Abstract: An integrated refueling system comprises a fluid circuit including multiple flow paths for directing natural gas to a natural gas liquefier. A portion of the resulting liquefied natural gas is provided to a liquefied natural gas delivery location. Another portion of the liquefied natural gas may be provided to a compressor and subsequently a heat exchanger/vaporizer to produce compressed natural gas. The heat exchanger/vaporizer may utilize the lower temperature of liquefied natural gas to precool incoming gaseous natural gas while simultaneously vaporizing the pressurized, liquefied natural gas to form the compressed natural gas. Compressed natural gas may be provided at a compressed natural gas delivery location.

Abstract: Cryosystem for cryogenic liquids which contain small amounts of foreign fluids with higher melting and boiling points, wherein the cryosystem comprises at least one tank, pipelines and assembly units and is used under defined gravitation conditions. The pipelines slope, at least in some areas, toward the tank, and areas of the pipelines and assembly units, from which the cryogenic liquid and the foreign fluids cannot flow back into the tank under the action of gravity, are provided with drain openings and drain lines, which open into the tank or into at least one additional collection tank.

Abstract: An air conditioner employs a refrigerating cycle in which a non-azeotropic mixture of high and low boiling coolants is sealed. The ratio between the high and low boiling coolants of the coolant mixture changes according to a change in the opening of an electric expansion valve 7. A level sensor 19 is arranged in an accumulator 17 that accumulates the liquid phase of the coolant mixture. A value detected by the level sensor is used to calculate the ratio between the high and low boiling coolants actually circulating in the refrigerating cycle. According to the opening of the valve 7 or the ratio between the actual quantities of the high and low boiling coolants, basic operation parameters such as the operation frequency of a compressor 1 are changed. This results in stabilizing and optimizing the operation of the refrigerating cycle even if a cycle temperature or pressure is changed due to a change in the ratio between the high and low boiling coolants of the coolant mixture.

Abstract: A closed loop vapor cycle refrigeration system an expander-compressor is disclosed. A portion of the liquid refrigerant in the system is expanded into gas. This gas is used to operate a compressor. The compressor compresses the low pressure gas from the evaporator and discharges the compressed gas either to a primary compressor or the condenser. A novel expander-compressor device is also disclosed for use in the refrigeration system.

Abstract: A liquid cryogen withdrawal device includes a plug (14) for insertion into the neck of a cryogen-containing dewar (10) in gas-tight relationship. A withdrawal tube (17) passes through the plug to conduct liquid from the bottom of the dewar through a sintered bronze filter to a container to be filled with cryogen. Cryogen is stored in the dewar with a loose fitting cap thereon, with no withdrawal device in the dewar. When liquid is desired to be retrieved from the dewar, the withdrawal device is inserted into the dewar; the withdrawal device has a passive heat source (18) disposed at the bottom thereof to cause sufficient boiling of the liquid to create enough pressure to force a suitable amount of liquid from the dewar. The plug may have a handle and a gas pressure relief valve disposed thereon.

Abstract: A liquid cryogen delivery system for providing liquid cryogen to a use point, such as a freezer, at a constant temperature employing a subcooler for use disposed between the cryogen source and use point wherein expanding fluid flows countercurrently and annularly to the cryogen in a controlled manner responsive to pressure differences between the liquid and a reference pressure.

Abstract: An improved cryogenic vaporizer and heat-transfer element comprising a tubular housing having outer fin members, a central passage having an upper portion substantially closed to provide a restricted flow of fluid therefrom, an intermediate portion defining a deceleation chamber, and a lower portion in which is mounted a hollow rod that substantially controls the amplitude of liquid surging within the central passage of the housing.

Abstract: The installation comprises an insulated storage tank (1) containing the gas in at least partially liquid form at a high pressure, a line (2) comprising a vaporizer (3) for supplying gas to a user station (A), a first cold-holding circuit (4), comprising a valve (5) and a first exchanger (6) in heat-exchange contact with the fluid in the first tank (1), and a pressure-holding line (8) comprising a second exchanger (9) and a valve (10). The system is particularly useful as a backup installation for a main gas-production source (30).

Abstract: An automated fueling facility allows untrained persons to safely dispense homogeneous phase liquid methane from a cryogenic storage tank into a motor vehicle. The fueling facility automatically maintains pressure on the liquid methane within a predetermined safe operating range using methane gas trapped in the cryogenic storage tank. The pressure on the liquid methane is at least set equal to a set pressure equal to the sum of the saturation pressure of the liquid methane plus an additional amount to help to ensure that it remains in a fully saturated condition after exposure to any pressure losses as the fluid enters the pump. A pump is cooled by placing it in the storage tank and circulating liquid methane through the pump and back into the storage tank. A dispenser, including nozzle for connecting to a motor vehicle, is cooled by circulating liquid through the nozzle and back to the storage tank through a receptacle on the dispenser to which the nozzle is connected.

Abstract: An apparatus for dispensing a cryogenic liquid includes means for focusing a beam of energy, eg. laser energy from a source onto the liquid cryogen as it passes through an outlet from a cryogenic liquid container.

Abstract: A cryogenic heat exchange system and freer dryer incorporating the same. The cryogenic heat exchange system has a heat exchanger provided with at least one pass for receiving a cryogenic heat exchange fluid. A reversing circuit is provided to reverse the flow direction of the cryogenic heat transfer fluid in the at least one pass to help prevent asymmetric ice buildup on the heat exchanger. Additionally, a portion of the spent cryogenic heat transfer fluid after having passed through the at least one pass is recirculated. During the recirculation, the spent cryogenic heat transfer fluid is mixed with incoming cryogen to produce the cryogenic heat transfer fluid. Such cryogenic heat transfer fluid after creation is then introduced into the flow reversing circuit and the one or more passes of the heat exchanger. A remaining portion of the cryogenic heat transfer fluid is vented. The recirculation raises the temperature of the heat transfer in the heat exchanger to also promote uniform ice buildup.

Abstract: A self-contained device for the supply of energy to an apparatus (7) driven by gas under pressure, comprises a portable reservoir (1) of cryogenic liquid, and structure associated with the reservoir to withdraw and vaporize liquid from the reservoir and to send it to the apparatus (7). Two circuit portions (2.sub.1, 2.sub.2) incorporate vaporizers (5.sub.1, 5.sub.2) and are delimited between non-return valves (4.sub.1, 4.sub.2) upstream and control valves (6.sub.1, 6.sub.2) downstream. When open, the control valves drive the apparatus (7). The reservoir (1) is of the double wall type (1.sub.1, 1.sub.2), at least one upstream part of the circuit portion (2.sub.1, 2.sub.2) being disposed between these walls (1.sub.1, 1.sub.2). The two circuit portions are in parallel (2.sub.1, 2.sub.2) and the respective valves (6.sub.1, 6.sub.2) are sequentially controlled by a control device (9, 12) which is sensitive to the pressure (P.sub.1, P.sub.2) prevailing in the circuit portions (2.sub.1, 2.sub.2).

Abstract: A method of gas generation resides in transformation of a cryogenic agent, capable of passing to the supercritical state, from the liquid state to the gaseous state thereof by way of thermoinversion in an isochoric process with enhancement of the potential energy of pressure of the gaseous medium thus obtained, and reducing the shaped gas stream, this being followed by gasdynamic ejection of the ambient medium. A plant for effecting the method comprises a source of a working medium (a cryogenic agent), at least one chamber (1,2), a gas reducer (29) and a gas ejector (24), arranged in succession downstream and communicating with each other.

Abstract: A downflow heat exchanger, particularly applicable as the main condenser/reboiler of a double column cryogenic air separation plant, wherein liquid distribution for uniform flow is carried out above the vapor passages and the well distributed liquid is passed into the liquid passages, preferably angularly onto the bridge fins, and then down through the liquid passages cocurrently with vapor in adjacent vapor passages.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for transfer of liquefied natural gas from a storage tank in subcooled condition using liquefied nitrogen to subcool the liquefied natural gas and nitrogen vapor formed by thermal transfer between the liquefied natural gas and liquefied nitrogen as pressurant to drive the transfer of subcooled liquefied natural gas. This invention provides a liquefied natural gas vehicle refueling station which utilizes nitrogen as a propellant and avoids venting natural gas to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A refrigeration heat exchanger section useful in circulating a substantially non-CFC refrigerant mixture which comprises: a compressor means, an auxiliary condenser, a first condenser, a second condenser, a third condenser, a subcooler and a liquid/gas separator, wherein a subcooled refrigerant liquid mixture taken as bottoms from the liquid/gas separator is distributed and expanded by a first expansion means and a second expansion means to form first and second expanded streams, respectively, such that the first expanded stream is returned to the auxiliary condenser and compressor in order to avoid overheating of the compressor.

Abstract: A method of refueling a road transportation vehicle or the like comprising receiving and storing liquid natural gas in a relatively large supply tank at relatively low temperature and moderate pressure, dispensing the liquid natural gas from the supply tank generally exclusively on demand when a vehicle is present for refueling, delivering the dispensed gas to a high-pressure fuel tank on the vehicle while simultaneously converting it to compressed natural gas at relatively high pressure and moderate temperature through the addition of energy to the gas primarily in thermal form. In one embodiment the pressure of the natural gas is elevated by a mechanical pump while in another embodiment the pressure of the natural gas is raised primarily by the addition of heat.

Abstract: Quantities of liquid are distributed via a conduit (5) connected to a source (4) of the liquid, by periodically opening and closing a closure member (7) disposed in the conduit, and injecting, during a predetermined period, immediately after the 5 closing of the closure member (7), a quantity of gas into the conduit portion (6)immediately downstream of the closure member. The duration of the cycle between two successive openings of the closure member (7)is less than 0.1 second. The liquid is an inert liquefied gas, e.g. nitrogen or argon. The injected gas is the same as the liquefied gas and comes from a same cryogenic receptacle (1). The invention is useful for rendering inert or pressurizing containers of food products.

Abstract: A single-pass method for accurate and precise temperature control in the -160.degree. to +90.degree. C. range, and which exhibited minimal set-point overshoot during temperature transitions. Control to .+-.2.degree. C. with transitions between set-points of 7.degree. C. per minute were achieved. The method uses commercially available temperature controllers and a gaseous nitrogen/liquid nitrogen mixer to dampen the amplitude of cold temperature spikes caused by liquid nitrogen pulsing.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for subcooling a liquid composed of a volatile fluid, for instance, a saturated liquid cryogen, in which two chambers are filled with the fluid and are each initially pressurized after filling so that the fluid is converted to a subcooled liquid. The pressurization of the two chambers is maintained as the subcooled liquid is delivered from each of the two chambers. The filling and the delivery of the two chambers is effected in accordance with a cycle in which one chamber is filled and initially pressurized just prior to the completion of the delivery from the other chamber to allow the continual delivery of the subcooled liquid.

Abstract: A cryogenic liquid vaporizer system 10 comprising an outer tube 22 for exposure to the atmosphere and enclosing an inner tube 16 to form an annulus 36. The fluid enters the inner tube 16 as liquid, flows in the inner tube 16 where it is at least partially vaporized, and discharges into the outer tube 22. In one embodiment the fluid discharges near the end 34 of the outer tube 22 and counterflow in the annulus 36 where it is usually completely vaporized and partially superheated. In another embodiment, the fluid discharges into the outer tube 22 and continues to flow in the longitudinal space 38 provided by the length of outer tube 22. The annulus 36 is occupied by quiescent fluid.

Abstract: A method for withdrawing from a vessel pressurized cryogenic helium fluid with an objectionable impurity concentration of less than 5 ppmv. The method comprises pressurizing at or near the top of the vessel with helium fluid from an external source having a concentration of up to 1000 ppmv of the objectionable impurity, and withdrawing from a port near the bottom of a vessel helium fluid at a cryogenic temperature below the temperature at which the withdrawn fluid has an objectionable impurity of 5 ppmv.

Abstract: A method and system provide automated, preferably electronic, monitoring and control of equipment used to pump and vaporize liquid nitrogen at an oil or gas well. The method comprises: pumping liquid nitrogen at the well; vaporizing pumped liquid nitrogen at the well; flowing vaporized nitrogen at the well; sensing temperature of the flowing vaporized nitrogen; sensing pressure of the flowing vaporized nitrogen; and automatically stopping the pumping of liquid nitrogen at the well when the sensed temperature is outside a predetermined temperature range or when the sensed pressure is outside a predetermined pressure range. A pre-stoppage warning can also be provided, and data about the vaporized nitrogen can be generated, displayed locally and transmitted remotely. A related system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A natural gas vehicle fuel delivery system regulates the pressure of LNG which is vaporized and delivered to an engine. The system employs dual regulator valves responsive to the gas phase pressure of a storage tank to either directly couple vapor produced from a heat exchanger to an engine combustion system, or to divert that vapor through another heat exchanger contained within the tank itself. This additional heat exchanger maintains the pressure within the tank at the desired level despite heavy fuel demands of the engine. The system functions independent of liquid level in the storage tank. When multiple LNG storage tanks are used, they are coupled in parallel so that they both produce gas and are concurrently regulated in the gas phase portion. A pressure initializing structure and process are also provided.

Abstract: Two LNG storage tanks receive LNG from a fill station. The two storage tanks are connected to an overflow tank into which the LNG flows during pressurization of the system. The overflow tank is connected to the use device, i.e. the vehicle's engine, through a heat exchanger to provide high pressure natural gas thereto. The fill station initially delivers LNG to the two storage tanks until the tanks are substantially filled with LNG whereupon the fill station automatically stops delivery of LNG and begins to deliver natural gas vapor to the storage tanks until the pressure in the system reaches a predetermined maximum that is equal to or greater than the pressure required by the use device. During the pressurization of the system some of the LNG in the two storage tanks is forced into the overflow tank by the incoming natural gas vapor.

Abstract: A cryogenic station for delivering a cryogen substantially free of higher boiling impurities. The cryogenic station includes an insulated main tank and an auxiliary tank. Liquid stored in the main tank and pressurized by a pressure building circuit is driven into the auxiliary tank. Cryogenic vapor formed in the auxiliary tank is warmed to ambient temperature by an external heat exchanger and is then recirculated back to an internal heat exchanger located within the auxiliary tank. The internal heat exchanger is configured such that a portion of the cryogen driven into the auxiliary tank is vaporized to form the cryogenic vapor and a remaining portion of such cryogen is left within the auxiliary tank to substantially retain the higher boiling impurities in a solidified state. As such, the cryogenic vapor is substantially free from the impurities when delivered as a product stream.

Abstract: A cryogenic fluid Dewar container (10) for supplying a gas mixture to an on-demand external delivery device, such as a regulator and associated facepiece (84) independent of the direction of its gravitational field and spatial orientation of the container, is described. The Dewar container holds a volume of cryogenic fluid (24) as a liquefied-gas at a relatively low pressure. A first endothermic heat energy conduction means (58) is mounted outside the Dewar and vaporizes and warms the cryogenic fluid to form a raised-energy fluid that is moved to an exothermic heat energy conduction means (62) mounted inside the Dewar container, which conducts a portion of the added heat energy to the remaining cryogenic fluid. This causes some of the cryogenic fluid to vaporize and raise the pressure inside the Dewar container.

Abstract: The composition of a refrigerant in a refrigeration cycle is detected, so that the refrigeration cycle is controlled by a control method in accordance with the detected composition. A control target value is set in accordance with the detected composition, and when the composition is varied, the control target is changed in accordance with that variation. As a result, even when the refrigerant composition is varied, the refrigeration cycle can be operated stably. The refrigeration cycle uses a non-azeotrope refrigerant, and includes a device for detecting the composition of a non-azeotrope refrigerant; a device for detecting the operating state of the refrigeration cycle, i.e.

Abstract: Indirect heat exchanger, of the type comprising a series of parallel plates (7) delimiting between themselves passages (8A, 8B; 28, 42, 60) of generally plate form containing undulant spacers (9; 32, 34, 36, 37, 44, 47, 48, 53 to 56). A first assembly (8A; 28, 60) of these passages constitutes thermal exchange passages having structure (3 to 5; 39 to 41, 51) for inlet and outlet of fluids adapted to exchange heat with each other. Over at least a portion of its length and of its width, the exchanger has added passages (8B; 42), in reduced or no heat exchange relation with the thermal exchange passages (8A; 28, 60) and provided to fulfill at least one function in addition to the exchange of heat, namely a function of storing liquid and/or recirculation of liquid and/or liquid-vapor separation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for delivering a cryogen in which a cryogen is stored and delivered in a cryogenic storage facility having three tanks. Each of the tanks is filled with the cryogen in a subcooled liquid state to wash contaminants down toward a bottom region thereof. Thereafter, a minor stream composed of superheated vapor is introduced into the bottom region of each tank to pressurize each tank. A major stream of the superheated vapor is then introduced into each tank to form scrubbed cryogenic vapor in the head space region thereof which is used in forming the product stream. Each tank is subsequently used to dispense the cryogen to a vaporizer to form the superheated vapor which is in turn divided into the major and subsidiary streams.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high capacity movable plant for continuously distributing nitrogen in gaseous phase or in a mixture gaseous and liquid phases for extinguishing fires comprising at least a high capacity thermally insulated tank for storing nitrogen in liquid phase at a temperature of about -196.degree. C. and at maximum pressure of about 405.2 kPa and from which nitrogen in liquid phase is supplied, with a liquid nitrogen supplying capacity of about 50 m.sup.3, to a pumping unit comprising at least three pumps each having each a flow rate of 175 m.sup.3 /h with a maximum differential pressure of 1013 kPa. The liquid nitrogen is vaporized in the vaporization and mixture regulation unit with a vaporization capacity of about 360,000 m.sup.3 /h for liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: Apparatus for, and a method of, withdrawing liquefied natural gas stored in a primary insulated storage tank at a low pressure and at a temperature close to its boiling point; increasing the pressure of the withdrawn liquefied natural gas and then feeding the pressurized liquefied natural gas through a heat exchanger to warm the liquefied natural gas to a subcooled or near saturated liquid condition at a temperature of about -220.degree. F. to -126.degree. F. when at a pressure of about 50 psig to 550 psig; and feeding the said warmed and pressurized liquefied natural gas to an insulated tank on a vehicle at a refueling facility, said vehicle using liquefied natural gas as its fuel and the insulated vehicle fuel tank being adapted to safely contain and store the said liquefied natural gas in liquid form, at an approximate saturated condition at a temperature of about -220.degree. F. to -126.degree. F. and a pressure of about 50 psig to 550 psig.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for controlling the air temperature of a conditioned space to a selected set point temperature, utilizing a supply of cryogen in liquid and vapor states. The two states are drawn from the supply and maintained in first and second separate, independent flow paths. The liquid cryogen provides a cooling mode for the conditioned space via a heat exchanger disposed in the first flow path, and the vaporized cryogen provides a cooling mode for the conditioned space via a heat exchanger disposed in the second flow path. Cryogen flowing in at least one of the flow paths is used to drive a vapor motor connected to a fan, with the fan moving air between the conditioned space and at least one of the heat exchangers. Heat is applied to the cryogen as required to hold the set point temperature, or to defrost a heat exchanger.

Abstract: In a combined liquid natural gas and compressed natural gas fueling station, liquid natural gas is stored in a cryogenic tank and dispensed to vehicles on demand. Compressed natural gas is produced on demand from the liquid natural gas by a high-efficiency pump and vaporizer system and dispensed directly to vehicles or stored for later dispensing. For greater efficiency, the pump and vaporizer system is powered by combustion of natural gas, including gas bled off to relieve pressure from the cryogenic tank.

Abstract: According to this invention, a gas supply apparatus includes a bomb, a mass flow controller, a valve, and a heating means. The bomb is filled with a liquid gas. The mass flow controller controls a flow rate of an evaporated gas supplied from the bomb to supply the liquid gas having a vapor pressure lower than an atmospheric pressure to a vacuum vessel evacuated at a predetermined degree of vacuum through a long pipe. A valve is arranged between the bomb and the mass flow controller and performs supply/interruption of the gas flowing into the mass flow controller. A heater heats the mass flow controller, the valve, and a pipe for connecting the mass flow controller and the valve.

Abstract: A liquid vaporizer-feeder has a unitary housing structure for both a control valve for controlling the amount of a liquid passing therethrough and a vaporization valve for causing the liquid from the control valve to be vaporized and transported out by a carrier gas. The housing structure has a throughhole through which the two valves are connected. The throughhole is short and narrow, and has a portion made even narrower such that the pressure in the liquid passing therethrough is increased, preventing bubbles from forming in the throughhole. As a result, vaporized liquid can be supplied at a steadier rate, for example, to a reaction chamber.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for controlling the temperature of a conditioned space, including a supply of cryogen, and a fluid flow path for the cryogen which includes a heat exchanger. A heater is disposed to heat cryogen in the flow path in response to predetermined conditions, and a cryogen pre-heater is disposed to aid the heater. In a first embodiment, the pre-heater is aided by directing warm cryogen in heat exchange relation with cryogen flowing through the pre-heater, with the warm cryogen being taken from a point downstream from the heat exchanger. In another embodiment, the heater generates heated gases as a by-product, with the pre-heater being aided by directing the heated gases in heat exchange relation with cryogen flowing through the pre-heater.

Abstract: The present invention produces a cold gas stream having a constant temperature and pressure. The gas stream is obtained from two initial streams, one being a liquefied gas and the other being a gas at ambient temperature. The liquefied gas stream is combined with the warm gas stream, causing the liquid to vaporize. The two streams are combined in proportions that yield a cold gas mixture having a desired temperature. The resulting cold gas mixture is directed into an insulated container having a volume significantly larger than the volume of the conduits through which the streams flow. The container therefore acts as a buffer to reduce pressure fluctuations in the stream. A temperature equalization coil is located in the interior of the container. The coil has one open end which communicates with the interior region of the container, the other end of the coil being connected to an outlet line.

Abstract: A single pass ambient air heat exchanger for vaporizing and heating cryogenic liquids includes a plurality of vertically mounted and parallel connected heat exchange tubes. Each tube has plurality of external fins and a plurality of internal peripheral passageways symmetrically arranged about and in fluid communication with a central opening, preferably circular in cross section. A solid bar or rod extends within the central opening for a predetermined length of each tube to increase the rate of heat transfer between the cryogenic fluid in its vapor phase and the ambient air as compared to the rate of heat between the fluid in its vapor phase and the air in an unblocked tube so that the fluid is raised from its boiling temperature at the bottom of the tubes to a temperature at the top suitable for manufacturing and other operations.

Abstract: An air conditioner for an automobile uses a non-azeotropic mixture refrigerant. The air conditioner has an evaporator for evaporating the refrigerant and cooling air passing through the evaporator. The air has a temperature slope after passing through the evaporator. An air dividing damper disposed downstream of the evaporator divides the cooled air into cold air and not-so-cold air for use in various ways in the passenger compartment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for delivering supercritical fluids uses one or two high pressure vessels. Each vessel is cooled below the critical temperature of the fluid while the vessel is being filled. The inlet is then closed and the vessel is heated to attain a predetermined pressure. The outlet of the vessel is then opened and supercritical fluid flows from the vessel for use in various processes such as extraction or chromatography. As the fluid flows from the high pressure vessel, the pressure is controlled by adjusting the temperature of the high pressure vessel. Usually, the temperature of the vessel will be increased as the supercritical fluid exits from the vessel. When two high pressure vessels are used, the vessels can be refilled on an alternating basis so that a continuous supply of supercritical fluid can be made available as long as it is required. The high pressure vessels can be two pieces of stainless steel tubing.

Abstract: A refrigeration system for refrigerators having two or more compartments maintained at different temperatures comprises separate cycles for each compartment, each cycle in turn comprising separate evaporator means, heat exchanger means and compressor. To provide for cycle separation, the condenser may be split into separate units, connected by phase separators where appropriate. The system is particularly designed for use in connection with mixed, nonazeotropic refrigerants.

Abstract: The invention concerns the separation of air with an external cold source. An internal cold source is provided to supply cold heat to a compressed inert gas by expansion of a part of a liquefied inert gas when the cold from the external cold source proves to be insufficient. This part of the liquefied inert gas is combined with recycling and compressed gases. The desired production of liquid oxygen and nitrogen is thus assured in spite of variations in the external cold source.

Abstract: An apparatus for rapidly filling a pressure vessel such as a fuel storage tank with highly pressurized gas by initially inserting into the tank, a measured quantity of liquefied natural gas (LNG) or some other type of cryogenic liquid and permitting the temperature of the liquid to rise within the tank to vaporize it into a gas under a pressure which at least approaches the design working pressure of the tank. The storage tank maintains the gas under sufficiently high pressure that automotive fuel tanks or other small tanks can be rapidly filled from the storage tank without compressors due to the high internal pressure of the storage tank.

Abstract: A dual evaporator refrigeration system cooling separate compartments at different temperatures employs specific combinations of environmentally safe refrigerants as working fluids. Each of the working fluids is a binary or ternary combination which yields enhanced efficiency in the dual evaporator system.

Abstract: In this process for vaporizing a liquid in first ducts, or vaporization ducts, which are opened at top and bottom, of a plate type heat exchanger, by heat exchange with a main calorigenic fluid which circulates in second ducts of the exchanger, additional gas is generated permanently in the lower end part of the first ducts, for example by means of a compartment in which there is a circulation of an auxiliary fluid which is warmer than the main calorigenic fluid. Application to the main vaporizer-condensers of apparatuses for the distillation of air with double column.

Abstract: In a method and an apparatus for the precooling of a helium tank of a cryostat, in particular an optical cryostat with optical components in the helium tank, or an NMR cryostat, or a medical NMR cryostat for magnet resonance imaging, which accepts a superconducting magnet coil, a simple and cost effective precooling is achieved in that liquid nitrogen is directed out of a storage container under small overpressure via a conduit through an opening in the helium tank of a cryostat into a heat exchanger arranged in the helium tank and therefrom, by way of an opening, out of the cryostat and, finally, into a collecting container, in particular, into a nitrogen tank surrounding the helium tank.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for sampling of a liquified gas for composition analysis. A sample flow of liquified gas is induced into the open end of an admitting tube with sufficient length immersed in the liquified gas to avoid vaporization proximate the open end and in the admitting tube. Joined to the admitting tube is a conveying tube leading to an analyzer. The flow area of the admitting tube is in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.5 times the the flow area of the conveying tube. In the proximity of the joint is a means for heating the conveying tube so as to vaporize the sample stream. The admitting tube penetrates and extends in a conduit through which, during sampling, liquified gas flows from a vessel containing the liquified gas to be sampled. During nonsampling, the liquified gas flow is valved off and vaporized liquid from the vessel is ducted to the portion of conduit contain in the admitting tube.

Abstract: A refrigerant cycling apparatus, enclosing a non-azeotropic mixture including a low-boiling point refrigerant and a low-boiling point refrigerant, includes: a first compressor; a second compressor, a suction pipe of which is connected with a discharge pipe of the first compressor; a fractionating/separating device, the discharge pipe of the first compressor being connected with one of a top portion and a middle portion of the fractionating/separating device, the suction pipe of the first compressor being connected with the top portion of the fractionating/separating device, the discharge pipe of the second compressor being connected with one of the middle portion and a bottom portion of the fractionating/separating device, the suction pipe of the second compressor being connected with the bottom portion of the fractionating/separating device; a first pressure reducing device provided between the top portion of the fractionating/separating device and the suction pipe of the first compressor; a first vaporizing

Abstract: A payload loaded into a chamber is cycled to a low temperature of about -320.degree. F. using liquid nitrogen fed to a heat exchanger evaporator that is located at the top of the chamber so that gaseous nitrogen vapor from the evaporator, at substantially the same temperature as the liquid nitrogen, is circulated to a payload in the chamber below, and, at the same time, gas from the chamber is circulated upward to highly thermally conductive fins on the heat exchanger that are cooled by the liquid nitrogen evaporation. Thus, heat from the payload is fed from the gas circulating upward to the heat exchanger to evaporate the liquid nitrogen and so the payload located at the bottom of the chamber is cooled by gas kinetics and is never touched by the liquid nitrogen.