydrocarbons and hazardous wastes do not leach from the set concrete.

Abstract: Ash obtained from incineration of municipal waste is mixed with small quantities of water, from 10-35% by weight of the ash, and the product so formed is compacted and extruded. Where required, sufficient lime is added to raise the pH of the product from about 7.4 to about 11.6. The lime can be combined with a product containing silica and/or alumina. The solid products obtained are virtually insoluble in water and are substantially non-polluting.

Abstract: A synthetic cover for waste piles may be formed from a mixture of liquid, binder, and fibers. These constituents may be mixed and applied to cover a waste pile. The cover will harden to minimize odor and affinity to birds, flies and other insects. The liquid may include water; the binder may include cement kiln dust with or without bentonite, or portland cement with flyash or stone dust. The fibers may comprise shredded paper or wood.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for obtaining stabilized molded materials from wastes, said method consisting of mixing the waste with a soldification agent and in extrusion molding the material obtained under vacuum and at constant temperature. The corresponding installation has a mixer connected to the molding device.

Abstract: A fixant for fixing toxic organic compounds comprised in waste material comprising an inorganic binder based on calcium compounds mixed with an alumino silicate, and at least one metal sulphate which fixes said organic compounds and counteracts leaching, is disclosed. Preferably a combination of several metal sulphates, especially aluminum sulphate, manganese sulphate and ferric sulphate is used. Moreover, the fixant preferably comprises an organo-clay compound, in particular a bentonite, a montmorillonite and a hectorite.A process of treating waste material comprising toxic organic compounds by mixing said waste material with said fixant, as well as a matrix formed from at least a set inorganic binder based on a cement and a silicate with environmentally harmful organic compounds containing waste material encapsulated therein, said matrix also comprising at least one metal sulphate which fixes said organic compounds and counteracts leaching is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel composition which is useful for forming construction blocks and encapsulating hazardous materials, a process for producing blocks and encapsulating the material, and blocks made of the material. This composition is a mixture of pozzoulanic fly ash and bottom ash. The weight ratio of fly ash:bottom ash is preferably in the range 80:20% by weight to 20:80% by weight. The process comprises the steps of (a) blending a dry mixture comprising the ash mixture with water; (b) transferring the blended mixture into a compression zone and (c) compressing the blended mixture in the compression zone to form a brick of the desired size.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fixing toxic or nontoxic waste material, in which method the waste material is allowed to absorb into an organic absorbent, the waste material-containing absorbent thus obtained is treated with an occluding agent and the resulting product is mixed with a hydraulic binder and a hardening activator in order to form a cement matrix. The occluding agent used in preferably a silicon compound, such as silica gel or water glass, or a silicon polymer which can be formed from granulated blast furnace slags. The absorbent used can be an organo-clay compound and/or cellulose. The invention also relates to a composite kit for fixing waste material, comprising an absorbent, a hydraulic binder and an occluding agent.

Abstract: Process for disposing of clay, shale or sand containing earth contaminated with petroleum products from a variety of remediation sites is disclosed. The surrounding contaminated earth to be remediated is first excavated. Then, any clay or shale which is present is separated from the other materials and transported to a site of a cement plant. The non-clay or non-shale material is disposed of in a non-hazardous landfill. At the cement plant, the clay or shale is mixed with other cement precursor raw materials and the mixture is ground to form a cement feed mix. The feed mix is introduced into a rotary cement kiln causing any remaining petroleum product contained therein to be volatilized and burned within the kiln as the cement clinker is formed. The clinker is then ground for the purpose of forming cement free of petroleum product.

Abstract: Process for hydraulically guiding a layer of gellable grout solution (containing water-soluble Al or Fe salts, alkali metal silicates, or silica sols) to form a sealed confining layer beneath or around a contaminated zone beneath the water table which prevents both lateral and down-ward movement of contaminants or contaminated water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel composition which is useful for forming construction blocks and encapsulating hazardous materials, a process for producing blocks and encapsulating the material, and blocks made of the material. This composition is a mixture of kiln dust or volcanic fly ash and aggregate. The process comprises the steps of (a) blending a dry mixture comprising the kiln dust or volcanic fly ash mixture with water; (b) transferring the blended mixture into a compression zone and (c) compressing the blended mixture in the compression zone to form a brick of the desired size.

Abstract: Solid residues obtained in flue gas purification, in particular flue dusts, are disposed in an environmentally compatible and economical manner by acid extracting heavy metals from the residues, precipitating the heavy metals from the extract, separating the precipitate from the mother liquor, subjecting the precipitate containing heavy metals to mechanical stress during which procedure the water contained in the precipitate is released and the precipitate itself is resuspended, and then adding a hydraulic binder to the resuspended precipitate containing heavy metals and/or to the extracted residues separately from one another. The binder-containing mixture can be used to form moldings which, after hardening, are employed for the erection of boundary walls in a landfill, Additionally or alternatively, the plastic binder-containing mixture can be introduced in the form of layers into preformed landfill spaces, where it then hardens.

Abstract: Burners for burning waste, comprising a conventional fuel nozzle and a waste slurry nozzle. Waste slurry nozzles, comprising a first conduit, a second conduit and an acceleration zone comprising a mixing chamber and an acceleration conduit. Waste slurries comprising a continuous phase and a solids phase, the solids phase consisting essentially of solids having at least one dimension less than about 1/8 inch and solids having no dimension less than 1/8 inch and no dimension larger than about 5/8 inch. Methods for burning waste, comprising feeding a slurry of cement raw materials to an up end of a rotating kiln, and ejecting a waste slurry from a burner such that a portion of the waste slurry lands in the calcining zone of the kiln.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel, environmentally stabilized formed product and to a method of producing a hard, dry, e.g., agglomerated or formed, environmentally stabilized product useful as a construction material, e.g., as pellets, panels, bricks, etc. comprising: a) ash such as RDF or coal ash (typically stack scrubber solids or bottom ash obtained from the burning of coal), b) an oxidizer and c) water. The amount of water present is selected to render the product plastic so that it can be molded to the desired shape. The oxidizer is provided in a sufficient amount to oxidize unstable compounds and to convert potassium, calcium or magnesium bisulfite to the sulfate form. Following the addition of the oxidizer, the admixture is exposed to electromagnetic energy, preferably ultraviolet light, to help drive the oxidation reaction to completion.

Abstract: A method of abandoning an underground storage tank including the steps of: removing residuals, if any, from the tank and filling the tank with a mixture which includes water, sand, a binding agent and a material for promoting uniform mixing of said mixture. In one embodiment of the invention, a surfactant is added to reduce the amount of water required by the mixture.