Abstract: A transverse connector system having a first and a second locking element. The present invention also provides transverse rod having opposing first and second ends, the first end being retained within a portion of the first locking element and the second end being retained within a portion of the second locking element. The first locking element is configured with a connector body for engaging and capturing an elongated rod and a transverse rod simultaneously.

Abstract: Exemplary spinal fixation devices, systems, and method are provided for stabilizing vertebrae in a patient's spine. In one exemplary embodiment, methods and devices are provided for coupling one or more bone anchors, such as hooks, screws, etc., and/or one or more spinal fixation elements, such as spinal rods, cables, plates, etc. In certain exemplary embodiments, a cross connector is provided for connecting and stabilizing two bone anchors, a bone anchor and a spinal fixation element, or a bone anchor and bone.

Abstract: A spinal implant includes a first rod, a second rod, and connector. The first rod has a first end configured to be connected to a first bone, a second end opposed to the first end, and a longitudinal axis that passes through the first and second ends. The second rod has a first end configured to be connected to the second bone, a second end opposed to the first end. The second rod is parallel to the longitudinal axis and non-coaxial with the first rod, and at least a portion of the second end of the second rod overlaps the second end of the first rod. The connector connects the second end of the first rod to the second end of the second rod, and is configured to urge the first rod and the second rod in opposed directions that are parallel to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A needle-coupled parallel mechanism is provided. The needle-coupled parallel mechanism is structurally improved so as to have a broad working area and a high precision. The needle-coupled parallel mechanism comprises a fixedly positioned frame, a main shaft, three first links, three second links, and a needle. The main shaft is arranged so as to be movable relative to the frame. One end of each of the first links is connected to the frame between both ends of the main shaft and the other end thereof is connected to one end of the main shaft. One end of each of the second links is connected to the frame between both ends of the main shaft and the other end thereof is connected to the other end of the main shaft. The needle is linearly movably coupled to the main shaft to perform a predetermined operation on a target object. Each of the first links and the second links has at least three joints selected from a prismatic joint, a 1-axis revolute joint, a 2-axis revolute joint and a spherical joint.

Abstract: Methods of correcting a spinal deformity, including securing a first rod on a first side of a spine, securing an anchor on a second side of a spine, securing a lateral coupling between the rod and the anchor, translating and derotating the spine to correct the spinal deformity by adjusting an effective length of the lateral coupling, and securing a second rod on a second side of the spine to provide secondary stabilization to the spine.

Abstract: The present invention provides a spine stabilization system having a first bone anchor having a first receiving portion and a second bone anchor having a second receiving portion. The first and second elongated rods are positioned within the first and second receiving portions. The first and second locking caps are configured to retain and capture the first and second elongated rods within the first and second bone anchors. The top connector is configured with a first and a second end, which are provided with elongated openings. The first and second locking caps have a threaded portion for coupling to a first and second locking nut. The locking caps are also provided with at least one flange for coupling to the bone anchor, and a bearing surface spaced apart from the bone anchor, the bearing surface configured to contact the top connector.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a modular system for cervical fixation is disclosed. The system comprises a first plate operable to be attached to a first vertebra and a second plate operable to be attached to a second vertebra. A fixation means for connecting the first v-plate to the second v-plate is provided. The fixation means can be any one of a number of devices including a pair of beams that connect to the first and second plate, an attachment plate that attaches the first and second plates and an attachment plate that has an elastic middle portion.

Abstract: A spinal correction system comprises an elongate member extending between a first end including a first inner surface defining a first cavity and a second end including a collar having a second inner surface defining a second cavity. The second cavity is movable relative to the elongate member in at least one orientation. The second end defining an elongated cavity. A first extender defines a first outer surface and a second extender defines a second outer surface. The elongate member is disposable between a first configuration and a second configuration such that the second cavity is movable in the at least one orientation to a position such that the first inner surface is forcibly disposable in a fixed engagement with the first outer surface and the interior surface is forcibly disposed in a fixed engagement with at least a portion of the collar. Methods of use are disclosed.

Abstract: A flexible spine fixing structure for fixing to a first vertebra and a second vertebra includes a first flexible element and a second flexible element. The first flexible element includes a first flexible part, a first fixing part and a second fixing part. The first fixing part and the second fixing part are respectively connected to two ends of the first flexible part and used for fixing to the first vertebra, and the first flexible part includes a first through hole and a second through hole. The second flexible element includes a second flexible part, a third fixing part and a fourth fixing part. The third fixing part and the fourth fixing part are respectively connected to two ends of the second flexible part and used for fixing to the second vertebra. The second flexible part is disposed by penetrating through the first through hole and the second through hole.

Abstract: A spinal connector assembly including a connector body defining first and second passages arranged transverse to one another and configured to receive respective portions of an implant and an elongate rod. A collet receives a portion of the implant therein and extends through the first passage with an upper portion extending axially beyond an upper side of the connector body and a lower portion extending axially beyond a lower side of the connector body. A washer is positioned annularly about the lower portion of the collet and beneath the connector body with a top side of the washer facing a lower side of the connector body and with one of the top and lower sides defining a convex surface and the other defining a concave surface.

Abstract: A spinal fixation system suitable for effecting fixation between adjacent vertebral levels within the spine. The spinal fixation system of the present invention includes a pair single axis or “fixed” pedicle screw assemblies, a pair of poly-axial pedicle screw assemblies, a pair of cannulated rod members, and a transverse connector spanning between the pair of cannulated rod members.

Abstract: Methods and techniques for percutaneously extending an existing spinal construct ipsilaterally with an additional spinal construct in a patient are disclosed. An inline rod connector is utilized which includes an elongate additional rod integrally attached thereto. The additional rod is placed through an access port in a first orientation generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the access port and rotated to a different second orientation generally transverse to the longitudinal axis of the access port. During such rotation the additional rod is moved subcutaneously beneath the skin of the patient from the existing spinal rod to an additional bone engaging implant. In another arrangement, the extension of an existing spinal construct in a minimally invasive procedure uses a rod connector having an offset support for receiving an additional spinal rod that may be placed laterally interiorly or exteriorly of the existing spinal construct.

Abstract: A transconnector for use in interconnecting a pair of longitudinal spinal rods in a spinal fixation procedure. The transconnector includes a bridge member and first and second spinal rod engaging members. The bridge member may include first and second members, wherein the first and second members are moveably associated with one another so that the distance between the first and second spinal rod engaging members can be adjusted. The first and second spinal rod engaging members include a rod receiving channel for receiving one of the spinal rods therein. The spinal rod engaging members may be articulating in, for example, the yaw and roll positions or non-articulating with respect to the bridge members. The spinal rod engaging members preferably include a spring, for example, a spring washer, to provide an opposing force so that the spinal rod engaging members can provisionally snap onto the spinal rods.

Abstract: An implantable spinal cross connector is provided for connecting one or more spinal fixation devices, and more preferably for connecting two spinal fixation rods that are implanted within a patient's spinal system. In general, an exemplary cross connector in accordance with the present invention includes an elongate body with at least one rod-receiving recess formed therein, and a locking mechanism that is adapted to couple to the elongate body and that is effective to lock a spinal fixation rod within the rod-receiving recess(es). The present invention also provides an inserter tool to facilitate implanting a spinal implant or device, such as a spinal cross connector.

Abstract: A transverse connector of a stabilizing system for correcting a spinal deformity includes a mounting portion adapted to be secured to a vertebra, a head portion having a pocket for receiving a spinal rod, a connection portion extending between the mounting portion and the head portion, and an arm portion extending from the mounting portion to a terminal end. The arm portion is substantially elongate in shape and is adapted to extend laterally across a vertebra of a spine.

Abstract: Various methods and devices are provided for connecting spinal fixation elements, such as spinal rods, implanted in a patient's spinal column. In particular, various spinal cross connectors are provided for connecting to one or more spinal fixation elements implanted in a patient's spine. The cross connectors can have a variety of configurations, including a fixed or adjustable length, as well as various features that allow certain portions of the cross connectors to be angularly oriented.

Abstract: A spinal rod connector is adapted to connect two spinal rods. The spinal rod connector includes first and second channels which are defined in a housing. The first and second channels can be urged together in order to capture first and second spinal rods when a fastener is actuated. The spinal rod connector allows the first and second rods to be positioned relative to each other in one of a parallel and a non-parallel manner prior to the fastener locking the first and second spinal rods in position.

Abstract: An electronically guided spinal rod system for the placement of a spinal rod into the heads of pedicle screws and other types of bone fixation systems includes a bone screw inserter having rod access slots extending longitudinally for a length along the screw inserter, a rod detection system coupled to the rod access slots and a rod pusher for inserting a spinal rod through the rod access slots. The electronically guided spinal rod system insures that the spinal rod will be accurately positioned while allowing the operator complete freedom to choose its specific path into the screw inserter rod access slots.

Abstract: A spinal implant has two pairs of mounting plates or “staples,” two rods, and a crosslink. Each mounting plate mounts to a lateral side of a spinous process. Each rod interconnects a pair of mounting plates. The crosslink is disposed through the interspinous space and interconnects the rods. The crosslink hinders movement of the rods away from each other. The rods have a flexural modulus less than the mounting plates. The rod flexibility allows a small amount of relative movement of the vertebrae, which may be helpful in promoting fusion.

Abstract: A crosslink is provided for joining two spine rods. The crosslink includes an elongate tie rod and a pair of housings at each end of the tie rod. The housings are preferably identical and have independent fasteners including a spine rod fastener and a tie rod fastener for connecting each housing to one of the spine rods and fixation of the tie rod. The tie rod fasteners include a pair of hemisphere clamps residing within a chamber in the housing which grip the tie rod therebetween to fix the tie rod to the clamp when a set screw applies a clamping force on the hemisphere clamps. The tie rod fastener is adjustable, so that both translation of the tie rod relative to the housings and rotation about three mutually perpendicular axes can be accommodated for orienting of the housings relative to the tie rod precisely where desired.

Abstract: A vertebral cleat and a vertebral support system employing the vertebral cleat is provided. Preferably, the vertebral cleat includes a base member having a superior and an inferior surface; an elongate keel portion having a cutting edge thereon depending from the inferior surface of the base member; and a spike portion depending from the inferior surface of the base member, the spike portion having a height that is greater than a height of the elongate keel portion. There is also provided a tool for grasping and implanting the vertebral cleat in a plurality of insertion configurations.

Abstract: The invention discloses an implantable facet arthroplasty device suitable for treating adjacent level disease. The device is designed for implantation between a first vertebra and a second vertebra. Components of the device include: a crossbar; a first component having a first attachment mechanism adapted to attach to a first location of a spinal fusion device attached to a first vertebra and a second attachment mechanism adapted to attach to the crossbar; and a second component having a second attachment mechanism adapted to attach to a second location of a spinal fusion device attached to the first vertebra and a second attachment mechanism adapted to attach to the crossbar. The first component articulates relative to the second component and the first vertebra articulates relative to the device itself.

Abstract: A device and method for use in spinal surgery are provided.

Abstract: A dynamic stabilization apparatus comprises elongated members mounted within the proximal end of anchoring devices that are placed in adjacent vertebral bodies. A flexible element having elastic properties within the applicable range of loading, for example loads that the spine experiences, is disposed between the proximal ends of the elongated members. At least one additional flexible element is mounted about the proximal ends of the elongated members adjacent the central flexible element. A housing encapsulates the proximal ends of the members such that the flexible element and the additional flexible elements are contained therein. As compressive, tensile, angular, shear and rotational forces are applied to the elongated members the central flexible element and the additional flexible elements interact with the elongated members and the housing to allow for motion of the elongated members.

Abstract: An implantable spinal cross connector is provided for connecting one or more spinal fixation devices, and more preferably for connecting two spinal fixation rods that are implanted within a patient's spinal system. In general, an exemplary cross connector in accordance with the present invention includes an elongate body with at least one rod-receiving recess formed therein, and a locking mechanism that is adapted to couple to the elongate body and that is effective to lock a spinal fixation rod within the rod-receiving recess(es). The present invention also provides an inserter tool to facilitate implanting a spinal implant or device, such as a spinal cross connector.

Abstract: A cross connector for attachment between two spinal implants comprises a first element having one end and an opposite end configured for engaging one of the two spinal implants, a second element having one end and an opposite end configured for engaging the other of the two spinal implants, an engagement mechanism between the one end of each of the first and second elements, and a locking element for locking the two elements together at the respective one end. The engagement mechanism includes an interface configured to permit relative pivoting between the first element and the second element about at least two non-parallel axes.

Abstract: A method of interconnecting first and second longitudinal members extending along a spinal column of a patient includes inserting an access port into the body of the patient. A transverse connector is moved through the access port. A first end of the transverse connector is connected to the first longitudinal member. A second end of the transverse connector is connected to the second longitudinal member.

Abstract: Spine stabilization systems and integrated rods are disclosed. One spine stabilization system disclosed has at least four bone anchors and a stabilization member attached to the bone anchors. The stabilization member has first and second elongate portions interconnected by a connector portion. The first and second elongate members extend longitudinally and generally parallel to a central longitudinal axis and connector portion extends transverse to the central longitudinal axis from a first lateral end to a second lateral end. The connector portion is integrally connected to the first and second elongate portions such that there is no relative movement between the lateral ends and the respective elongate portion to which each end is attached.

Abstract: The invention relates to a connection system (3, 12, 13) between two longitudinal cylindrical spinal support rods (4), said connection system comprising at least one transverse elongate element (6, 14) having, on each end thereof, a head (7, 8; 17, 18; 43) for attaching onto a corresponding rod. At least one of said attachment heads (7, 8; 17, 18) includes a semi-cylindrical recess (19) for clipping with the rod (4), said recess having an upper lip (20, 21), covering the bottom of the rod, and a lower lip (22, 23), that is radially opposite said upper lip, and the head comprises a means (11, 24) for bending said lower lip (22, 23) between a position for connecting and a position for locking onto the rod.

Abstract: Various methods and devices are provided for connecting spinal fixation elements, such as spinal rods, implanted in a patient's spinal column. In particular, various spinal cross connectors are provided for connecting to one or more spinal fixation elements implanted in a patient's spine. The cross connectors can have a variety of configurations, including a fixed or adjustable length, as well as various features that allow certain portions of the cross connectors to be angularly oriented.

Abstract: A facet joint replacement system includes an inferior implant with an inferior articular surface, a superior implant with a superior articular surface and may include a crosslink extending across a vertebral sagittal plane. The inferior implant may comprise an inferior strut, and a polyaxially adjustable, lockable mechanism which may couple the inferior articular surface with a first end of the inferior strut, and couple the inferior articular surface with the crosslink. A second end of the inferior strut may be secured to a polyaxially adjustable, lockable fixation assembly securable in a vertebra. The superior implant may be secured to a polyaxially adjustable lockable fixation assembly securable in a vertebra. The positions of the inferior articular surface and the first end of the inferior strut are independently translatable along a medial-lateral axis of the vertebra prior to lockout by the lockable mechanism. The crosslink may be placed into the lockable mechanism from a posterior approach.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a pair of bone attachment devices and a crosslink device for a spinal fixation system or other implant arrangement. The bone attachment devices include a head with socket to receive a spinal rod or other elongate element and the crosslink device includes a pair of bridging members each having an end section for connecting with the bone attachment devices. An interconnection device situated between the bridging members receives the bridging members and allows translational and rotational freedom therebetween while being operable to secure the bridging members in position relative to one another. A pair of engaging members are structured to engage the head of the respective bone attachment device and bear against the respective adjacent end of crosslink device to lock the crosslink and the bone attachment device in a rigid construct are also included.

Abstract: A transconnector for joining adjacent longitudinal spinal rods. The transconnector preferably includes a bridge member and a pair of bone fixation coupling elements, the bridge member is preferably sized and configured to span a distance between the pair of bone fixation coupling elements. The bone fixation coupling elements are preferably sized and configured to engage the bridge member and sized and configured to receive one of the bone fixation elements. The bone fixation coupling elements are preferably sized and configured to engage the body portion of the bone fixation element. The bone fixation coupling elements may include a locking cap having a first set of threads for threadably engaging the bone fixation element.

Abstract: A rod connector for joining a first rod and a second rod includes bore holes that are offset and/or non-parallel to each other. The rod connector provides an offset or non-parallel connection between the rods that allows for the rods to match the contour of a patient's body without requiring bending of the rods. The rod connector may include a first bore hole for receiving the first spinal rod and a second bore hole for receiving the second spinal rod that is adjustable relative to the first bore hole to adjust the position and/or orientation of the second spinal rod relative to the first spinal rod. The rod connector may comprise a first housing component defining the first bore hole and a second housing component that is movable relative to the first housing component and defining the second bore hole.

Abstract: Methods and techniques for adding an additional spinal construct in a patient are disclosed. In one arrangement the additional spinal construct extends an existing spinal construct ipsilaterally with an inline rod connector in a minimally invasive or preferably, percutaneous procedure. In another arrangement, the ipsilateral extension of an existing spinal construct uses an offset rod connector for receiving an additional spinal rod that may be placed interiorly or exteriorly of the existing spinal construct.

Abstract: Superior and/or inferior facets of one or more facet joints may be replaced by superior and/or inferior facet joint prostheses. In one embodiment, a kit of superior or inferior prostheses is provided, in which the prostheses have at least two dimensions that vary among members of the kit independently of each other. Each prosthesis may have a bone engaging surface having a surface that is polyaxially rotatable against a corresponding resection of a vertebra. Each prosthesis may also have an articulating surface shaped such that, after attachment to the spine, the replaced or partially replaced facet joints provide a larger medial-lateral range of motion when the spine is flexed than when the spine is extended. Crosslinks may be used to connect left and right prosthesis together in such a manner that they are stabilized in a position in which they are seated directly against the vertebra.

Abstract: A spinal fixation system including an interconnection device is provided. The interconnection device comprises a connector element including a passage structured to receive a component of the spinal fixation system therein. The passage is at least partially bound by a first wall portion and a second wall portion, wherein the first wall portion is movable between a first position to receive the component and a second position to restrain the component in the passage. The device further includes a retainer element which holds the first wall portion in the second position in order to lock the component in the passage.

Abstract: Prostheses, systems, and methods are provided for replacement of natural facet joints between adjacent vertebrae with vertebral prostheses. A portion of the vertebral prosthesis includes anti-rotation and/or anti-pullout elements to prevent or reduce prosthesis fastener rotation or pull out as a result of torques applied to the prosthesis. Various tools and methods aid the process of surgically adding the vertebral prosthesis to a patient's vertebra.

Abstract: A spinal stabilization system includes vertebral engagement members and an intermediate structure. The vertebral engagement members are configured to be disposed between a first vertebra and a second vertebra. The vertebral engagement members generally include seating surfaces for accommodating at least a portion of a laminar region of adjacent vertebra and are adjustable between an operable and inoperable configuration. The intermediate structure extends between the vertebral engagement members. The structural cooperation of the vertebral engagement members and the intermediate structure is such that the engagement members distract the adjacent vertebrae.

Abstract: A fixing device for securing vertebral lamina includes a transverse rod, a vertical rod having a length longer than that of the transverse rod and a joint having a vertical hole to securely receive therein a portion of the vertical rod and a cutout communicating with the vertical rod to receive therein a portion of the transverse rod.

Abstract: A system for providing dynamic stabilization and balance control at a vertebral motion segment has first and second bridge elements and at least one bias element. The bridge elements anchor to adjacent vertebrae with polyaxially adjustable anchoring members, and the bias elements attach to each bridge element to span between them. Each bias element has two fixation portions and a bias body extending between the fixation portions. Each bias element may comprise an elastically deformable material to provide dynamic stabilization with motion, or may comprise rigid material to provide rigid stabilization, and both bias element types may be included in one system. The bias elements are attachable to the bridge elements at discrete attachment locations, or at non-discrete attachment locations. Alternate embodiments may include three or more bridge elements on adjacent vertebrae, and multiple bias elements. A tensioning tool may provide adjustable tension to an elastically deformable bias element.

Abstract: A connector apparatus for use in orthopedic procedures includes a base portion and an extending leg portion that forms a channel. Part of the base portion can be placed atop or adjacent implanted fixation members (e.g. bone screws), and a locking member can be inserted through the base and into the fixation member to anchor the connector to the fixation member. A rod can be inserted into the channel and fixed to the connector by a set screw. The apparatus is useful in connecting a rod to a fixation member, particularly in situations in which a rod is already connected to the fixation member, as by a previous implantation procedure, for example.

Abstract: The present application relates to connectors for coupling together two surgical members of different materials while inhibiting galvanic corrosion. The connector may include a first coupling element composed of a material with a similar galvanic potential to one of the surgical members, and a second coupling element composed of a material with a similar galvanic potential to the second surgical member. Each of the first and second coupling elements may be configured to connect to the respective surgical member. The connector may also include a coupling medium disposed between the first and second coupling elements. The coupling medium may function to connect together the two coupling elements, and isolate the coupling elements to inhibit galvanic corrosion.

Abstract: An enhanced pedicle rod clamp device for connecting two or more pedicle rods in spinal surgery is disclosed. The device may include an arm, an upper clamp, and a lower clamp, which are configured for coupling to a pedicle rod. The upper clamp may be coupled to the arm, and the lower clamp may be coupled to the upper clamp. The upper clamp may be rotationally and/or translationally movable with respect to at least one of the arm and the lower clamp. The lower clamp may be rotationally and/or translationally movable with respect to at least one of the arm and the upper clamp.

Abstract: A modular system for fixation of a spinous process includes at least one pair of blocks shaped so as to engage a particular segment of the spinous process and arranged on opposing sides of the spinous process. Each block has a surface facing the portion of the spinous process to be engaged, the surface having an array of sharp spikes to penetrate the spinous process when so engaged. Two rods arranged parallel to the spinous process are provided to connect the at least one pair of blocks and therefore stabilize multiple segments of the spinous process. Each block includes an aperture within a central portion of the block and shaped so as to slidably receive one of the rods. Set screws are provided so as to securely position the block along the length of the rod.

Abstract: Devices and methods for anchoring one or more elongate connecting members along the spinal column include a transverse linking member positionable through a spinous process in a generally orthogonal orientation to the sagittal plane. At least one coupling assembly is engageable about an end of the linking member extending from the spinous process. The elongate connecting member is engaged to the coupling assembly in a transverse orientation to the transverse linking member.

Abstract: A rod connector for transversely connecting two vertebral column rods has two clamps and a transverse bridge that fixes the clamps to each other. The clamps have a spring device with a spring force that is low enough to allow the clamp to be manually snapped onto the vertebral column rod, to be slid onto the same in the installed state, and to be released from same. An attaching device for the clamp, which is independent of the spring device, generates a retaining force that is high enough to solidly attach the clamp on the vertebral column rod in the installed state. The transverse bridge has a connection part with a frame for receiving a first branch connected to one clamp and with a ball rotatably mounted in the frame and having a second branch pass therethrough that connects to another clamp.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a transconnector for joining adjacent longitudinal spinal rods. The transconnector preferably includes a bridge member and a pair of bone fixation coupling elements, the bridge member is preferably sized and configured to span a distance between the pair of bone fixation coupling elements. The bone fixation coupling elements are preferably sized and configured to engage the bridge member and sized and configured to receive one of the bone fixation elements. The bone fixation coupling elements are preferably sized and configured to engage the body portion of the bone fixation element. The bone fixation coupling elements may include a locking cap having a first set of threads for threadably engaging the bone fixation element.

Abstract: A spinal rod cross connector assembly for connection to adjacent spinal rods provides polyaxial positioning of polyaxial heads of the cross connector assembly relative to each spinal rod and which allows adjustment and fixation of the span of a cross connector or arm of the cross connector assembly between the two polyaxial heads through movement of the cross member relative to only one polyaxial head. Each polyaxial head has a clamp that provides attachment to the respective spinal rod and which allows the body of the polyaxial head to rotate relative thereto. Fixation of the orientation of a polyaxial head is achieved through placement and interaction of a set screw in the polyaxial head. The arm is preferably integral with and extends from a lateral side of one of the polyaxial heads. The second one of the polyaxial heads receives the arm and allows length adjustment relative thereto.

Abstract: Pedicle screws are secured in two columns, one along each side of the spine. Cross support rods have ends connected to pedicle screw heads. A longitudinally extending rod is supported on the cross supports and recessed in the cavity created by removal of portions of spinous processes, providing a reduced profile of the installed construct. Several types of cross supports are shown such as: arms from the screws inward to rings or yokes connecting the longitudinal rod; cross rods with ends connected to the screws and having centrally-located yokes for the longitudinal rod; cross rods with articulating longitudinal rod portions fixed or swiveled to them. These cross rods may have end portions angled posterior toward anterior to accommodate lateral positioned pedicle screws, but shorter cross rods without angled end portions enable medialized pedicle screw orientation.