Abstract: A feed water heating system for heating a feed water for a power-generating plant having a steam turbine, a condenser and a steam generator, comprises: a steam injector unit for receiving a plurality of bled steams having different pressures extracted from the steam turbine and an effluent water discharged from the condenser to mix the effluent water with the plurality of bled steams to raise the temperature and pressure of a mixture of the effluent water with the plurality of bled steams to deaerate and discharge the temperature and pressure raised mixture.

Abstract: An improved combined cycle low temperature engine system is provided in which a circulating expanding turbine medium is used to recover heat as it transverses it turbine path. The recovery of heat is accomplished by providing a series of heat exchangers and presenting the expanding turbine medium so that it is in heat exchange communication with the circulating refrigerant in the absorption refrigeration cycle. Previously recovery of heat from an absorption refrigeration subsystem was limited to cold condensate returning from the condenser of an ORC turbine on route to its boiler. By utilizing the turbine medium a more efficient system is provided. Specifically, a minimum of a double digit efficiency improvement when compared to the net power output of a conventional low-pressure steam turbine, is obtainable.

Abstract: A heat recovery apparatus and method suitable for steam cycle electrical generating plants including at the exhaust of a steam turbine one or more heat transfer units for capturing the heat in steam, including the latent heat of vaporization of the steam. Heat is transferred from the steam to a working fluid in at least one heat transfer unit. The heat transfer unit may also include a cooling apparatus. Piping and valves establish communication of the working fluid between the heat transfer unit and the gas turbine generator. The working fluid is moved through the system by selectively isolating sections of the piping and adding or taking away heat from adjacent sections to create pressure differentials. Connecting adjacent sections results in the movement of the working fluid mass as a result of the pressure equalization.

Abstract: A power plant facility having gas turbines, steam turbines and mixed gas/steam turbines. By use of appropriate networking of the three turbine facilities, an approach to isothermal heat supply and removal is achieved with optimal utilization of waste heat.

Abstract: A gas and steam turbine plant includes a waste-heat steam generator disposed downstream of a gas turbine on the exhaust-gas side. The waste-heat steam generator has heating surfaces connected into a water-steam circuit of a steam turbine having a high-pressure part, a medium-pressure part and a low-pressure part. In order to achieve as high a plant efficiency as possible, a heat exchanger disposed outside the waste-heat steam generator is connected between the high-pressure part and the medium-pressure part on the primary side and between the medium-pressure part and the low-pressure part of the steam turbine on the secondary side. In a corresponding method for operating such a plant, low-pressure steam flowing to the steam turbine is heated by indirect heat exchange with medium-pressure steam flowing out of the steam turbine.

Abstract: A conventional steam power plant or a combined power plant is provided with intermediate superheating. At least part of the superheated steam in the superheater (3) and the intermediately superheated steam in the intermediate superheater (9) are subject to an indirect heat exchange. The device is characterized in that the superheater (3) and the intermediate superheater (9) are provided with at least one mutual superheater/intermediate superheater heat exchanger unit (19). The unit (19) includes, for example, a double-walled pipe (21) whose inner pipe is provided for the superheater steam flow, and whose outer pipe is provided for the intermediate superheater steam.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for converting a reheat steam turbine plant to a non-reheat, combined cycle plant without requiring internal modification of the steam turbine unit. A reheat steam turbine power plant with a boiler and a steam turbine with a plurality of turbine sections, receiving steam under pressure and successively expanding the steam through the turbine sections, is converted to a non-reheat combined cycle plant by replacing the boiler with a dual-pressure heat recovery steam generator capable of producing main steam and secondary steam at differential temperature and pressure and by installing a trimming system to allow adjustment of the pressure drop between the exhaust of the first turbine section and the inlet of the second turbine section to prevent damage to the turbine blades.

Abstract: A heat recovery method is disclosed suitable for combined gas turbine/steam turbine cycles including at the exhaust of a gas turbine a waste heat boiler in which water is first treated in a degassing unit connected to a first evaporator and comprising a certain number of heat exchangers. The boiler uses an ultrasupercritical steam cycle with four pressure levels with subcritical fluid intermediate evaporator stages.

Abstract: A power turbine system operating in an organic Rankine cycle with a thermodynamic medium flowing therethrough, including a power turbine (10) having an inlet connected to a conduit (50) and an exhaust (14), a lower temperature engine system having a heat engine, a circulating thermodynamic turbine medium flowing through the heat engine and producing rejected waste heat during engine system operation, a regenerative heat transfer device (6) for heating the turbine medium from the turbine exhaust (14) to produce liquid phase turbine medium at an elevated temperature, a pump (28) for pumping the liquid phase turbine medium at the elevated temperature as a first boiler feed return stream, a boiler feed return stream conduit (50) for conducting the boiler feed return stream to the turbine (10) through branch conduits (51, 52) and injectors (53, 54) and to pump (55) to boiler vessel (56) for heating the turbine medium to be fed to the turbine inlet.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle that includes: (a) expanding a gaseous working stream, transforming its energy into usable form and producing a spent working stream; (b) heating a multicomponent oncoming liquid working stream by partially condensing the spent working stream; and (c) evaporating the heated working stream to form the gaseous working stream using heat produced by a combination of cooling geothermal liquid and condensing geothermal steam.

Abstract: An improved cycle arrangement for a steam turbine system in which an auxiliary turbine drives a boiler feedwater pump. The turbine system includes a primary turbine driving an electric power generator. The primary turbine includes a high pressure section and a low pressure section. A boiler supplies steam to drive the primary and auxiliary turbines. A condenser recovers exhaust steam from the LP section and a plurality of feedwater heaters preheats condensate collected at the condenser and pumped back to the boiler. The system extracts steam from the HP turbine section for operating the auxiliary turbine. Extracted steam from the auxiliary turbine is isolated from the primary turbine by coupling the steam to a feedwater heater supplied solely from a corresponding extraction point of the auxiliary turbine. The exhaust steam from the auxiliary turbine is coupled directly to the condenser.

Abstract: A combined water purification and power generating plant is disclosed having special features designed to maximize the cycle thermal efficiency and salt recovery, with little or no concentrated brine produced therefrom. Using the plant, a volume of salt water is delivered to a plurality of indirect and direct contact feed heaters. Within the direct contact heaters, the salt water is heated and diluted by condensation therein by super-heated steam delivered thereto. Any alkaline salts having reverse solubility characteristics particulate and are filtered therefrom. From the last direct contact feed heater, the diluted salt water is delivered to a plurality of high pressure, high temperature evaporators arranged in a series which are used to further heat, evaporate and filter the salt water in multiple stages thereby improving the plant's efficiency. A steam heater is used to super-heat a steam which delivered to various areas of the plant to heat and evaporate the salt water.

Abstract: The HP-MP steam turbine body has a single internal stator surrounding both the HP and the MP portions of the rotor. The internal stator co-operates with the external stator to define axial positioning means for the internal stator and to define a thermal screen for an inter-stator space which is swept with steam taken from one of the last stages of the HP stream. The portions of the internal stator which surround all of the expansion of the HP stream and the hot stages of the MP stream are steam-conditioned in optimum manner, thereby making it possible to reduce the temperature gradient which the internal stator has to withstand, and also the temperature of the fastenings for both of the stators. The internal stator is simple in structure, the dimensioning of the HP-MP body is optimized, as are the fastenings, and the temperature control of the stators.

Abstract: In plants for generating steam using waste heat, the heat in the hot waste gases flowing through the steam generator must be utilized with maximum efficiency. To this end, the feed water is branched into two streams, one of which flows into the high-pressure heating surfaces and the other into the heating surfaces of the medium-pressure evaporator. The division of the two streams is controlled as a function of the quality of the steam, so that the steam in the heating surfaces of the intermediate superheater is heated to the same temperature as the steam in the heating surfaces of the high-pressure superheater. The invention is particularly useful in combined gas and steam turbine power plants.

Abstract: An existing geothermal power plant, utilizing geothermal steam from a production well in a geothermal field to drive a multi-stage steam turbine when the available steam pressure from the production well for rated mass for steam through the turbine is less than the design pressure of the turbine, is retrofitted by increasing the mass flow of steam from the production well by an incremental amount. Substantially all of the incremental amount of steam is diverted to an organic fluid Rankine cycle power plant for converting heat in the diverted steam to power and producing waste fluid in the form of steam condensate and non-condensable gases. The waste fluid is injected into a reinjection well in the geothermal field. Preferably, the non-diverted portion of steam is applied to the steam turbine and an intermediate stage of the turbine where the design pressure of the stage matches the steam pressure of the applied steam.

Abstract: A steam turbine installation with bleeding adjusted to a predetermined pressure P, the installation driving a load and including a bleed outlet disposed between two successive stages, wherein the bleed pressure P is adjusted over a range D of bleed rates by a servo valve disposed on the exhaust duct and controlled by a servo-control circuit including device for measuring the pressure of the bleed flow.

Abstract: In a steam turbine power plant, a deaerator is heated and pressurized by extraction steam from the steam turbine for the purpose of preheating feedwater to the power plant boiler. Under certain conditions, the available steam to the deaerator is insufficient to adequately maintain pressure in the deaerator leading to steam voids with a rapid rise in deaerator water level which could cause damage to the deaerator, feedwater pumps or the turbine and lead to a power plant shutdown. A second source of steam is available to provide steam under these conditions and a control system for controlling the steam input into the deaerator is shown. Under conditions of falling pressure, if a certain rate is exceeded, the second source of steam is input into the deaerator to maintain adequate pressure for stable operation.

Abstract: A synthesis gas-power generation complex is disclosed, the complex being characterized by ability to generate sufficient electrical power for internal use and for export, and by structure for improved heat recovery and utilization. A process for synthesis gas production and power generation utilizing these concepts is also disclosed.

Abstract: An improved multi-stage turbine system is provided which includes a high pressure turbine stage assembly and at least one lower pressure turbine stage assembly. Each of these turbine assemblies preferably has an inlet opening for introducing a thermodynamic medium in the form of a vapor and a discharge opening for discharging the thermodynamic medium from the turbine assembly at a reduced temperature and pressure. Each of the turbine assemblies is typically mounted on a rotatable shaft and these shafts may be coaxially aligned. An assembly such as a clutch may be provided for releasably interlocking the shafts. The thermodynamic medium is transported, when operating conditions are suitable, from the discharge opening of the high pressure turbine assembly to the inlet opening of the lower pressure turbine assembly.

Abstract: Multi-stage extraction steam is taken at varying pressures from a mixed pressure turbine and sequentially charged into closed path conveyor compartments to progressively increase the pressure of steam within the compartments. The highest pressure stage of extraction steam is then used to displace the steam from the compartments through a reheater and back to an injection station at the turbine, thereby repressurizing and reheating effluent turbine steam and returning it to the turbine for reuse without incurring the heat losses of condensation.

Abstract: IP or HP casing for a turbine designed for cogeneration of electric power and heat for district heating purposes, comprising blades carried by a rotor (31) rotating in a stator (32), an inlet steam admission (8'), two exhausts (12' and 17') at different pressures p.sub.1 and p.sub.2 (p.sub.2 >p.sub.1) feeding a LP section (4) of the turbine, and two further exhausts (15', 20') at pressures p.sub.1 and p.sub.2 feeding two district heating heat exchangers (22, 23) arranged in series, each of said exchangers providing substantially half of the heating output. Turbine efficiency is improved by providing a single flow (27) from the steam inlet (8'), which is then split into two partial flows (28) with substantially equal steam flow rates as of a flow-splitting point located far enough from the two exhausts at pressure p.sub.2 (17', 20') so that changes in flow rates have little or no effect on the steam pressure at said flow-splitting point.

Abstract: A turbine/power transmission system using pressure fluid, i.e., steam to selectively drive one of a plurality of turbine wheels depending upon the power/torque output and rotary direction required of an output shaft.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for implementing a thermodynamic cycle involves utilizing partial distillation of a multi-component working fluid stream. At least one main enriched solution is produced which is relatively enriched with respect to the lower boiling temperature component, together with at least one lean solution which is relatively impoverished with the respect of lower boiling temperature component. The main working fluid is expanded to a low pressure level to convert energy to a usable form. This spent low pressure level working fluid is condensed by dissolving with cooling in the lean solution to regenerate an initial working fluid for reuse. A portion of the impoverished fraction may be injected into the charged gaseous main working fluid in order to obtain added work and to increase system efficiency by decreasing the temperature of the output fluid flow when the fluid flow would otherwise have been superheated.

Abstract: A main steam inlet structure of a steam turbine has two inlet tubes which are separable from an inner casing and an outer casing of the turbine and are arranged concentrically with a spacing therebetween to constitute an inflow passage for main steam are connected at one end to the outer casing and at the other end to the inner casing, by seal rings. Cooling steam extracted from turbine stage midway is supplied to a cooling steam passage of the spacing formed between the two inlet tubes, thereby cooling the inner inlet tube.

Abstract: A feed water supply pump and a second control valve are provided in a water supply line system and a first control valve is provided at a second steam line. Further, a third control valve is provided at a hot water supply line. In this manner, the terminal temperature difference between the circulating water and the exhaust gas at the inlet and outlet of a preheating portion of an exhaust gas economizer are so controlled as to become equal. In addition, steam discharged from an exhaust outlet of a multi-pressure steam turbine is turned to water by means of a condenser and then, the condensed water is returned to a drain tank while withdrawing and collecting heat energy respectively in a lubricating oil cooler, a fresh water cooler and an air cooler of an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A bypass system for a steam turbine wherein the energy level of the steam bypassed around the intermediate pressure and low pressure turbines is modified by introduction of cooling water. The amount of water introduced is adaptively varied as a function of the enthalpy of the bypassed steam as measured by a sensor in the steam path.

Abstract: A closed Rankine-cycle power plant (10) has a boiler (24) for vaporizing an organic working fluid and a first nozzle box (58) for receiving vaporized working fluid from the boiler (24) and for furnishing the fluid to a set of axial flow turbine blades (30) located on the periphery of a turbine rotor (50). The vaporized working fluid from the nozzle box (58) expands on passing through the blades (30) producing work that drives a generator (34) coupled to the turbine (28). A second nozzle box (62) receives vaporized working fluid that exits from the axial flow blades (30) on the rotor (50) and applies the working fluid to a second set of radial flow blades (66) on the rotor (50) adjacent the second nozzle box (62).

Abstract: A steam turbine system which includes a steam generator and a steam bypass path for bypassing steam around the turbine. The outlet throttle pressure of the steam generator is controlled by controlling admission of steam into the bypass path by means of a bypass valve. A desired throttle pressure set point is generated which is independent of steam flow and this set point is compared with the actual throttle pressure for governing the bypass valve during turbine start-up. When the turbine is fully operational the bypass valve control is effected by a comparison of the actual throttle pressure with the desired throttle pressure set point plus some bias.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method and a control system for synchronizing the frequency of electrical current produced by a generator with the frequency of electrical current in an electric power grid so that the output of the generator can be provided to the grid. The generator is driven by an expansion turbine which utilizes hot pressurized gas from a process in which the pressure must be maintained constant.

Abstract: A thermal power plant having multi-staged steam turbines and heat exchangers therebetween, each heat exchanger extracting heat from the supply to an upstream stage for adding heat to the supply of the next successive downstream stage; a portion of the supply to the last downstream stage being diverted through a heater for adding heat to the feedwater flow to a boiler. Additional heat exchangers may be provided between stages for utilizing the feedwater to cool the working steam. One form of heat exchanger is provided with a plurality of axially spaced annular chambers having vortex flow producing means adjacent the inner peripheries thereof; whereas another form of heat exchanger is provided with a helically finned interior chamber in fluid communication with upstream guide vanes for inducing vortex flow.

Abstract: A power plant includes a steam boiler that delivers a rated amount of high-pressure steam at rated temperature and pressure to a steam turbine having a high-pressure stage and at least one low-pressure stage driven by low-grade steam exhausted from the high-pressure stage. A main generator, driven by the steam turbine, furnishes electricity to a variable load. When the load decreases below rated value, the boiler operation is maintained, but low-grade steam exhausted from the high-pressure stage of the turbine is diverted from the low-pressure stage to a heat store large enough to accumulate heat during the time that the power plant operates at less than rated load. A waste heat converter, having its own generator, is responsive to the low-grade heat stored in the heat store, and can be operated selectively to furnish electricity to the load to supplement the output of the power plant.

Abstract: A system is provided which improves the ability of cogeneration facilities to meet varying electrical power and process steam demands. One or more thermal boosting systems each having a Rankine cycle evaporator coupled with a solution heat pump cycle is integrated with the turbines of the cogeneration facility to maintain full steam flow through the turbines and provide a portion of the process steam demands on the facility. Optionally, a bottoming turbine is added to the system to further improve its flexibility to meet varying demands.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for operating a steam turbine using turbine reserve capacity for attaining operation at elevated loads. In a preferred form of the invention, a bypass overload valve is provided in parallel with the steam admission control valves but is connected to discharge steam to a lower pressure stage of the turbine. During operation of the turbine at less than full load, the bypass overload valve is maintained closed and the control valves are positioned to sustain a preselected load. As load on the turbine increases, the control valves are increasingly opened until they have all reached their fully opened position corresponding to a nominal rated capacity of the turbine. Then, at the discretion of operating personnel, the bypass overload valve is fully opened while simultaneously one or more of the control valves is throttled to offset any steam passing through the bypass overload valve in excess of the amount required to sustain the preselected turbine load.

Abstract: An exhaust gas heat recovery system wherein:the system comprises an exhaust gas economizer having of heat transfer sections including a preheating section, an evaporating section and a superheating section, a feed water heater, a steam separation drum, a low pressure steam generator; and a mixed-pressure turbine;a temperature gradient of circulating water and a temperature gradient of exhaust gases are made substantially equal to each other in the preheating section of the exhaust gas economizer to prevent an exhaust gas economizer tube from being corroded by generated sulfuric acid; andlow pressure steam can be effectively utilized by use of the mixed-pressure turbine.

Abstract: A steam turbine plant capable of rapidly increasing its output in instances of sudden load jumps, by drawing the necessary process steam from a bleeding point of a turbine during normal operations, while, at the same time, filling a steam accumulator, or keeping full, by means of steam taken from a bleeding point of the high-pressure component of the turbine and/or by live steam. In order to boost the increase in output of the generator the drawing off of process steam from the turbine is interrupted and replaced by process steam from the steam accumulator, so that the condensing component of the turbine automatically receives more steam. Title of the Invention Method for the rapid increase in output of a steam turbine plant.

Abstract: In a geothermal energy conversion system of the type having a down-hole turbine pump unit driven by a heated working fluid, a heat exchanger is disposed at the surface of the earth for heating the working fluid. The turbine pump unit pumps the geothermal brine to surface heat exchanger where it is used to heat the working fluid. The same heated working fluid is used to drive the down-hole turbine pump and to drive the power generating equipment at the earth's surface.

Abstract: A power plant forced-flow boiler operative with water letdown wherein the letdown water is arranged to deliver heat to partly expanded steam passing through a steam reheater connected between two stages of a prime mover. The heating of steam in the reheater by letdown water will partly or wholly replace the use of live steam for such purpose so that the live steam will be available for driving the prime mover.

Abstract: Peak load device of a multistage turbine, having a high pressure turbine section with an inlet pipe supplying working medium and an exhaust steam outlet, a subsequent turbine section having an inlet pipe connected to the exhaust steam outlet of the high pressure turbine section for receiving the exhaust steam thereof, a bypass line connected from the high pressure turbine section inlet pipe to the subsequent turbine section inlet pipe through which part of the working medium bypasses the high pressure turbine section as a bypass flow, including a jet compressor inlet disposed at the connection of the bypass line to the subsequent turbine section inlet pipe for receiving the bypass flow as a motive medium while increasing the pressure of the flow through the subsequent turbine section inlet pipe.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extracting steam from a steam turbine and adjusting the temperature and pressure for a process. Steam is extracted from the first section of the turbine and is throttled to a desired pressure for use in the process. After the extracted steam is throttled it is transmitted to a suction port of a jet pump. If the pressure of the extracted steam entering the jet pump suction port is less than the desired process pressure, high pressure steam is routed to an inlet port of the jet pump. Steam leaving the jet pump may be desuperheated. Regulation of the steam flow between the first and second section turbines increased extraction pressure. At some point total efficiency of turbine operation and process operation can be improved by extracting steam from a second, higher pressure extraction location.

Abstract: To cover peak loads an auxiliary circuit having a water store which can be charged from the main circuit is connected to the main circuit of a thermal power station. The stored energy carrier is expanded by throttling, whereupon the vaporous part performs work in a peak-load turbine or in part of the main turbine, which is designed for this purpose, while the unvaporized part is returned to the main circuit in such a way that the low-pressure bleed points of the main turbine are relieved and the output of the main turbine is thus increased. The water store is preferably fed with condensate from the reheater.

Abstract: A heat recovery system for the production of mechanical energy from a plurality of different heat sources at different temperatures comprises a plurality of heat exchangers associated one with each heat source, a plurality of circuits for a working fluid which traverses the heat exchangers, the circuits including expansion devices in which the working fluid is expanded and possibly vaporized to derive mechanical work from it, this being accompanied by a fall in temperature; the circuits for the working fluid have certain parts in common, such as the heat exchanger associated with the heat source at the lowest temperature, at least one of the expansion devices, a condenser in which working fluid vaporized in the expanders can be recondensed, and a circulation pump for driving the working fluid around the circuits.

Abstract: A multi-stage, wet steam turbine employs working fluid, such as steam for example, in its two-phase region with vapor and liquid occurring simultaneously for at least part of the cycle, in particular the nozzle expansion. A smaller number of stages than usual is made possible, and the turbine may handle liquid only. Simple construction, low fuel consumption and high reliability are achieved.

Abstract: In a thermal power station installation the waste heat of the last stage is utilized by storing the cooling water which receives this waste heat, and heating it further during the periods during which the installation is not on full load, whereafter it is supplied to the grid of a remote area heating system.

Abstract: An arrangement for storing energy to cover peak-load conditions and serve as a stop-gap reserve in steam power plants. A live steam generator is connected to a steam turbine, and a storage vessel is provided with a steam cushion volume and a water content volume. The water content of the storage vessel is connected, on the one hand, to a single-or multi-stage secondary steam generator which is connected, in turn, on the steam side to the turbine by a working steam line. A hot-water return line connects the secondary steam generator on the water side to the feed water line and/or a compensation vessel connected to the feed water line. The steam cushion volume of the storage vessel is connected, on the other hand, by a steam line, to a point of the main steam cycle of the plant which is upstream of the entry point of the working steam line. In particular, the steam cushion is connected to the live steam line. The secondary steam generator may be in the form of one or several flash tanks or heat exchangers.

Abstract: A regulation system for a steam turbine installation comprising a steam generator and a multi-stage turbine installation incorporating a high-pressure stage. The regulation system comprises a regulation valve arranged between the steam generator and the high-pressure stage of the turbine installation and a by-pass valve connected in parallel with said high-pressure stage, as well as control devices with associated control circuits for said valves. The control device for the by-pass valve is influenced by the signal from the control circuit of the regulation valve such that when the opening of the regulation valve exceeds a predetermined magnitude the control device for the by-pass valve opens such by-pass valve to a predetermined magnitude. Further, the control circuit of the by-pass valve is connected in parallel with a differentiation element which influences the degree of opening of the by-pass valve as a function of variations in the signal received from the control circuit of the regulation valve.

Abstract: A process for recovering potable water from a source of salinous water -- e.g. sea and/or ocean water. Certain modifications afford the simultaneous generation of power. A portion of salinous water and an air stream are introduced into a solar radiation heat sink, with the air stream flowing over the salinous water. Heated, water-containing air is withdrawn from the heat sink and reduced in temperature to recover potable water. The heated salinous water, from the heat sink, may be recycled thereto, or at least in part introduced into a flash separation zone, maintained at a subatmospheric pressure to provide a non-salinous vaporous phase which is passed through a turbine, from the resulting motion of which power is generated. The exiting turbine vapors are cooled and/or condensed via indirect contact with a second portion of salinous water to recover additional potable water.

Abstract: A process for recovering potable water from a source of salinous water -- e.g. sea and/or ocean water. Certain modifications afford the simultaneous generation of power. A portion of salinous water and an air stream are introduced into a solar radiation heat sink, with the air stream flowing over the salinous water. Heated, water-containing air is withdrawn from the heat sink and reduced in temperature to condense potable water. The heated salinous water, from the heat sink, is at least in part recycled thereto, while the remainder is introduced into a plurality of flash separation zones, each succeeding one of which is maintained at a lower subatmospheric pressure than the preceding, and through which the liquid phase passes in series. In order to afford a 24-hour continuous process, the hourly rate of heated salinous water withdrawal, including evaporated water, is less than the rate of salinous water introduction to the heat sink.

Abstract: Steam is removed from the steam cycle of a turbine when the back pressure on the turbine exceeds a predetermined level. Heat is then extracted from the removed steam and dissipated in a cooling tower of a cooling system for the turbine's condenser. Increased temperatures in the cooling tower augment thermal fan action, resulting in lower coolant temperatures and limiting the back pressure on the turbine. When the back pressure on the turbine decreases to an acceptable level, the steam is redirected into the steam cycle.In a preferred embodiment, heat is extracted from steam by passing the steam through the high temperature coil of a vapor-absorption generator. The high temperature vapor formed in the generator transfers the heat to the heat dissipating surfaces of a cooling tower or into heat-exchange relationship with an exhaust coolant discharged from a steam condenser.

Abstract: A body of water is confined in a closed vessel and heated to above 100.degree.C. This water is then drawn in a liquid state from this vessel and passed through a first expander where it is separated into steam and condensate. The steam from this first expander is used to drive the first stage of a load and the condensate is passed to another expander where it is again transformed into steam and condensate, the steam being used to drive the second stage of the load. Several such expanders are provided and the condensate from the last expander is fed to a low-pressure storage vessel. The high-pressure vessel is filled almost to the top with water during periods of low power consumption and the water is drawn off during peak-power periods. Superheaters may be provided in the outlet conduits of the expanders and the water at above 100.degree.C may be fed directly into the lower-pressure expanders to maintain their operating efficiency.

Abstract: The steam which is produced by the steam generator in the secondary coolant circuit of the nuclear reactor power plant is partly expanded in a turbine and delivered to a reheater. A part of the superheated steam is tapped off from an upstream portion of the steam turbine and then cooled to a saturated steam condition. This saturated steam is then passed into the reheater to reheat the flow of partly expanded steam via a heat exchange.