Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that relate to a stabilization and cooling apparatus having a stabilizing structure with at least one inflatable chamber, the stabilizing structure configured to become semi-rigid upon inflation of the at least one inflatable chamber. A cooling structure is integrated with the stabilizing structure and includes a single-use cooling element and a thermally conductive material in thermal communication with the single-use cooling element. The apparatus also has an actuator configured to cause inflation of at least one inflatable chamber.

Abstract: A safety helmet includes an outer shell configured for surrounding a head of a user, and an infrared reflective layer disposed in an interior of the outer shell. The infrared reflective layer is configured for reflecting at a least a portion of incident infrared radiation transmitted through the outer shell. The infrared reflective layer has infrared reflectivity of at least 40%. The safety helmet further may have an evaporative cooling pad positioned within a cavity defined by the inner surface of the outer shell. A method of manufacturing a safety helmet is also disclosed.

Abstract: A hyperthermia headgear liner is provided comprised of an insulative material constructed to minimize exposures to fibrous materials an remove any habitat for bacterial growth. The cap extends over a greater portion of a wearer's forehead, over the wearer's ears and behind the head to reach as far as the top of the cervical spine. Lining the upper portion of the inner shell are a plurality of linearly aligned pockets formed of an open weave of mesh fabric. Each individual pocket contains and secures a cooling element formed of a phase change material. The cooling elements are removable and replaceable and are positioned along the midline of the head covering in a manner that form fittingly curves with the contour of the wearers head.

Abstract: A method of improving brain function in a hypothermic patient is provided. The method comprises administering to the patient an amount of a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) effective to increase RNA binding motif 3 (RBM3) production in nerve cells of the patient. The method is useful, for example, where the patient is or will be undergoing cardiac surgery or spinal surgery, such as requiring deep hypothermia circulatory arrest (DHCA), or is subject to an emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) method, or where a patient suffers from mild/moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest (VFCA), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), subdural hematoma (SH), cerebral vasospasm, neonatal abusive head trauma (a.k.a. shaken baby syndrome), neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), asphyxia cardiac arrest (ACA), treatment of spinal injury, prophylaxis in spinal surgery, stroke, and drug overdose.

Abstract: A container comprising: a base and freestanding sides extending from the base to define a mouth opposite the base, wherein the mouth has first and second spouts opposite each other and first and second interior sides opposite each other between the first and second spouts; a first zipper member extending from the first interior side of the mouth from the first spout to the second spout; a second zipper member extending from the second interior side of the mouth from the first spout to the second spout, wherein the mouth is deformable between open and closed configurations and the first and second zipper members are disengageable when the mouth is open and engagable when the mouth is closed, wherein the base, sides, and zipper members are a unitary whole container without assembled parts, wherein the container comprises silicone.

Abstract: A sealable container comprising: a base having a geometric shape; sides extending from the base and defining a mouth opposite the base, wherein cross-sections of the sides parallel to the base have a geometric shape; and a seal of the mouth comprising: a first zipper member and a second zipper member, wherein when the seal is closed to seal the mouth the first and second zipper members engage each other to make the seal and when the seal is open the first and second zipper members disengage to break the seal, wherein the base, sides and seal comprise silicone, wherein the base and at least a portion of the sides adjacent the base are of sufficient thickness and rigidity for the container to freely stand vertically on its base with the mouth at the top, and wherein the seal and at least a portion of the sides defining the mouth are sufficiently flexible to allow the seal and side portion to be deformed between open and closed mouth configurations.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods herein relate to cooling a head of a patient. These systems and methods may comprise a cooling cap assembly comprising a heat exchanger configured to be wrapped around a head of a patient and a compression assembly releasably coupled to the heat exchanger. The compression assembly may comprise an enclosure and an inflatable member coupled to an internal surface of the enclosure. When coupled, the inflatable member may be positioned between the enclosure and the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be separate from and moveable relative to the inflatable member.

Abstract: An ice-making container having a base and a freestanding side extending from the base to define a mouth opposite the base, and having a divider extending from the base and/or freestanding side so as to divide the container into at least two ice-making compartments. The container is a closable container via zipper members extending from the interior sides of the mouth, wherein the mouth is deformable between open and closed configurations and the first and second zipper members are disengagable when the mouth is open and engagable when the mouth is closed. The container may be molded from platinum silicone as a unitary whole without assembled parts. The molding process may comprise liquid injection molding, compression molding, or transfer molding.

Abstract: A composition for use in cooling therapy and treatment of chemically induced alopecia (CIA), said composition containing a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor.

Abstract: A scalp cooling apparatus, method, and system that may include an inner scalp cap, an intermediate scalp covering, and an outer scalp cap. The inner scalp cap may be fluidly coupled to a cooling device, that would allow a cooling fluid to traverse the fluid chambers within a set of sections of the inner scalp cap. The inner scalp covering can be constructed of a thermally conductive material. The intermediate scalp covering can be constructed of a thermally neutral material. The outer scalp covering can be constructed of a thermally resistant material. The outer scalp covering may have a first securing mechanism, and a second securing mechanism, that allow the outer scalp covering to be dynamically adjusted and secured against a patient's scalp via the first securing mechanism and the second securing mechanism. The inner scalp cap may be created from a scan of a patient's head, that can then be utilized as an interpolated parametric model may be utilized to generate an output file.

Abstract: Apparatus and devices for intermittently and sequentially compressing a body site include a first segment cooperative with a fluid chamber, the fluid chamber adapted for inflation by fluid; and a second segment cooperative with the first segment, the second segment housing a temperature sensitive material, wherein the temperature sensitive material is uniquely compartmentalized in the second segment. Methods for using said apparatus and devices include site specific treatment to achieve a desired temperature of the underlying tissue.

Abstract: Polymers, hydrogels, and thermochromic agents, including products embodying them, methods of using them, and processes for making them. In certain embodiments, temperature therapy packs which utilize thermochromic agents integrated into solid, semi-solid, or liquid hydrogels. In preferred (but optional) embodiments, the thermochromic agents are integrated into the composition used as the temperature exchange material of the therapy pack. In certain other embodiments, methods of using the thermochromic integrated temperature exchange materials, or processes for manufacturing such thermochromic integrated temperature exchange materials and/or methods or processes for manufacturing or using thermal packs embodying such materials. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, novel polymer compositions and/or processes for making polymers, which improve product durability or longevity and/or which improve use cycles or usage times.

Abstract: Provided is an athletic headband with removable cooling elements. The headband includes a body, first cooling elements, dropdown pocket, and second cooling element. The body has first and second openings. The body includes pockets disposed about the body between the first and second openings. The pockets have respective openings. The first cooling elements are configured to be received into the pockets through the respective openings to provide cooling about the head of the user. The dropdown pocket is secured to an interior of the body, extends below the body, and has an opening. The second cooling element is received into the dropdown pocket through the opening, wherein a first cooling element in a pocket of the body overlaps at least partially the second cooling element in the dropdown pocket and is configured to press the second cooling element into the neck of the user to provide cooling to the neck.

Abstract: A self-contained “battery-free” iontophoresis apparatus and method are provided.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thermo-regulation device for treating an area with in need of thermal regulation. The invention includes a device configured to be fitted over an area in need of thermal regulation; wherein a plurality of cells are integral to the covering body, each cell is equipped with at least one of a plurality of reactants. Each cell of the present invention is in one configuration joined to a neighboring cell by a destructible barrier. The reactants are configured to produce a thermal event when combined with at least one other reactant.

Abstract: A system and associated method is used for warming an endoscope, laparoscope, or other such instrument to minimize fogging. A flexible pad has a length, a width and a periphery for wrapping around the instrument and a plurality of separate chambers defined through partitions. Each of the separate chambers includes an activation disc and a mixture of water and sodium acetate to generate heat through an exothermic reaction initiated through manual manipulation of the disc for that chamber. The pad is preferably made from two plastic sheets of substantially equal size, with the chambers being formed by heat-sealing or otherwise bonding the periphery of the sheets and the partitions. At least some of the partitions establish lengthwise and/or widthwise fold lines in the pad. At least one of the partitions may include a gap to facilitate fluid transfer of the mixture. The disc is preferably made of perforated stainless steel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the treatment of injuries or pain associated with the head or central nervous system. The present embodiment utilizes a head covering that is activated to produce an endothermic reaction to draw heat from, or apply cold to, the head and central nervous system. Layers are used to accomplish different applications and colors are used to associate with selected sport teams colors or camouflaged as may be required in a battlefield environment.

Abstract: Device and method for treating hyperhidrosis, neuropathy, skin, circulation, muscle stimulation, by application of a fabric including an elemental zinc particle deposition to a treatment area of the skin.

Abstract: Hypothermic therapy headgear for patients includes a headpiece for engaging the head of the patient and a cooling member engaged to the headpiece for contacting at least one surface portion of the patient. The cooling member includes at least one cooling surface for contacting the surface portion of the patient, and at least two endothermic reaction components. The endothermic reaction components have an initial state where the endothermic reaction components are separated from contact with each other, and a treatment state in which the endothermic reaction components are placed into contact, wherein an endothermic reaction takes place and cools the cooling surface and the corresponding portion of the patient. An activation device selectively places the endothermic reaction components into the treatment state when a patient is in need of hypothermic therapy. A thermal therapy device and a method for administering thermal therapy are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and device for treating neurological disorders involving the application of noninvasive, regional brain thermal stimulation to a region of a patient's head associated with a subject neurological disorder. The brain thermal stimulation method and device alters the brain function in the region of the brain underlying the region of the patient's head to which the brain cooling is applied. The method can also include the steps of adjusting the temperature and timing of the thermal stimulation process to optimize the impact on the subject disorder. The brain thermal stimulation device is comprised of a localized means for cooling or warming a desired region of a patient's brain.

Abstract: Device and method for treating hyperhidrosis by application of a fabric including an elemental zinc particle deposition to a treatment area of the skin.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for treating a head injury including head gear and at least one cooling medium. The cooling medium has a prolonged cooling effect to aid injured persons recovery and health after sustaining a head injury. The apparatus and method is also contemplated for use with headaches, migraines, heat and/or sun stroke, as well as persons that have suffered a stroke.

Abstract: The unibody head gear personal temperature moderating device has the form of a baseball cap or beanie or helmet which is itself constructed from a thermal retention pack or packs. The thermal retention pack or packs constitute the inner and outer walls of the baseball cap or beanie or helmet while the cooling or warming gel resides between the inner and outer walls. The inner wall of the thermal retention packs is the surface which comes in contact with the wearer's head. The outer wall of the thermal retention pack or packs constitutes the exterior of the head apparel. The entire baseball cap or beanie or helmet may be placed in a freezer or warmer to thermally charge it for use.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thermo-regulation device for treating an area with in need of thermal regulation. The invention includes a device configured to be fitted over an area in need of thermal regulation; wherein a plurality of cells are integral to the covering body, each cell is equipped with at least one of a plurality of reactants. Each cell of the present invention is in one configuration joined to a neighboring cell by a destructible barrier. The reactants are configured to produce a thermal event when combined with at least one other reactant.

Abstract: A sequential compression and temperature therapy blanket with a plurality of air chambers is disclosed. The air chambers are filled and released by a valve assembly that may be separate from or integrated within the blanket. The temperature therapy blanket includes a fluid bladder for delivering hot and/or cold therapy to a patient. The temperature therapy blanket may also include an air bladder for providing compression.

Abstract: A therapeutic heated pocket and method of use in accordance with the present disclosure generally comprises an outer covering, edge trim, baby-dry material, insulation material, headliner material, heating coil, heating element, power cord and power adjustment controller. The pocket allows an arthritis sufferer to quickly and evenly warm an affected area in order to increase blood flow to the area. This has been shown to increase mobility and decrease pain for several hours after use.

Abstract: An apparatus, a system, and a method for thermally comforting a patient include pneumatic, convective device providing thermal treatment for persons or animals, which is adapted for use in combination with a clinical garment such as a hospital gown, robe, bib, and other equivalents. The pneumatic convective device provides convective warming focused or directed primarily on the thorax or body core. The pneumatic convective device includes at least one inlet for being accessed through a clinical garment, a region in distribution with the inlet for distributing a stream of pressurized, thermally treated air, and a permeable member for emitting pressurized, thermally treated air from the distribution region.

Abstract: Various embodiments are disclosed for applying a cool compression effect. One embodiment, among others, is an adjustable wrap configured as a sleeve with a variable peripheral size. The wrap comprises a first elongated layer comprising a liquid-absorbent sheet and a second elongated layer. The first elongated layer and the second elongated layer are substantially coextensive in size, and one of the first elongated layer and the second elongated layer is configured to be applied directly to a selected body part and provide a cold compression effect to the body part. The adjustable wrap further comprises a fastener coupled to one of the first elongated layer and the second elongated layer, the fastener comprising a first section and a second section for providing an adjustable peripheral size of the wrap.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for conveying heated air to a person and comprises an air-permeable inner sheet and an air-impermeable outer sheet which are connected to one another by welds in order to form a panel-like shape in the inflated state. The welds produce a main duct having, viewed at the inlet end and in the non-inflated state, a main duct width. The main duct is delimited by at least one first series of elongate first welded strips, the first intermediate spaces which are in line with one another. The length of each of these first intermediate spaces, viewed in the non-inflated state, is in each case smaller than the main duct width. The length of each first welded strip is at least 15% of the main duct width and at most 80% of the main duct width.

Abstract: A thermal cap that can fit a variety of head sizes is disclosed. The cap can include a shell having a fluid inlet and outlet, a sealing mechanism and removable sizing layers disposed within the shell. Depending upon the size of a patient's head, sizing layers can either be added to or removed from the outer shell to maintain a fluid circulation space between the head and the rigid shell and allow substantially even distribution of a thermal fluid about the scalp of the patient during operation. The shell is preferably rigid and an elastomeric member can seal the periphery of the cap to the patient's head to prevent leakage. Other types and aspects of thermal cap systems are also disclosed.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a brain cooling and spinal cord cooling system, device or mechanism for use in military helmets, and in an adapted format in non-military helmets. The system is comprised of an inflatable pad, or a set of interconnected pads, attached to the interior surface of the helmet, together with a series of valves that allow cooling gases to be delivered from a high pressure canister. The use of different cooling gases permits the achievement and maintenance of cooling of the brain for 24 to 96 hours at a mild (36° C.) or moderate (33° C.-35° C.) brain hypothermia, which is 1.5° C.-4.5° C. below the core temperature.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for the cooling of the cranial and extracranial portions of a patient in need thereof. The apparatuses and methods of the present invention preferably employ a head cooling apparatus which includes a watertight shroud for the head and which needs no refrigeration. In certain preferred embodiments, the apparatuses of the present invention are collapsible and possess a reduced profile. In some presently preferred embodiments, the present invention includes a hammock that supports the head. In some embodiments, the present invention includes a shroud that lies behind the head with optional portions that may be drawn over the patient's neck and cranial area. The apparatuses and methods of the present invention also provide an improved mechanism for cooling the cranial and extracranial areas through the use of a novel distribution of endothermic solids (e.g. ammonium nitrate).

Abstract: A portable moist heat delivery system comprising a water vapor generating portion comprising a water vapor source and a heat source; a water vapor-air regulating portion, said water vapor-air regulating portion comprising a water vapor-air mixing layer, and a water vapor-air distribution layer; said water vapor generating portion and said water vapor-air regulating portion being in fluid communication; and said water vapor-air regulating portion having a latent heat delivery surface disposed adjacent said water vapor-air regulating portion which delivers moist heat at a preselected temperature range wherein about 15% to about 95% of the moist heat is latent heat of condensation. Methods include delivering improved pain relief, blood flow, relaxation, and reduced cardiac workload.

Abstract: Protective clothing and apparel for pets and animals, and method of using same, structured as a shirt and/or hat made of an ultraviolet protective rash guard material with at least on portion having cooling crystals integrated therein. In a first embodiment the clothing is directed to a pet shirt constructed having a top portion, bottom portion, and side portions arranged to form a generally tubular member having an opened torso end, two leg members, and a collar member. In a second embodiment the clothing is directed to a pet hat constructed having a top portion, side portions and a front portion having a visor member attached thereto, the side portions having a lower rim. Two ear members and securement means are integrated within the lower rim of the side portions. At least a portion of the shirt/hat comprises ultraviolet properties. Additionally, at least a portion of the shirt/hat comprises a cooling zone formed of a plurality of cooling crystals.

Abstract: An emergency helmet trauma bandage and method of use, which, when applied, applies minimal pressure to stop bleeding, doesn't compromise cervical spine immobilization, allows for fast and effective application of ice/cold packs to control intracranial/internal swelling, doesn't come apart during treatment and transport, and doesn't require a caregiver to re-wrap the dressing.

Abstract: According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are provided of therapeutic devices and methods for applying therapy. In one exemplary embodiment, a therapeutic device generally includes one or more light sources for emitting therapeutic light. In some embodiments, the therapeutic device can also include means for applying hot therapy and/or cold therapy to a user's body when the therapeutic device is applied to the user's body. As other examples, various embodiments of therapeutic devices can include massagers and/or adhesive bandage strips for attaching the lighted therapeutic device to the user's body.

Abstract: A radio-frequency thermal balloon catheter includes a catheter tube including an outer tube and an inner tube, a balloon connected to an end part of the outer tube and an end part of the inner tube, and capable of coming into contact with a target diseased part when inflated, a radio-frequency electrode placed in the wall of the balloon or inside the balloon to transmit radio-frequency current, a lead wire electrically connected to the radio-frequency electrode, a temperature sensor capable of measuring temperature inside the balloon, and a swirling current producing means for making a fluid contained in the balloon swirl in a vertical plane in the balloon so as to reduce an upper-lower temperature difference between an upper part and a lower part of the interior of the balloon due to convection of the fluid to naught.

Abstract: A therapeutic apparatus for providing therapeutic benefits to an immersed body part due to contact with a heated or unheated homogenous medium. The therapeutic apparatus includes at least two vibration generators for generating two waveforms at two distinct areas of the vibratory vessel, where the two waveforms are converging on each other and combined together to create a constructive and destructive pulse waveform having a larger constructive amplitude than the amplitude of the original wave and a smaller destructive amplitude than the amplitude of the original wave for providing a constructive and destructive pulse wave massaging effect to the body part of the user immersed within the homogenous medium contained within the vibratory vessel.

Abstract: A thermal pack having a bent lip uniformly disposed away from a skin side of the thermal pack. The thermal pack of the present invention eliminates discomfort associated with prior art thermal packs by providing a lip that bends up and away from the skin, thereby avoiding or minimizing contact with the skin and limiting irritation. The pack is preferably provided with an insulated wrap 90 that can be attached to the pack, such as by a hook-and-loop fastener. The wrap will aid in placement of the device upon the user, as well as extend the benefits of the thermal medium. The wrap is conventionally formed of a thermoplastic material commonly used in packaging.

Abstract: A chemically-activated conformable thermal device that generates heat upon activation is provided. The thermal device typically contains an oxidizable metal that is capable of undergoing an exothermic reaction in the presence of moisture and air to generate heat. Although such metals, as well as other components of the composition (e.g., carbon), are relatively inflexible and stiff, the present inventors have nevertheless discovered that one or more conformable segments may be employed to impart flexibility and conformability to the thermal device. The conformable segments are malleable so that they yield under shear stress and acquire the shape of a surface (e.g., body part) without rupturing. The conformable segments are likewise stiff or hard enough to substantially retain the desired shape during use.

Abstract: A patch for facilitating blood circulation, including a warmer, a powder-containing bag and a base sheet. The warmer includes iron powder for generating heat oxidized by oxygen in the air and an oxidization regulatory agent enclosed in a flat, air permeable bag. The outer shape of the bag is larger than that of the warmer, and contains powder including components contained in bamboo vinegar or wood vinegar. The outer shape of a base sheet is larger than that of the bag, and the base sheet has an air ventilation hole at a central portion. An adhesive layer is formed on the surface of one side of the base sheet. The warmer and the powder-containing bag are sequentially adhered onto the adhesive layer to cover the air ventilation hole.

Abstract: A head cooler (10) comprises a thermal exchange cap (11) and an outer insulating cover (12) to be arranged on a patient's head. The cap (11) has a channel system (31, 32) for a cooling fluid forming an inside heat exchange surface to be applied on said head for cooling the head. The thermal exchange cap (11, 60) is adjustable and/or adaptable to compensate for a discrepancy in shape and size between the inside surface of the head cooler (10) and the head. The head cooler (10) may further comprise an eyebrow cooler (140) for cooling the area of the eyebrows. The head cooler (140) is used in medicine. A method for preventing hair loss of a patient is provided by arranging the head cooler (10) on the head of said patient.

Abstract: A catheter is adapted to exchange heat with a body fluid, such as blood, flowing in a body conduit, such as a blood vessel. The catheter includes a shaft with a heat exchange region disposed at its distal end. This region may include hollow fibers which are adapted to receive a remotely cooled heat exchange fluid preferably flowing in a direction counter to that of the body fluid. The hollow fibers enhance the surface area of contact, as well as the mixing of both the heat exchange fluid and the body fluid. The catheter can be positioned to produce hypothermia in a selective area of the body or alternatively positioned to systemically cool the entire body system.

Abstract: A catheter is adapted to exchange heat with a body fluid, such as blood, flowing in a body conduit, such as a blood vessel. The catheter includes a shaft with a heat exchange region disposed at its distal end. This region may include hollow fibers which are adapted to receive a remotely cooled heat exchange fluid preferably flowing in a direction counter to that of the body fluid. The hollow fibers enhance the surface area of contact, as well as the mixing of both the heat exchange fluid and the body fluid. The catheter can be positioned to produce hypothermia in a selective area of the body or alternatively positioned to systemically cool the entire body system.

Abstract: A catheter is adapted to exchange heat with a body fluid, such as blood, flowing in a body conduit, such as a blood vessel. The catheter includes a shaft with a heat exchange region disposed at its distal end. This region may include hollow fibers which are adapted to receive a remotely cooled heat exchange fluid preferably flowing in a direction counter to that of the body fluid. The hollow fibers enhance the surface area of contact, as well as the mixing of both the heat exchange fluid and the body fluid. The catheter can be positioned to produce hypothermia in a selective area of the body or alternatively positioned to systemically cool the entire body system.

Abstract: A catheter is adapted to exchange heat with a body fluid, such as blood, flowing in a body conduit, such as a blood vessel. The catheter includes a shaft with a heat exchange region disposed at its distal end. This region may include hollow fibers which are adapted to receive a remotely cooled heat exchange fluid preferably flowing in a direction counter to that of the body fluid. The hollow fibers enhance the surface area of contact, as well as the mixing of both the heat exchange fluid and the body fluid. The catheter can be positioned to produce hypothermia in a selective area of the body or alternatively positioned to systemically cool the entire body system.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a heating blanket that can be secured to the head and at least one arm of a patient while leaving the patient's chest and abdomen remain substantially exposed. The head and arms tend to be excellent heat exchange surfaces. These surfaces can also be relatively large for heating purposes. Thus, many embodiments are able to warm patients effectively while leaving the chest and abdomen exposed and unobstructed, thereby providing enhanced access for caregivers in surgery and/or observation.

Abstract: A catheter is adapted to exchange heat with a body fluid, such as blood, flowing in a body conduit, such as a blood vessel. The catheter includes a shaft with a heat exchange region disposed at its distal end. This region may include hollow fibers which are adapted to receive a remotely cooled heat exchange fluid preferably flowing in a direction counter to that of the body fluid. The hollow fibers enhance the surface area of contact, as well as the mixing of both the heat exchange fluid and the body fluid. The catheter can be positioned to produce hypothermia in a selective area of the body or alternatively positioned to systemically cool the entire body system.

Abstract: Certain embodiments pertain to a heater for warming a patient's extremity in order to cause vasodilation for facilitating venous catheterization.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved hot/cold therapy pad consisting of a thermally conductive fluid and a discrete matrix insert contained within an outer envelope. The matrix insert has significant void space (over 50%) and is chemically inert relative to the other components within the envelope. The matrix has low bulk density and may be formed by bonding fibers together to form a mat. This matrix serves to reduce the flow of the thermally conductive fluid and provide for more effective and consistent heat (cold) transfer from the pad to the skin. The thermally conductive fluid has a viscosity greater than water and is stable over the typical range of hot/cold therapy applications. The invention eliminates saddle-bagging in hot and cold therapy applications.